ืชืžื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ืกื•ื“ืŸ
ืคื•ืจืกื ื‘March 10, 2022

Sudan Driving Guide

ืกื•ื“ืŸ ื”ื™ื ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื™ืคื”ืคื™ื™ื” ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ืช. ื—ืงื•ืจ ืืช ื›ืœ ื–ื” ื‘ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื›ืืฉืจ ืืชื” ืžืงื‘ืœ ืืช ืจื™ืฉื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ ืฉืœืš

9 ื“ืงื•ืช

ืกื•ื“ืŸ, ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื”ืฉื•ื›ื ืช ื‘ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืžื–ืจื— ืืคืจื™ืงื”, ืฉื•ืื‘ืช ืืช ืฉืžื” ืžื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ bilad al-Sudan, ืฉืคื™ืจื•ืฉื• 'ืืจืฅ ื”ืฉื—ื•ืจื™ื'. ื”ืžื•ื ื— ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืœืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืืคืจื™ืงื” ื”ืžื™ื•ืฉื‘ื•ืช ืฉื”ื—ืœื• ื‘ืงืฆื” ื”ื“ืจื•ืžื™ ืฉืœ ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืกื”ืจื”. ืœืคื ื™ ื ื™ืชื•ืง ื”ื“ืจื•ื ื‘-2011, ืกื•ื“ืŸ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื”ืืคืจื™ืงืื™ืช ื”ื‘ื•ืœื˜ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืฉื™ื™ืฆื’ื” 2 ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื ืžื›ืœืœ ื”ืฉื˜ื— ื”ื™ื‘ืฉืชื™ ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž-8 ืื—ื•ื– ืžื™ื‘ืฉืช ืืคืจื™ืงื”.

ืกื•ื“ืŸ, ื”ืžืคื•ืจืกืžืช ื‘ื”ื™ื•ืชื” ื”ืžืงื•ื ืขื ืื•ืกืฃ ื”ืคื™ืจืžื™ื“ื•ืช ื”ื ืจื—ื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืขื•ืœื, ื”ื•ืคื›ืช ืœืื—ื“ ืžื™ืขื“ื™ ื”ืชื™ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื”ืืคืจื™ืงื ื™ืช. ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉืžืฆืจื™ื ื™ื“ื•ืขื” ื‘ืคื™ืจืžื™ื“ื•ืช ื”ืžืคื•ืืจื•ืช ืฉืœื”, ืกื•ื“ืŸ ื™ื“ื•ืขื” ื›ืžื™ ืฉืžืื›ืœืกืช ืืช ืื•ืกืฃ ื”ืคื™ืจืžื™ื“ื•ืช ื”ื ืจื—ื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœื”. ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื–ื• ื™ืฉ ืœืžืขืœื” ืž-200 ืคื™ืจืžื™ื“ื•ืช ืžืชื•ืขื“ื•ืช, ืžื” ืฉืžื•ืฉืš ืืœื™ื• ืžืกืคืจ ืชื™ื™ืจื™ื ืžื“ื™ ืฉื ื”.

ื‘ื“ื•ืง ืื ืืชื” ืฆืจื™ืš IDP ืขื›ืฉื™ื•

ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืคืง ื”ืจื™ืฉื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœืš?

ื™ึทืขึทื“

ืื™ืš ื”ืžื“ืจื™ืš ื”ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœืš?

ื ืกื™ืขื” ืœืžื“ื™ื ื” ื–ืจื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื”ื ื” ื•ืœืœื ื˜ืจื—ื” ืื ืืชื” ื™ื•ื“ืข ืืคื™ืœื• ืžืขื˜ ืžื™ื“ืข ืขืœ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืฉื‘ื” ืืชื” ืžื‘ืงืจ. ืžื“ืจื™ืš ื–ื” ื ื•ืขื“ ืœืกืคืง ืœืš ืืช ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ื”ื“ืจื•ืฉ ืœืš ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืืช ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชืš ื‘ืกื•ื“ืŸ ืœื—ืœืงื” ื•ืœืœื ื“ืื’ื•ืช. ื”ืžื“ืจื™ืš ื›ื•ืœืœ ืกืงื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ืกื•ื“ืŸ ื•ืขื•ื‘ื“ื•ืช ื•ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื”. ื‘ืืฉืจ ืœื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื‘ืขื™ืจ ืกื•ื“ืŸ, ื”ืžื“ืจื™ืš ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ ืžื“ืจื™ืฉื•ืช ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื‘ืกื•ื“ืŸ, ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื‘ืžืคืช ืกื•ื“ืŸ, ืขื“ื›ื•ืŸ ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื‘ืกื•ื“ืŸ, ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื‘ืกื•ื“ืŸ ื•ื”ื’ืฉืช ื‘ืงืฉื” ืœืจื™ืฉื™ื•ืŸ ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื‘ืกื•ื“ืŸ.

ื›ืืฉืจ ืžื‘ืงืจื™ื ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื–ืจื”, ื˜ื™ื•ืœ ื‘ื›ื‘ื™ืฉ ื™ื”ื™ื” ื—ืœืง ืžื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืชืจืฆื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช. ื—ืงืจ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื‘ืจื›ื‘ื›ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื—ืกื•ืš ืœื›ื ืขืœื•ื™ื•ืช ืชื—ื‘ื•ืจื” ื•ื”ื˜ืจื—ื”. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ื™ืฉ ืœื›ื ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ืžืœืื” ืขืœ ืื™ืœื• ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื ืชืจืฆื• ืœื‘ืงืจ ื•ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ืฉืืจ ืฉื ื›ืžื” ืฉืชืจืฆื•. ืงืจืื• ืขื•ื“ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื“ืขืช ืขืœ ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื‘ืกื•ื“ืŸ ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื‘ืฉื“ื” ื”ืชืขื•ืคื” ื‘ืกื•ื“ืŸ, ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ืžืกื•ื“ืŸ ืœืžืฆืจื™ื, ื•ืžืฉืจื•ืช ื”ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ื“ืจื•ื ืกื•ื“ืŸ.

ืžื™ื“ืข ื›ืœืœื™

ืกื•ื“ืŸ ื”ื™ื ื‘ื™ืชื ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื”ืžืฉืชื™ื™ื›ื™ื ืœืœืื•ืžื™ื ื•ืชืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช. ื”ืžื•ืกืœืžื™ื ืฉื•ืœื˜ื™ื ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื”, ืจื•ื‘ื ื“ื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืจื‘ื™ืช ื•ืžื›ื ื™ื ืขืฆืžื 'ืขืจื‘ื™ื'. ืœืžืจื•ืช ื”ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ื‘ืฉืคื” ื•ื‘ื“ืช ื”ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช, ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ื ื ื‘ื“ืœื™ื ืžืื•ื“ ื‘ืฆื•ืจืช ืคืจื ืกืชื ื•ื”ื ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื™ื ืžื—ืงืœืื™ ื›ืคืจื™ื, ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ ืขืจื™ื ื•ื ื•ื•ื“ื™ื ืคืกื˜ื•ืจืœื™ื™ื. ืœืขืจื‘ื™ื ื™ืฉ ืฉื‘ื˜ื™ื ื”ืžื‘ื•ืกืกื™ื ืขืœ ืžื•ืฆื ืžืฉื•ืขืจ ืžืื‘ ืงื“ืžื•ืŸ ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ.

ืžื™ืงื•ื ื’ื™ืื•ื’ืจืคื™

ืกื•ื“ืŸ, ื”ื™ื“ื•ืขื” ืจืฉืžื™ืช ื‘ืฉื ื”ืจืคื•ื‘ืœื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ืกื•ื“ืŸ, ืžื•ื ื” 43 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ื•ื”ื™ื ืชื•ืคืกืช 1,886,068 ืงืž"ืจ, ืžื” ืฉื”ื•ืคืš ืื•ืชื” ืœืžื“ื™ื ื” ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœื” ื‘ืืคืจื™ืงื”. ืœืžื“ื™ื ื” ื™ืฉ ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ืžื“ื™ื ื”: ืžืฆืจื™ื ื‘ืฆืคื•ืŸ, ืฆ'ืื“ ื‘ืžืขืจื‘, ืœื•ื‘ ื‘ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืžืขืจื‘, ื“ืจื•ื ืกื•ื“ืŸ ื‘ื“ืจื•ื, ื”ืจืคื•ื‘ืœื™ืงื” ื”ืžืจื›ื– ืืคืจื™ืงืื™ืช ื‘ื“ืจื•ื ืžืขืจื‘, ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืืชื™ื•ืคื™ืช ื‘ื“ืจื•ื ืžื–ืจื—, ื™ื ืกื•ืฃ ื‘ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืžื–ืจื— ื•ืืจื™ืชืจื™ืื”. ืœืžื–ืจื—.

ืฉืคื•ืช ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจื•ืช

ื”ืฉืคื” ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื•ื”ืžื“ื™ื•ื ื”ื ืคื•ืฅ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืžืžืฉืœ, ืžืกื—ืจ ื•ื—ื™ื™ื ืขื™ืจื•ื ื™ื™ื ื”ื ืขืจื‘ื™ืช. ื›ืคื™ ืฉื ืงื‘ืข ื‘ื—ื•ืงืช ื”ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ 2005, ืขืจื‘ื™ืช ื•ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืŸ ืฉืคื•ืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ืจืฉืžื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”. ืžืœื‘ื“ ื”ืฉืคื” ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ืช, ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืฉืคื•ืช ื”ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจื•ืช ื‘ืกื•ื“ืŸ ืฉื™ื™ื›ื•ืช ืœืฉืœื•ืฉ ืฉืคื•ืช ืืคืจื™ืงืื™ื•ืช: ื ื™ืœื•-ืกื”ืจื”, ื ื™ื–'ืจ-ืงื•ื ื’ื• ื•ืืคืจื•-ืืกื™ืืชื™ืช.

ืฉื˜ื— ืื“ืžื”

ืœืžื“ื™ื ื” ืฉื˜ื— ืื“ืžื” ื›ื•ืœืœ ืฉืœ 1,886,068 ืงืž"ืจ, ืžื” ืฉื”ื•ืคืš ืื•ืชื” ืœืžื“ื™ื ื” ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœื” ื‘ื™ื‘ืฉืช ื•ื”ืฉืฉ-ืขืฉืจื” ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœื” ื‘ืขื•ืœื. ืขื™ืจ ื”ื‘ื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ืกื•ื“ืŸ, ื—ืจื˜ื•ื, ืฉื•ื›ื ืช ื‘ืžืจื›ื– ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”, ืฉื ืžืฆื ื‘ืžืคื’ืฉ ื”ื ื”ืจื•ืช ื”ื ื™ืœื•ืก ื”ื›ื—ื•ืœ ื•ื”ื ื™ืœื•ืก ื”ืœื‘ืŸ. ื”ืขื™ืจ ื”ื™ื ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ืขื™ืจื•ื ื™ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืกื•ื“ืŸ ื•ื™ื“ื•ืขื” ื›ืžืจื›ื– ื”ืžืกื—ืจ ื•ื”ืžืžืฉืœ.

ื”ึดื™ืกื˜ื•ึนืจึดื™ึธื”

ื”ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ื”ืžื•ืงื“ืžื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื–ื• ื”ื ื”ืขื ื”ืืคืจื™ืงื ื™ ืฉื—ื™ื• ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื” ืฉืœ ื—ืจื˜ื•ื ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ืžื–ื•ืœื™ืชื™ืช. ื”ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืฆื™ื™ื“ื™ื ื•ืœืงื˜ื™ื ืฉื™ืฆืจื• ื›ืœื™ ื—ืจืก ื•ื—ืคืฆื™ื ืžืื‘ืŸ ื—ื•ืœ ื˜ื—ื•ื ื” ื•ื‘ื™ืชื• ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื ืœืงืจืืช ื”ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ื ืื•ืœื™ืชื™ืช. ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืืคืจื™ืงืื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ื”ื™ื• ื‘ื‘ื™ืจื•ืจ ื‘ืงืฉืจ ืขื ืชืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ืคืจื”-ืฉื•ืฉืœืชื™ื•ืช ืžืฆืคื•ืŸ ื‘ืžืฆืจื™ื, ืืš ื”ืจืžื•ืช ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื•ืช ื”ืžืคืจื™ื“ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืฆืจื™ื ืœื ื•ื‘ื™ื” ื”ืจืชื™ืขื• ืื•ืชื ืžืœื”ืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ ืฉื.

ื”ืฉื•ืฉืœืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ืžืœื›ื™ ืžืฆืจื™ื ื›ื‘ืฉื” ืืช ื ื•ื‘ื™ื” ืขื™ืœื™ืช ืžื“ืจื•ื ืœืืกื•ืืŸ, ื•ื”ืฆื™ื’ื” ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ืช ืžืฆืจื™ืช ืœืขื ื”ืืคืจื™ืงื ื™ ื”ืคื–ื•ืจื™ื ืœืื•ืจืš ื’ื“ื•ืช ื”ื ื”ืจ. ื‘ืฉื ืช 2181, ื”ื™ื“ื•ืขื” ื›ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืื’ื™ืคื˜ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื, ื’ืœ ื—ื“ืฉ ืฉืœ ืžื”ื’ืจื™ื ื ื›ื ืก ืœื ื•ื‘ื™ื” ืžืœื•ื‘. ื™ื™ื‘ื•ืฉื” ื”ื’ื•ื‘ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืกื”ืจื” ื“ื—ืฃ ืื•ืชื ืœื”ืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ ื›ืžื’ื“ืœื™ ื‘ืงืจ ืœืื•ืจืš ื”ื ื™ืœื•ืก.

ืžึถืžึฐืฉืึธืœึธื”

ืžืื– ืขืฆืžืื•ืชื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื‘-1956, ืกื•ื“ืŸ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืขื“ื” ืœืžืกืคืจ ื—ื•ืงื•ืช ื•ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ ืžืฉื˜ืจ, ื›ื•ืœืœ ื”ืคื™ื›ื•ืช ืฆื‘ืื™ื•ืช ื‘-1985, 1989 ื•-2019. ื”ืฆื‘ื ื•ื‘ืจื™ืช ืฉืœ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืื–ืจื—ื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ื“ื•ืขื•ืช ื‘ืฉื "ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืœื—ื•ืคืฉ ื•ืฉื™ื ื•ื™" ื—ืชืžื• ืขืœ ื”ืฆื”ืจื” ื—ื•ืงืชื™ืช ื”ืžืชื•ื•ื” ื›ื•ื— -ื”ืกื›ื ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื ื™ ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ื•ืกื™ืคืง ืžืคืช ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืœื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”.

ืžื•ืขืฆืช ืจื™ื‘ื•ื ื•ืช ื–ืžื ื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ืช ืžื—ืžื™ืฉื” ื—ื‘ืจื™ื ืฆื‘ืื™ื™ื ื•ืฉื™ืฉื” ืื–ืจื—ื™ื ืฉื”ื•ืงืžื” ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ื”ืฆื”ืจื” ื”ื—ื•ืงืชื™ืช. ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ืžืžื ื” ืืœื•ืฃ ื‘ืฆื‘ื ืฉื™ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื” ืœืžืฉืš 21 ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื, ื•ืื–ืจื— ื™ื—ืœื™ืฃ ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ. ืœืžื˜ืจื•ืช ืžื ื”ืœื™ื•ืช, ืœืกื•ื“ืŸ ื™ืฉ 18 ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช, ืฉื‘ื”ืŸ ืžื•ืฉืœ ืžื ื”ืœ ื›ืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื”. ื—ื•ืฅ ืžื–ื”, ืจืืฉ ืžืžืฉืœื”, ืฉื‘ื•ื—ืจ ื”-FCC, ืžืžื ื” ืืจื•ื ื•ืช ื•ืžื•ืขืžื“ื™ื.

ืชื™ื™ืจื•ืช

ืกื•ื“ืŸ ื”ื™ื ืื—ื“ ื”ื™ืขื“ื™ื ื”ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืžืขืจื™ื›ื™ื ืฉืจื™ื“ื™ื ื•ืคื•ืœืงืœื•ืจื™ื ืขืชื™ืงื™ื ื”ื™ื“ื•ืขื™ื ื›ืขืจืฉ ื”ืฆื™ื•ื•ื™ืœื™ื–ืฆื™ื”, ื•ื‘ื›ืš ื”ื•ืคืš ืืช ื”ืžื—ื•ื– ืœื‘ืขืœ ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœ ืชื™ื™ืจื•ืชื™ ืขืฆื•ื. ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ืืชื ืžื—ืคืฉื™ื ื ื•ืฃ ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ืขื•ืฆืจ ื ืฉื™ืžื”, ืžืžืฆืื™ื ืืจื›ื™ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ื, ืคื•ืœืงืœื•ืจ ืขืฉื™ืจ ืื• ืื•ืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช, ืœืกื•ื“ืŸ ื™ืฉ ืขื‘ืจ ืžืจื”ื™ื‘ ื•ืชืจื•ืžื” ื™ื•ืฆืืช ื“ื•ืคืŸ ืœื”ืชืงื“ืžื•ืช ื”ืžื™ืŸ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™.

ื‘ืฉื ืช 2018 ืจืฉืžื” ืกื•ื“ืŸ ืกืš ืฉืœ 836,000, ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื”-143 ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื‘ืžื•ื ื—ื™ื ืื‘ืกื•ืœื•ื˜ื™ื™ื. ืื ืœื ืชื›ืœื•ืœ ืืช ื’ื•ื“ืœ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”, ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉืจืฉื™ืžืช ื”ื“ื™ืจื•ื’ ืœื ืชื”ื™ื” ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืช. ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ื–ืืช, ืื ืฉืžื™ื ืืช ืžืกืคืจื™ ื”ืชื™ื™ืจื™ื ื”ื ื•ื’ืขื™ื ืœืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ืช ืกื•ื“ืŸ, ื”ืชื•ืฆืื” ื”ื™ื ืชืžื•ื ื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื“ื•ืžื”: 0.20 ืชื™ื™ืจื™ื ืœืชื•ืฉื‘, ืกื•ื“ืŸ ืžื“ื•ืจื’ืช ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื”-185 ื‘ืขื•ืœื. ื‘ืžื’ื–ืจ ื”ืชื™ื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ืœื‘ื“, ืกื•ื“ืŸ ื”ื ื™ื‘ื” ื›-1.04 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ื“ื•ืœืจ.

ืฉืืœื•ืช ื ืคื•ืฆื•ืช ืฉืœ IDP

ื›ืืฉืจ ืชื‘ืงืจื• ื‘ืกื•ื“ืŸ, ืชื‘ื—ื™ื ื• ื’ื ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื™ื™ื ื•ื’ื ื‘ื–ืจื™ื ื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ืื•ืชื• ื”ื“ื‘ืจ, ืืš ืชืฆื˜ืจื›ื• ืจื™ืฉื™ื•ืŸ ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ ื‘ืกื•ื“ืŸ. ืจื™ืฉื™ื•ืŸ ื–ื” ืžืฉืžืฉ ื›ืจื™ืฉื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ืฉืœื›ื ื‘ืกื•ื“ืŸ ื•ื”ื•ื ืฉืœื‘ ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ ื‘ืงื‘ืœืช ื”ื”ื™ืชืจ ื”ื—ื•ืงื™ ืœื ื”ื•ื’ ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื–ื•. ื”ื ื” ื›ืžื” ื˜ื™ืคื™ื ืฉื™ืขื–ืจื• ืœื›ื ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื ื”ื•ื’ ื‘ืกื•ื“ืŸ ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช.

ื”ืื ืจื™ืฉื™ื•ืŸ ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ืžืงื•ืžื™ ืชืงืฃ ื‘ืกื•ื“ืŸ?

ืกื•ื“ืŸ ืื™ื ื” ืžื›ื™ืจื” ื‘ืจื™ืฉื™ื•ืŸ ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ืžืงื•ืžื™ ืžืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช, ืืœื ืื ื›ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืžืœื•ื•ื” ื‘ืจื™ืฉื™ื•ืŸ ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ืจื™ืฉื™ื•ืŸ ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ืžืงื•ืžื™ ื•ื‘ืจืฆื•ื ืš ืœื ื”ื•ื’ ื‘ืžื›ื•ื ื™ืช ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื–ื•, ืขืœื™ืš ืœื”ื’ื™ืฉ ื‘ืงืฉื” ืœ- IDP. ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื›ืžื• ื”ืจื™ืฉื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ ืฉืœืš, ื”-IDP ืฉืœืš ืžื›ื™ืœ ืžื™ื“ืข ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ื ืฉืœืš ื•ืชืžื•ื ื”. ืืชื” ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื”ื™ืชืจ ืœืขืกืงืื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช.

ื’ื™ืœ ื”ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื”ื—ื•ืงื™ ื‘ืกื•ื“ืŸ ื”ื•ื 18 ืฉื ื™ื, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืชื™ื™ืจื™ื ืฉื”ื ืœืคื—ื•ืช ื‘ื’ื™ืœ ื–ื” ื•ื‘ืขืœื™ ืจื™ืฉื™ื•ืŸ ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ืžืงื•ืžื™ ืชืงืฃ ืจืฉืื™ื ืœื”ื’ื™ืฉ ื‘ืงืฉื” ืœืจื™ืฉื™ื•ืŸ ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ ื‘ืกื•ื“ืŸ. IDP ืืคืฉืจื” ืชื™ื™ืจื™ื ื”ื ื•ืกืขื™ื ื‘ืขื™ืจ ืกื•ื“ืŸ, ืื– ืื ืืชื ืžืชื›ื ื ื™ื ืœื‘ืงืจ ื•ืœื ื”ื•ื’ ื‘ืžื›ื•ื ื™ืช ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื”, ื‘ืงืฉ ืื™ืฉื•ืจ ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ.

ื”ืื ืื ื™ ืฆืจื™ืš IDP ื‘ืขืจื™ื ื•ื‘ืžื—ื•ื–ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืกื•ื“ืŸ?

ืชื™ื™ืจื™ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ืจื™ืฉื™ื•ืŸ ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ืžืงื•ืžื™ ืชืงืฃ ื•ืจื™ืฉื™ื•ืŸ ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ ืจืฉืื™ื ืœื ื”ื•ื’ ื‘ืขืจื™ ืกื•ื“ืŸ. ื”ื“ืจืš ื”ืžื”ื™ืจื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื ื”ื•ื’ ื‘ืžืคืช ืกื•ื“ืŸ ื”ื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื’ืฉืช ื‘ืงืฉื” ืœ-IDP. ืื™ื ืš ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื‘ืงืจ ื‘ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื‘ืกื•ื“ืŸ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขื‘ื“ ืืช ื”ื”ื™ืชืจ ืฉืœืš, ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื”ื›ืŸ ืืช ื“ืจื™ืฉื•ืช ื”ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื‘ืกื•ื“ืŸ ื•ืขื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื“ืฃ ื”ืชืžื—ื•ืจ ืฉืœื ื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื“ืขืช ืžื” ื”ืขืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”-IDP ืฉืœื ื• ื•ืœืžืœื ื˜ื•ืคืก ื›ืœืฉื”ื•.

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ื”ืื IDP ืžื—ืœื™ืฃ ืืช ืจื™ืฉื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ ืฉืœืš?

ืจื™ืฉื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ ืžืฉืžืฉ ื›ืจื™ืฉื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ ืฉืœืš ื‘ืกื•ื“ืŸ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ ืฉืคื”. ืืชื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืืช IDP ืฉืœืš ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืฉื›ืจื” ื•ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื‘ืจื›ื‘ ื‘ืืจืฅ. ื‘ืขืช ื ืกื™ืขื” ื“ืจืš ืกื•ื“ืŸ, ืจื™ืฉื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ ืฉืœืš ืžืฉืžืฉ ื›ืื™ืฉื•ืจ ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืžื—ืกื•ืžื™ื. ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื ื”ื’ื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื, ื‘ืชื™ ืกืคืจ ืœื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื‘ืกื•ื“ืŸ ืžื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืืช IDP ืœืœืžื•ื“ ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื•ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืืช ืžื‘ื—ืŸ ื”ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ืฉืœ ืกื•ื“ืŸ.

ืื ืืชื” ืื•ื”ื‘ ืœื˜ื™ื™ืœ ืœื—ื•ืคืฉื” ื•ืœื ื”ื•ื’ ื‘ืจื›ื‘ ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ืขืจื™ ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื–ืจื”, ืื– ื›ื ืจืื” ืฉืืชื” ืฆืจื™ืš IDP. ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ืฉื›ืจืช ืจื›ื‘ ืžื‘ืงืฉื•ืช IDP, ืœื›ืŸ ื™ืฉ ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ืงื‘ืœืช ืื™ืฉื•ืจ ืื ืืชื ืžืชื›ื ื ื™ื ืœืฆืืช ืœื˜ื™ื•ืœ. ื’ื™ืœ ื”ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื”ื—ื•ืงื™ ื‘ืกื•ื“ืŸ ื”ื•ื 18 ืฉื ื™ื. ืื ืืชื” ื‘ื’ื™ืœ ื—ื•ืงื™ ื•ืืชื” ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื—ืงื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืขื™ืจ, ืื• ืฉืืชื” ืžื—ืคืฉ ืืช ืžืฉืจื•ืช ื”ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ื“ืจื•ื ืกื•ื“ืŸ, ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืืชื” ืฆืจื™ืš ื™ื”ื™ื” IDP.

ื›ืžื” ื–ืžืŸ IDP ืชืงืฃ?

ืื™ืฉื•ืจ ืžื˜ืขื ืื™ื’ื•ื“ ื”ื ื”ื’ื™ื ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ ืชืงืฃ ืœืžืฉืš ืฉื ื” ืขื“ ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืฉื ื™ื. ืขื ื–ืืช, ืจื™ืฉื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ ืฉืœืš ื‘ืกื•ื“ืŸ ืชืงืฃ ืœืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ื‘ืœื‘ื“ ืืš ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื—ื™ื“ื•ืฉ. ืื ืืชื ืžืชื›ื ื ื™ื ืœืฉื”ื•ืช ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื, ืขืœื™ื›ื ืœื”ื’ื™ืฉ ื‘ืงืฉื” ืœื—ื™ื“ื•ืฉ ืจื™ืฉื™ื•ืŸ ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™. ืœืฉื ื›ืš, ืขืœื™ืš ืœื‘ืงืจ ื‘ื‘ืชื™ ืกืคืจ ืœื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื‘ืกื•ื“ืŸ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื‘ืงืฉ ืกื™ื•ืข ื•ืžื™ื“ืข ื ื•ืกืฃ

ื”ืฉื›ืจืช ืจื›ื‘ ื‘ืกื•ื“ืŸ

ื”ืชื—ื‘ื•ืจื” ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ืช ื‘ืกื•ื“ืŸ ื”ื™ื ืžื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืืคืจื™ืงื”, ืื‘ืœ ื™ืฉ ืžืงืจื™ื ืฉื‘ื”ื ืืชื” ืžืขื“ื™ืฃ ืœื ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืื™ืชื”. ืœื ื”ื•ื’ ื‘ืจื›ื‘ ืื• ืœืฉื›ื•ืจ ืจื›ื‘ ื–ื” ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื›ืืฉืจ ืืชื” ืžืชื›ื ืŸ ืœืฆืืช ืœื˜ื™ื•ืœ ื‘ื›ื‘ื™ืฉ ืœื‘ื“ ืื• ืขื ื”ื—ื‘ืจื”. ื™ืฉ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ืฉื›ืจืช ืจื›ื‘ ืฉืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืžืฆื•ื ื‘ืกื•ื“ืŸ. ืื ื–ื• ื”ืคืขื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉืืชื ืฉื•ื›ืจื™ื ืจื›ื‘ ื‘ืืจืฅ, ื”ื ื” ื”ืžื“ืจื™ืš ื”ืžืœื ืฉื™ืขื–ื•ืจ ืœื›ื.

ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืœื”ืฉื›ืจืช ืจื›ื‘

ื™ืฉื ืŸ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ืฉื›ืจืช ืจื›ื‘ ืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืกื•ื“ืŸ, ืžืžื•ืชื’ื™ ืจื›ื‘ ืžืคื•ืจืกืžื™ื ื•ืขื“ ืžื›ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืชืงืฆื™ื‘ ื ืžื•ืš ื™ื•ืชืจ. ืื ืืชื” ืงืฆืช ืžืฆื•ืžืฆื ื‘ืชืงืฆื™ื‘ ื•ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืงืฆืช ืฉื•ื›ืจ ืžื›ื•ื ื™ืช ื™ื•ืงืจืชื™ืช, ื™ืฉ ืœืš ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ืœื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื ืกื™ืขื” ืžืกื•ื“ืŸ ืœืžืฆืจื™ื. ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื›ืจืช ืจื›ื‘, ืขืœื™ืš ืœื“ืขืช ืืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ื™ื ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื–ื›ื•ืจ: ื’ื™ืœ ื”ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื”ื—ื•ืงื™, ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื‘ืžืฉืจื“ ืกื•ื“ืŸ ื•ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื‘ืžื™ืงื•ื“ ืกื•ื“ืŸ. ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœืš ืœื”ืชื›ื•ื ืŸ, ืชื•ื›ืœ ืœืฆืคื•ืช ื‘ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื‘ืกื•ื“ืŸ ื‘ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜.

ืื‘ื• ื—ืจื‘ื” ื”ื™ื ื—ื‘ืจืช ื”ืฉื›ืจืช ืจื›ื‘ ืขื ืžื™ื˜ื‘ ื”ื”ืฆืขื•ืช ื•ื”ื“ื™ืœื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืฉื›ืจืช ืจื›ื‘ ื‘ืืชืจ. ืœื—ื‘ืจื” 150 ืจื›ื‘ื™ื ื–ืžื™ื ื™ื ืœื”ืฉื›ืจื” ืœื›ืœ ืื™ืจื•ืข ื•ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ืกื“ืจ ื’ื•ื“ืœ. ื”ื ื’ื ืžืกืคืงื™ื ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ ืชื—ื‘ื•ืจื” ื™ื•ืงืจืชื™ื™ื ืžืขื•ืœื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ืขื“ื›ื ื™ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื‘ื“ื’ืžื™ื ืขื“ื›ื ื™ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ. ืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ื’ื ืœื‘ืงืจ ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ืฉื›ืจืช ืจื›ื‘ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื‘ืจืจ ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืžืฉืจื•ืช ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื‘ืกื•ื“ืŸ.

ืžืกืžื›ื™ื ื“ืจื•ืฉื™ื

ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉื›ื•ืจ ืจื›ื‘ ื‘ืกื•ื“ืŸ, ืขืœื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืŸ 25 ืœืคื—ื•ืช. ืขืœื™ืš ืœื”ืžืฆื™ื ื’ื ืจื™ืฉื™ื•ืŸ ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ืขื ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ืฉืœ ืฉื ื” ืœืคื—ื•ืช ืฉื”ื•ื ืคืง ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื”ื•ืœื“ืชืš ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืื• ืจื™ืฉื™ื•ืŸ ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ ืžืื•ืฉืจ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืžื•ืจืฉื™ื. ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ ื™ืฉ ืœื”ืฆื™ื’ ื›ืจื˜ื™ืก ืืฉืจืื™ ืชืงืฃ ืœืชืฉืœื•ื ื•ื“ืจื›ื•ืŸ ื‘ืชื•ืงืฃ. ืขื ืžืกืžื›ื™ื ืืœื• ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ื, ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืฉื›ืจืช ืจื›ื‘ ื‘ืกื•ื“ืŸ ื™ื”ื™ื” ื—ืœืง ื•ืœืœื ื˜ืจื—ื”.

ืกื•ื’ื™ ืจื›ื‘

ืกื•ื“ืŸ ื”ื•ืคื›ืช ืœื™ืขื“ ืชื™ื™ืจื•ืชื™ ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœ ื‘ืืคืจื™ืงื” ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื, ื›ืš ืฉืื™ืŸ ื–ื” ืคืœื ืฉื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืจื›ื‘ ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืžืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœื›ื ืœืฉื›ื•ืจ ืจื›ื‘ ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืืชื ื‘ืขื™ืจ. ืกื•ื’ ื“ื’ื ื”ืจื›ื‘ ืฉืชืฉื›ื™ืจ ื™ืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ื”ืžื—ื™ืจ ืฉืชืฉืœืžื•. ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืฉื›ื•ืจ ืืช ืกื•ื’ื™ ื”ืจื›ื‘ ื‘ืกื•ื“ืŸ: ืจื›ื‘ ืžื™ื ื™, ืจื›ื‘ ืงื•ืžืคืงื˜ื™, ืจื›ื‘ ืกื˜ื ื“ืจื˜ื™, ืจื›ื‘ ืคืจื™ืžื™ื•ื, ืจื›ื‘ ืขื ื’ื’ ื ืคืชื—, ื˜ื ื“ืจ, ืจื›ื‘ ื˜ื ื“ืจ, ืจื›ื‘ ื—ืกื›ื•ื ื™, ืจื›ื‘ ื‘ื™ื ื•ื ื™, ื™ื•ืงืจื”, ืžื™ื ื™ื•ื•ืืŸ, ืจื›ื‘ื™ ืฉื˜ื— ื•ืจื›ื‘ื™ ืกืคื•ืจื˜.

ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ืฉื›ืจืช ืจื›ื‘ ื›ื•ืœืœื•ืช ืืช Alamo Rent A Car, Enterprise, Thrifty, Dollar Rent, National Car, Payless Car, Budget Car, Hertz Car, Avis Car, Sixt Car, Fox Rental ื•-Europcar. ืœื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืจื›ื‘ ืืœื• ื™ืฉ ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื›ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืœื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ื˜ื™ื•ืœ ืฉืœืš. ื‘ื—ื‘ืจืช ื”ืฉื›ืจืช ืจื›ื‘ ื”ืฆื•ื•ืช ื™ืขื ื” ืขืœ ืฉืืœื•ืชื™ื›ื ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื•ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉืฆืจื™ืš ืœื“ืขืช ื‘ืืจืฅ.

ืขืœื•ืช ื”ืฉื›ืจืช ืจื›ื‘

ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ืขืœ ืจื›ื‘ ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื–ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื“ื™ ื™ืงืจื”, ื•ื™ืฉ ืžืงืจื™ื ืฉื‘ื”ื ืืชื” ืœื ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื ืกื•ืข ื‘ืชื—ื‘ื•ืจื” ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ืช. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ืืช ื”ื“ืจื™ืฉื•ืช ื”ื“ืจื•ืฉื•ืช, ื”ืฉื›ืจืช ืจื›ื‘ ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ืคืชืจื•ืŸ ื”ืื™ื“ื™ืืœื™ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืืคืฉืจ ืœืš ืœื—ืงื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืขื™ืจ ืœืœื ื˜ืจื—ื”. ื›ืืฉืจ ืฉื•ื›ืจื™ื ืจื›ื‘, ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœืงื—ืช ื‘ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื”ืขืœื•ืช, ืื– ื”ื ื” ื›ืžื” ืžื›ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืขื ื”ืžื—ื™ืจ ื”ืžืชืื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœืชืช ืœืš ืžื•ืฉื’ ื›ืžื” ืืชื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ืงืฆื™ื‘:

  • ืงื™ื” ืกืคื•ืจื˜ืื–' 2014 - $60
  • ืงื™ื” ืกืคื•ืจื˜ืื–' 2017 - $80
  • ื™ื•ื ื“ืื™ ืกื•ื ื˜ื” 2015 - $100
  • ื™ื•ื ื“ืื™ ืกื ื˜ื” ืคื” 2014 - $120
  • ืžืจืฆื“ืก s350 - $140
  • ื˜ื•ื™ื•ื˜ื” ืคืจื“ื• 2014 - $100
  • ื˜ื•ื™ื•ื˜ื” ืคืจื“ื• 2013 - $80
  • ื˜ื•ื™ื•ื˜ื” ืœื ื“ ืงืจื•ื–ืจ 2015 - $140
  • ื˜ื•ื™ื•ื˜ื” ืœื ื“ ืงืจื•ื–ืจ 2013 - $130
  • ื˜ื•ื™ื•ื˜ื” ืœื ื“ ืงืจื•ื–ืจ 2012 - $110
  • ื˜ื•ื™ื•ื˜ื” ื”ื™ืœื•ืงืก 2013 - $90
  • ื˜ื•ื™ื•ื˜ื” ื”ื™ืœื•ืงืก 2014 - $100
  • ื˜ื•ื™ื•ื˜ื” ื”ื™ืœื•ืงืก 2015 - $120
  • ื˜ื•ื™ื•ื˜ื” ื”ื™ืœื•ืงืก 2010 - $130
  • ื˜ื•ื™ื•ื˜ื” ื”ื™ื™ืก 2015 - $180
  • ื™ื•ื ื“ืื™ H1 2015 - $190
  • ื™ื•ื ื“ืื™ ืืœื ื˜ืจื” 2015 - $150
  • ื™ื•ื ื“ืื™ ืืœื ื˜ืจื” 2014 - $130
  • ื˜ื•ื™ื•ื˜ื” ืงื•ืจื•ืœื” 2015 - $140
  • ื™ื•ื ื“ืื™ ืืงืกื ื˜ 2015 - $130

ื“ืจื™ืฉื•ืช ื’ื™ืœ

ื”ื’ื™ืœ ื”ืžื™ื ื™ืžืœื™ ืœืฉื›ื•ืจ ืจื›ื‘ ื‘ืกื•ื“ืŸ ื”ื•ื 25 ืฉื ื™ื, ื•ืืชื” ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืง ื‘ืจื™ืฉื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœืš ื‘ืžืฉืš ืฉื ื” ืื—ืช. ืขื ื–ืืช, ื—ืœืง ืžื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ืฉื›ืจืช ืจื›ื‘ ืžืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœืคื—ื•ืช ืœื‘ื ื™ 21 ืœืฉื›ื•ืจ ืจื›ื‘. ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ืฉื›ืจืช ืจื›ื‘ ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืื™ื ืŸ ืžืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœื ื”ื’ื™ื ืžืชื—ืช ืœื’ื™ืœ 18 ืœืฉื›ื•ืจ ืจื›ื‘ ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื•ื ื ื—ืฉื‘ ืœืงื˜ื™ืŸ ื•ืขืœื•ืœ ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœืชืื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ืœืชื™ ืžื‘ื•ืงืจื•ืช. ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ืฉื›ืจืช ืจื›ื‘ ืžืกื•ื™ืžื•ืช ื“ื•ืจืฉื•ืช ืขืžืœืช ื ื”ื’ ืงื˜ื™ื ื™ื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื ื”ื’ื™ื ืžืชื—ืช ืœืžื’ื‘ืœืช ื”ื’ื™ืœ ืฉืœื”ื.

ืขืœื•ืช ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืจื›ื‘

ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืžืขื ื™ืง ื”ื’ื ื” ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช ืžืคื ื™ ื ื–ืงื™ื ืคื™ื–ื™ื™ื ื”ื ื•ื‘ืขื™ื ืžืชืื•ื ื•ืช ื“ืจื›ื™ื ื•ืžืคื ื™ ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ื”ืขืœื•ืœื” ืœื ื‘ื•ืข ืžืื™ืจื•ืขื™ ืจื›ื‘. ื—ืงื™ืจื” ื•ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื‘ื›ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืื—ืจืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื“ืื™ื’, ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืชื™ื™ืจื™ื ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืžื•ืžืœืฅ ืžืื•ื“ ืœืฉื›ื•ืจ ืจื›ื‘ ืžื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ื›ื•ืœืœืช ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ื‘ื—ื‘ื™ืœืช ื”ืฉื›ื™ืจื•ืช. ืืžื ื, ืจื•ื‘ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ืฉื›ืจืช ื”ืจื›ื‘ ื”ื™ื• ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช ืžื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืจื›ื‘ ื‘ื“ืžื™ ื”ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื”ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ืฉืœื”ืŸ.

ืคื•ืœื™ืกืช ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืจื›ื‘

ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ืฉื›ืจืช ืจื›ื‘ ื‘ืกื•ื“ืŸ ื›ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื•ื™ืชื•ืจ ืขืœ ื ื–ืงื™ ื”ืชื ื’ืฉื•ืช ื‘ื“ืžื™ ื”ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื”ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ืฉืœื”ืŸ. ืœื—ืœืง ืžื”ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื™ืฉ ืืช ืฉืœื•ืฉืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื—ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื™ื ื›ื›ื™ืกื•ื™ ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช, ื”ืžื’ืŸ ืžืคื ื™ ื›ืœ ืชื‘ื™ืขื” ืืคืฉืจื™ืช ืžืชืื•ื ืช ื“ืจื›ื™ื; ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืชืื•ื ื•ืช ืื™ืฉื™ื•ืช ืžื›ืกื” ื”ื•ืฆืื•ืช ืจืคื•ืื™ื•ืช ืฉื ื’ืจืžื• ืžืชืื•ื ืช ื“ืจื›ื™ื; ื•ื›ื™ืกื•ื™ ื—ืคืฆื™ื ืื™ืฉื™ื™ื, ื”ืžื›ืกื” ืืช ื”ื—ืคืฆื™ื ืฉืœืš ืฉืชื•ื›ืœ ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ื‘ืจื›ื‘ ื”ืฉื›ื•ืจ.

ื—ื•ืงื™ ื”ื“ืจืš ื‘ืกื•ื“ืŸ

ืœืžื™ื“ื” ื•ื”ื‘ื ื” ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืงื™ ื”ื“ืจืš ืฉืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื” ืžืื•ื“ ื‘ืขืช ื ืกื™ืขื” ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื–ืจื”. ืฉืžื™ืจื” ืขืœ ื—ื•ืงื™ ื”ื“ืจืš ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื—ื•ืกื›ืช ืžื›ื ืชืฉืœื•ื ืงื ืกื•ืช, ืงื˜ื˜ื•ืช ื•ื”ื™ื›ื ืกื•ืช ืœืชืื•ื ื•ืช. ื—ื•ืงื™ ื”ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื”, ืœื›ืŸ ืฉื™ืžื• ืœื‘ ืœืชืงื ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื˜ืœื•ืช ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื‘ื” ืืชื ืžื‘ืงืจื™ื. ืœื”ืœืŸ ื›ืœืœื™ ื”ื“ืจืš ื”ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ื™ื ืฉืขืœื™ื›ื ืœื“ืขืช ืœืคื ื™ ื ืกื™ืขื” ื‘ื›ื‘ื™ืฉื™ ืกื•ื“ืŸ.

ืชืงื ื•ืช ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช

ืœืคื ื™ ืฉืชืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื ื”ื•ื’ ื•ืœืฆืืช ืœื˜ื™ื•ืœ ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื–ืจื”, ืขืœื™ืš ืœื”ื›ื™ืจ ืืช ื›ืœืœื™ ื”ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžื ื•ืข ืชืื•ื ื•ืช ืื• ืžืฆื‘ื™ื ืœื ืจืฆื•ื™ื™ื. ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื•ืจืื•ืช ื”ื ืกื™ืขื” ื‘ืกื•ื“ืŸ ืžื•ื›ืจื•ืช ืœืš ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื ื›ืœืœื™ื ื›ืœืœื™ื™ื ื‘ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช. ืขืœื™ืš ืœืฆื™ื™ืช ืœื›ืœืœื™ ื”ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ืฉืœ ืกื•ื“ืŸ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžื ื•ืข ื›ื ื™ืกื” ืœืชืื•ื ื•ืช ื•ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ื ืกื™ืขื” ื—ืœืงื” ื•ื—ื™ื ืžื™ืช.

ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื‘ืฉื›ืจื•ืช

ืฉืชื™ื™ื” ื‘ื”ืฉืคืขืช ืืœื›ื•ื”ื•ืœ ืื™ื ื” ื—ื•ืงื™ืช ื‘ืกื•ื“ืŸ. ืจืžืช ื”ืืœื›ื•ื”ื•ืœ ื”ืžืงื•ื‘ืœืช ื‘ื“ื ื”ื™ื 0.0%. ืื ืชื™ืชืคืก ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœืš ืœืคื—ื•ืช 0.1% ืืœื›ื•ื”ื•ืœ ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื ื”ื™ื’ื”, ืœืจืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ืœื‘ื•ืฉ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ื–ื›ื•ืช ืœืขืฆื•ืจ ืื•ืชืš ื•ืœื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืื•ืชืš ื‘ืขื•ื ืฉื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืคืจืช ื”ื—ื•ืง.

Merisa ื”ื™ื ื‘ื™ืจื” ืžืกื•ืจืชื™ืช ื”ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ืช ื‘ืกื•ื“ืŸ ื•ื ืจื›ืฉืช ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ืฉืขื” ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื•ื, ื’ื ื‘ืขืช ืขืฆื™ืจืช ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื ื‘ื ืกื™ืขื” ืœื™ืขื“. ืฆืจื™ื›ืช ื”ืืœื›ื•ื”ื•ืœ ื”ื‘ืœืชื™ ืžืชื•ืขื“ืช ื‘ืืจืฅ ื”ื™ื 1.0 ืœื™ื˜ืจ ืืœื›ื•ื”ื•ืœ ื˜ื”ื•ืจ ืœื ืคืฉ ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื” ืžืขืœ ื’ื™ืœ 15 ื‘ืฉื ื™ื ืฉืื—ืจื™ 1995. ื‘ื”ืชื‘ืกืก ืขืœ ื ืชื•ื ื™ ืื’ืฃ ื”ืกื˜ื˜ื™ืกื˜ื™ืงื” ื•ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ื‘ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช, ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืกืš ื”ื›ืœ 1079 ืืœื›ื•ื”ื•ืœ- ืชืื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืงืฉื•ืจื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ 1979 ืœ-1983.

ืื™ืชื•ืชื™ ืคื ื™ื™ื” ื‘ืฆื•ืžืช

ื ื”ื’ื™ื ื‘ืกื•ื“ืŸ ืžืชืจื™ืขื™ื ื‘ืคื ื™ ื ื”ื’ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืฉื”ื ืžืชื›ื•ื•ื ื™ื ืœืขืฆื•ืจ, ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื™ืช ืฉืžืืœื” ืื• ื™ืžื™ื ื”, ืื• ืœื”ืื˜ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ืื•ืชื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืจื›ื‘. ื‘ืฆืžืชื™ื, ืขืœื™ืš ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืฉืœื˜ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืชืจื™ืข ื‘ืคื ื™ ื”ื ื”ื’ื™ื ืžืื—ื•ืจื™ืš ื›ื™ ืืชื” ื ื•ืกืข ื‘ืฆื“ ื–ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื›ื‘ื™ืฉ, ื•ื‘ื›ืš ืœืžื ื•ืข ื”ืชื ื’ืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ื•ืชืื•ื ื•ืช.

ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื˜ืœืคื•ื ื™ื ืกืœื•ืœืจื™ื™ื ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื ื”ื™ื’ื”

ืกื•ื“ืŸ ื ื•ืงื˜ืช ื‘ื–ื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ื ื•ืฉืื™ ื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื•ืช ื‘ื“ืจื›ื™ื, ื•ื™ืฉ ื—ื•ืงื™ ืชื ื•ืขื” ื ื•ืงืฉื™ื ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืžื›ืฉื™ืจื™ื ื ื™ื™ื“ื™ื ื‘ื›ื‘ื™ืฉ. ื ื”ื’ื™ื ืฉื ืชืคืกื• ืื•ื—ื–ื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ืžื›ืฉื™ืจ ื ื™ื™ื“ ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ืขืœื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ืžืฆื ืืฉืžื™ื ื‘ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ืขื‘ื™ืจื”. ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื˜ืœืคื•ืŸ ื”ืกืœื•ืœืจื™ ืฉืœืš ื”ื•ืคืš ืœืขื‘ื™ืจื” ืื ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื™ืช ืฉืœืš ื‘ืชื ื•ืขื” ื•ืืชื” ืžืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืžื›ืฉื™ืจ ื”ื ื™ื™ื“ ืฉืœืš ื‘ื™ื“ ืื—ืช ืœืžื˜ืจื•ืช ื›ืžื• ื”ืงืœื“ื” ื‘ื˜ืœืคื•ืŸ, ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜ ื•ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ืฉื™ื—ื”.

ื ื”ื’ื™ื ืฉื™ื™ืชืคืกื• ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืžื›ืฉื™ืจ ื ื™ื™ื“ ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ืขืœื•ืœื™ื ืœืกืคื•ื’ ืงื ืก ืฉืœ ืขื“ 1,000 ื“ื•ืœืจ ืื• ืžืืกืจ ืฉืœ ืขื“ 6 ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ืขืžื“ื• ื‘ืคื ื™ ื”ืฉืขื™ื” ืžืœื ื”ื•ื’ ื‘ืจื›ื‘. ื ื”ื’ ืฉื”ื•ืจืฉืข ื‘ืขื‘ื™ืจื” ืขืœ ื”ื—ื•ืง ืขืœื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืฆืคื•ื™ ืœืงื ืก ืžืจื‘ื™ ืฉืœ 2,000 ื“ื•ืœืจ ื•ืขื•ื ืฉ ืžืืกืจ ืฉืœ ืขื“ 12 ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื.

ื—ึฒื ึธื™ึธื”

ืœืคื ื™ ื”ื—ื ื™ื” ื™ืฉ ืœื•ื•ื“ื ืฉื”ืื–ื•ืจ ืžืืคืฉืจ ืœืžื›ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืœื”ื—ื ื•ืช ื•ื‘ื˜ื•ื—. ืกื•ื“ืŸ ืžื™ื™ืฉืžืช ื—ื•ืง ืื™ืกื•ืจ ื—ื ื™ื” ื‘ื›ืœ ื–ืžืŸ ืืœื ืื ื›ืŸ ืฉืœื˜ื™ ื—ื ื™ื” ืžืฆื™ื™ื ื™ื ืžื’ื‘ืœื•ืช ืขื•ื ืชื™ื•ืช. ื”ื™ื–ื”ืจื• ืžื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืœืคื ื™ ื—ื ื™ื™ืช ื”ืจื›ื‘ ืฉืœื›ื: ื—ื ื™ื” ืžื•ืœ ื”ืฆื“ ื”ืœื ื ื›ื•ืŸ, ืกื™ืžื•ืŸ ื›ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื, ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ื™ืžื ืข ืžื”ืŸ, ืžืฆืœืžื•ืช ืื›ื™ืคืช ื—ื ื™ื”, ืœื™ื“ ืžื›ื•ื ื™ืช ืื—ืจืช ื•ื—ื ื™ื” ื‘ืงื• ืฆื”ื•ื‘.

ื•ื“ื ืฉืืชื” ื•ื”ืจื›ื‘ ืฉืœืš ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ืชืงื™ืŸ

ืœืคื ื™ ื ืกื™ืขื” ื‘ื›ื‘ื™ืฉื™ ืกื•ื“ืŸ, ื•ื“ื ืฉื”ืจื›ื‘ ืฉืœืš ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ืชืงื™ืŸ. ื‘ื“ื•ืง ืฉื•ื‘ ืืช ื”ืฆืžื™ื’ื™ื, ื”ื—ืœื•ื ื•ืช, ืžืจืื•ืช ื”ืฆื“ ื•ื”ื‘ืœืžื™ื ืฉืœืš. ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื™ืžื ืข ืžื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืœื ืจืฆื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืžื—ืกื•ืžื™ื, ืชืžื™ื“ ื”ื‘ื ืืช ื”ื“ืจื›ื•ืŸ ืฉืœืš, ืžืกืžื›ื™ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืจื›ื‘, ืจื™ืฉื™ื•ืŸ ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ืžืงื•ืžื™ ื•ืจื™ืฉื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ ืฉืœืš ื‘ืกื•ื“ืŸ. ื™ืฉ ืœื™ืฉื•ืŸ ืžืกืคื™ืง ื•ืœื”ื™ืžื ืข ืžืฉืชื™ื™ื” ืœืคื ื™ ื”ื ื”ื™ื’ื”.

ืชืงื ื™ื ื›ืœืœื™ื™ื ืœื ื”ื™ื’ื”

ืœืคื ื™ ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื‘ืกื•ื“ืŸ, ืขืœื™ืš ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืืช ื”ืกื˜ื ื“ืจื˜ื™ื ื”ื›ืœืœื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื™ืžื ืข ืžืœื”ืกืชื‘ืš ื‘ืฆืจื•ืช. ื‘ืกื•ื“ืŸ, ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ื™ื ืคื•ืขืœื™ื ืœืคื™ ื”ื›ืœืœื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื™ืžื ืข ืžืชืฉืœื•ื ืื’ืจื” ื•ืžืงื‘ืœืช ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ื—ืกืจื•ืช ื‘ืจื™ืฉื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื”ื. ืžื›ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืกื•ื“ืŸ ื”ืŸ ื™ื“ื ื™ื•ืช ืื• ืื•ื˜ื•ืžื˜ื™ื•ืช, ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœืจื›ื‘ ืฉืืชื” ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืฉื›ื•ืจ.

ืžื’ื‘ืœืช ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช

ื”ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ื›ืœืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืชืจืช ื‘ื›ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื ื”ืžื”ื™ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ืกื•ื“ืŸ ื”ื™ื 120 ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื ืœืฉืขื” ืืœื ืื ืฆื•ื™ืŸ ืื—ืจืช. ื‘ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื‘ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ืขื™ืจื•ื ื™ื™ื ืืกื•ืจ ืฉื”ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืชืจืช ืชืขืœื” ืขืœ 50 ืงืž"ืฉ, ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉืืกื•ืจ ืœื—ืจื•ื’ ืžื”ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืชืจืช ืฉืœ 90 ืงืž"ืฉ ื‘ื ืกื™ืขื” ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœืื–ื•ืจื™ื ืขื™ืจื•ื ื™ื™ื. ื‘ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื‘ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ืฆืคื•ืคื™ื ื•ื‘ืื–ื•ืจื™ ื‘ืชื™ ืกืคืจ, ื”ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืชืจืช ื”ื™ื 40 ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื ืœืฉืขื”.

ื—ื•ืงื™ ื—ื’ื•ืจื•ืช ื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื•ืช

ื“ื•"ื— ื”ืžืฆื‘ ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™ ืฉืœ ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™ ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื•ืช ื‘ื“ืจื›ื™ื ื“ื™ื•ื•ื— ื›ื™ ืชืื•ื ื•ืช ื“ืจื›ื™ื ื”ืŸ ืกื™ื‘ืช ื”ืžื•ื•ืช ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ืช ืฉืœ ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื‘ื’ื™ืœืื™ 5-14 ื•ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ 15 ืœ-29. ืื—ื“ ืžืืžืฆืขื™ ื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื•ืช ื”ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืžื ื™ืขืช ืชืื•ื ื•ืช ื“ืจื›ื™ื ื•ื”ืจื•ื’ื™ื ื”ื•ื ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื—ื’ื™ืจืช ื—ื’ื•ืจื•ืช ื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื•ืช. ื—ื’ื•ืจื•ืช ื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื•ืช ื”ืŸ ืจืฆื•ืขื•ืช ืฉื ืžืฆืื•ืช ื‘ืžื•ืฉื‘ื™ ื”ืจื›ื‘ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžื ื•ืข ืคืฆื™ืขื” ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืชืื•ื ื•ืช.

ื—ื•ืงื™ ื”ืชืขื‘ื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ืกื•ื“ืŸ ืงื•ื‘ืขื™ื ื›ื™ ืขืœ ื ื”ื’ ื”ืจื›ื‘ ืœื•ื•ื“ื ืฉื”ื ื•ืกืขื™ื ื—ื’ื•ืจื™ื ื—ื’ื•ืจื•ืช ื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื•ืช. ื ื”ื’ื™ื ื•ื ื•ืกืขื™ื ื‘ืžื›ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื—ื’ื•ืจ ื—ื’ื•ืจื•ืช ื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื•ืช, ืืœื ืื ื›ืŸ ืงื™ื‘ืœื• ืคื˜ื•ืจ ืจืคื•ืื™. ื”ื—ื•ืง ื’ื ืžื—ื™ื™ื‘ ื ื•ืกืขื™ื ืžืชื—ืช ืœ-1.33 ืžื˜ืจ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืื•ื‘ื˜ื—ื™ื ืขื ืžื•ืฉื‘ ื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื•ืช ืžืชืื™ื ืœื™ืœื“ื™ื ืื• ืžื•ืฉื‘ ื”ื’ื‘ื”ื”.

ืฉืœื˜ื™ ืชื ื•ืขื”

ืชืžืจื•ืจื™ื ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื— ืืช ื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื•ืชืš ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื ื”ื™ื’ื”. ืฉืœื˜ื™ื ืืœื• ืžืืคืฉืจื™ื ืœื ื”ื’ื™ื ืœื“ืขืช ืืช ื”ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืชืจืช ื”ื ื“ืจืฉืช ื‘ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ื•ืช, ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ื•ืžืชื™ ืœืคื ื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืœื ื™ืคื’ืขื• ื‘ืืฃ ืžื›ื•ื ื™ืช ืžื”ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ื ื’ื“ื™. ืฉืœื˜ื™ ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืขื•ื–ืจื™ื ืœื”ื™ืžื ืข ืžืชืื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ื›ื‘ื™ืฉ, ื•ืชืžืฆืื• ื”ืจื‘ื” ื›ืืœื” ื›ืฉืชืกืชื•ื‘ื‘ื• ื‘ืขืจื™ื ื‘ืกื•ื“ืŸ. ื—ืœืง ื–ื” ื™ืžืฆื ืืช ืกื•ื’ื™ ื”ืชืžืจื•ืจื™ื ืฉื‘ื”ื ืืชื” ืขืœื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ืชืงืœ ื‘ืขืช ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืš ื‘ืืจืฅ.

ืฉืœื˜ื™ ื”ื“ืจื›ื™ื ื‘ืกื•ื“ืŸ ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืฉืคื” ื”ืจืฉืžื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” - ืขืจื‘ื™ืช. ืœื—ืœืง ืžื”ืชืžืจื•ืจื™ื ื™ืฉ ืชืจื’ื•ื ืœืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืžืœื‘ื“ ื”ืžื™ืœื” ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ืช, ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉื™ืฉ ืชืžืจื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื™ื™ืจื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ืžื—ืกื•ืžื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืฉื‘ื”ื ืชื™ื™ืจื™ื ืžื‘ืงืจื™ื ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ, ื›ืžื• ืฉื“ื•ืช ืชืขื•ืคื”, ืžื—ืกื•ืžื™ ื”ื’ื™ืจื” ื•ืื˜ืจืงืฆื™ื•ืช ืชื™ื™ืจื•ืชื™ื•ืช.

ืชืžืจื•ืจื™ ืื–ื”ืจื” ืžืฆื™ื™ื ื™ื ืกื›ื ื•ืช ืืคืฉืจื™ื•ืช ืื• ืชื ืื™ื ืœื ืจื’ื™ืœื™ื ืœืคื ื™ื›ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืชืจื™ืข ื‘ืคื ื™ ื ื”ื’ื™ื, ื›ืš ืฉื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœื‘ืฆืข ืืช ื”ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืžืชืื™ืžื•ืช. ืชืžืจื•ืจื™ื ืืœื• ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ื‘ืฆื•ืจืช ืžืฉื•ืœืฉื™ื ืขื ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ืื“ื•ื ื•ืžืžื•ืงืžื™ื ืขืœ ืœื•ื— ื’ื™ื‘ื•ื™ ืœื‘ืŸ ืœืœื ื’ื‘ื•ืœ. ืชืžืจื•ืจื™ ืื–ื”ืจื” ื›ื•ืœืœื™ื:

  • ืกื›ื ื” ืœืคื ื™ืš
  • ืื–ื•ืจ ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœ ืœืคื ื™ืš
  • ืกื›ื ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช
  • ืชืžื—ื•ืจ ื›ื‘ื™ืฉ ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™ ืœืคื ื™ืš
  • ื‘ืืžืคืจ
  • ื›ื‘ื™ืฉ ืœื ืื—ื™ื“
  • ื”ื›ื‘ื™ืฉ ืžืฆื˜ืžืฆื ืžื™ืžื™ืŸ
  • ื”ื›ื‘ื™ืฉ ืžืฆื˜ืžืฆื ืžืฉื ื™ ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ืœืคื ื™ืš
  • ืชื ื•ืขื” ื“ื•-ื›ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ืช ื—ื•ืฆื” ื›ื‘ื™ืฉ ื—ื“-ืกื˜ืจื™
  • ืชื ื•ืขื” ื“ื•-ื›ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ืช ืœืคื ื™ืš
  • ื ืชื™ื‘ื™ื ืžืชืžื–ื’ื™ื ืœืคื ื™ืš
  • ื›ืคื•ืœ ืขื™ืงื•ืœ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืœืฉืžืืœ
  • ื›ื‘ื™ืฉ ื“ื•-ืžืกืœื•ืœื™ ืžืกืชื™ื™ื
  • ืฆื•ืžืช
  • ื›ื‘ื™ืฉ ืฆื“ื“ื™ ืžืฉืžืืœ
  • ื›ื‘ื™ืฉ ืฆื“ื“ื™ ืžื™ืžื™ืŸ
  • ืฆื•ืžืช T
  • ืชื ื•ืขื” ืžืชืžื–ื’ืช ืžืฉืžืืœ ืžืื—ื•ืจ
  • ื›ื‘ื™ืฉ ื—ืœืง ื›ืฉืจื˜ื•ื‘
  • ืฆื•ืžืช ืžื“ื•ืจื’
  • ืขืœื™ื™ื” ืชืœื•ืœื”
  • ื™ืจื™ื“ื” ืชืœื•ืœื”
  • ืจืฆื™ืฃ ืื• ื’ื“ืช ื ื”ืจ ืœืคื ื™ืš
  • ืžื ื”ืจื” ืœืคื ื™ืš
  • ืจืžื–ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืœืคื ื™ืš
  • ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ื ื ืžื•ื›ื™ื
  • ื›ื™ื›ืจ ืœืคื ื™ืš
  • ืžืขื‘ืจ ื—ืฆื™ื™ื” ืœืคื ื™ืš
  • ืขื™ืงื•ืœ ื™ืžื™ื ื” ืœืคื ื™ืš
  • ืื–ื”ืจื” ืžื•ืงื“ืžืช ืขืœ ื”ื’ื‘ืœืช ื’ื•ื‘ื” ืœืคื ื™ืš
  • ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืœืคื ื™ืš
  • ื—ื™ื•ืช ื—ื•ืฆื•ืช ืืช ื”ื›ื‘ื™ืฉ ืœืคื ื™ืš
  • ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ ืจื’ืœ ืขืœ ื”ื›ื‘ื™ืฉ ืœืคื ื™ืš
  • ืงืฉื™ืฉื™ื ืื• ืขื™ื•ื•ืจื™ื ืœืคื ื™ืš
  • ื”ืื˜
  • ืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื ืžื•ื›ื”
  • ื’ืฉืจ ืขื ื’ื•ื‘ื” ื ืžื•ืš ืœืคื ื™ืš
  • ื™ื™ืฉื•ืจ ืขื™ืงื•ืœ
  • ืกื˜ื™ื™ื” ื—ื“ื” ืฉืžืืœื”
  • ืขื™ืงื•ืœ ืžืžื•ืฉืš

ืฉืœื˜ื™ื ืจื’ื•ืœื˜ื•ืจื™ื™ื ื›ื•ืœืœื™ื ืฉืชื™ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช: ืฉืœื˜ื™ ื—ื•ื‘ื” ื•ืฉืœื˜ื™ ืื™ืกื•ืจ. ืฉืœื˜ื™ ื—ื•ื‘ื” ื ื•ืชื ื™ื ื”ื•ืจืื•ืช ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ืœื ื”ื’ื™ื, ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉืœื˜ื™ ืื™ืกื•ืจ ืžืฆื™ื™ื ื™ื ืื™ืกื•ืจ. ืชื ื•ืขื•ืช ื—ื•ื‘ื” ื”ืŸ ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืขื’ื•ืœื•ืช ืขื ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ืœื‘ืŸ ื•ืกืžืœ ืขืœ ืจืงืข ื›ื—ื•ืœ. ืฉืœื˜ื™ ื—ื•ื‘ื” ื›ื•ืœืœื™ื:

  • ืงื“ื™ืžื” ื‘ืœื‘ื“
  • ืคื ื” ืฉืžืืœื” ืงื“ื™ืžื”
  • ืคื ื” ืฉืžืืœื”
  • ืฉืžื•ืจ ืฉืžืืœื”
  • ื“ืจืš ืžืคื•ืฆืœืช
  • ื ืชื™ื‘ ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืื•ืคื ื™ื™ื ื‘ืœื‘ื“
  • ืฉืœื˜ื™ ืขืฆื•ืจ ื•ืชืŸ ื–ื›ื•ืช ืงื“ื™ืžื”.

ืฉืœื˜ื™ ืื™ืกื•ืจ ืžืฆื™ื™ื ื™ื ืœื ื”ื’ื™ื ืžื” ืืกื•ืจ ืœื”ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื•ื”ื ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืขื’ื•ืœื™ื ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ืื“ื•ื. ืฉืœื˜ื™ื ืืœื• ื›ื•ืœืœื™ื:

  • ืื™ืŸ ื›ื ื™ืกื” ืœื›ืœื™ ืจื›ื‘
  • ืื™ืŸ ืคื ื™ื™ื” ืฉืžืืœื”
  • ืื™ืŸ ืคื ื™ื™ื” ื™ืžื™ื ื”
  • ืื™ืŸ ืžืฉืื™ื•ืช
  • ืื™ืŸ ื›ืœื™ ืจื›ื‘ ืขื ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืกืจื ื™ื ืื• ื™ื•ืชืจ
  • ืื™ืŸ ืื•ืคื ื™ื™ื
  • ืื™ืŸ ื”ืžืชื ื”
  • ืื™ืŸ ืขืฆื™ืจื”
  • ืื™ืŸ ืขืงื™ืคื”
  • ืื™ืŸ ืฆื™ืคืฆื•ืฃ ื‘ืฆื•ืคืจ ื”ืจื›ื‘
  • ืื™ืŸ ื—ืฆื™ื™ื” ืฉืœื ื‘ืžืขื‘ืจ ื—ืฆื™ื™ื”
  • ืื™ืŸ ื—ืฆื™ื™ืช ื›ื‘ื™ืฉ ื‘ืคืืจืง ื”ืื•ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืกื™ื
  • ืื™ืŸ ื›ืœื™ ืจื›ื‘ ืžืขืœ ื”ื’ื•ื‘ื” ื”ืžื•ืฆื’
  • ืื™ืŸ ื›ืœื™ ืจื›ื‘ ืžืขืœ ื”ืจื•ื—ื‘ ื”ืžื•ืฆื’
  • ืื™ืŸ ื›ืœื™ ืจื›ื‘ ืžืขืœ ื”ืžืฉืงืœ ื”ืžื•ืฆื’
  • ืžื’ื‘ืœืช ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืžืงืกื™ืžืœื™ืช ื‘ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื ืœืฉืขื”

ืฉืœื˜ื™ ืžื™ื“ืข ืžืฆื™ื™ื ื™ื ืžืฆื‘ ืžืกื•ื™ื ืื• ืื•ืคื™ ื”ื“ืจืš ืฉืžืœืคื ื™ื ืฉืขืœ ื”ื ื”ื’ื™ื ืœืฉื™ื ืœื‘ ืืœื™ื•. ืฉืœื˜ื™ื ืืœื• ืื™ื ื ืชืœื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืฉืœื˜ื™ื ืžื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ื•ืื•ืกืจื™ื ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ื•ื”ื ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืœื‘ื ื™ื ืื• ื›ื—ื•ืœื™ื ื•ืžืœื‘ื ื™ื™ื. ืฉืœื˜ื™ื ืืœื• ื›ื•ืœืœื™ื:

  • ืกื™ืžื•ืŸ ื ืชื™ื‘ ืœืคื ื™ื™ืช ืคืจืกื”
  • ืชื ื•ืขื” ื‘ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืื—ื“ ืœืคื ื™ืš
  • ืชื ื•ืขื” ื‘ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืื—ื“ ื‘ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ืžื•ืฆื’
  • ืžืขื‘ืจ ื—ืฆื™ื™ื”
  • ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืจื•ื›ื‘ื™ ืื•ืคื ื™ื™ื
  • ืื–ื•ืจ ื—ื ื™ื” ืœื›ืœ ื›ืœื™ ื”ืจื›ื‘
  • ืื–ื•ืจ ื—ื ื™ื” ืœืžื›ื•ื ื™ื•ืช
  • ืื–ื•ืจ ื—ื ื™ื” ืœืื•ืคื ื•ืขื™ื
  • ืื™ืŸ ืžืขื‘ืจ
  • ืื™ืŸ ืžืขื‘ืจ ืžื™ืžื™ืŸ ืœืคื ื™ื
  • ืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ืžืจื—ืง ื‘ื˜ื•ื—.
  • ืคื ื™ื™ื” ืฉืžืืœื” ื‘ืื“ื•ื
  • ืคื ื™ื™ื” ื™ืžื™ื ื” ื‘ืื“ื•ื
  • ื ืชื™ื‘ื™ ืคื ื™ื™ื” ื™ืžื™ื ื” ืœืคื ื™ื
  • ื”ื™ื–ื”ืจ ืžืชื ื•ืขื” ืžื›ื‘ื™ืฉ ืฆื“ื“ื™.
  • ืžืฆืœืžืช ืื•ืจ ืื“ื•ื
  • ื›ื‘ื™ืฉ ื“ื•-ืžืกืœื•ืœื™ ืœืคื ื™ืš

ืฉืœื˜ื™ ืื–ื•ืจ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื–ืžื ื™ื™ื ื”ื ืฉืœื˜ื™ื ื”ืžื•ืฆื‘ื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื— ื–ืจื™ืžื” ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ืช ืฉืœ ืชื ื•ืขื” ื‘ื›ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื”ื ืžื•ืฉืคืขื™ื ืžืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช ื‘ื›ื‘ื™ืฉ ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ. ืฉืœื˜ื™ื ืืœื• ื”ื ื‘ืฆื•ืจืช ื™ื”ืœื•ื ื›ืชื•ื, ืžืœื‘ืŸ ื›ืชื•ื ืื• ืžืœื‘ืŸ ืฆื”ื•ื‘. ื”ืฉืœื˜ื™ื ื›ื•ืœืœื™ื:

  • ืฉืœื˜ ืžืชืงื“ื ืฉืœ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช ื‘ื›ื‘ื™ืฉ ืœืคื ื™ืš.
  • ื”ืฆื‘ืขื” ืขืœ ืงื˜ืข ื›ื‘ื™ืฉ ื”ืžื•ืฉืคืข ืžืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช ื‘ื›ื‘ื™ืฉ
  • ื›ื ื™ืกื” ืœืื–ื•ืจ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”
  • ื›ืœื™ ืจื›ื‘ ื›ื‘ื“ื™ื ืคื•ื ื™ื ืœืคื ื™ืš.
  • ื”ื›ื‘ื™ืฉ ืžืฆื˜ืžืฆื ืžื™ืžื™ืŸ ืœืคื ื™ืš.
  • ื”ื’ื‘ืœืช ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื–ืžื ื™ืช ื—ื•ื‘ื”
  • ืจืžื–ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืœืคื ื™ืš
  • ืคื ื™ื™ื” ื™ืžื™ื ื”
  • ืœื•ื—ื™ืช ืžืฉืœื™ืžื” ืœืฆื™ื•ืŸ ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ
  • ืชื ื•ืขื” ื‘ื ืชื™ื‘ ืื—ื“
  • ืกืžืŸ ื™ื™ืฉื•ืจ ืขื™ืงื•ืœ
  • ืžืขืงืฃ ืœื”ื•ืœื›ื™ ืจื’ืœ
  • ืžืขืงืฃ ื‘ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ืžืฆื•ื™ื™ืŸ
  • ืฉืœื˜ ืžืงื“ื™ื ืœืžืขืงืฃ ืœืคื ื™ืš

ื”ื‘ื ืช ืชืžืจื•ืจื™ื

ืฉืœื˜ื™ ื”ื“ืจื›ื™ื ื‘ืกื•ื“ืŸ ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืฉืคื” ื”ืจืฉืžื™ืช - ืขืจื‘ื™ืช. ืชืžืจื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืžืฉืžืฉื™ื ื•ืžื•ืฆื‘ื™ื ื’ื ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื™ื ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ื›ืžื• ืฉื“ื•ืช ืชืขื•ืคื”, ืื˜ืจืงืฆื™ื•ืช ืชื™ื™ืจื•ืชื™ื•ืช ื•ืžื—ืกื•ืžื™ ื”ื’ื™ืจื”. ืชืžืจื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืกื•ื“ืŸ ืงืœื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื ื” ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื–ืจื™ื ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืชืจื’ื•ื ืœืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื—ื™ื•ื ื™.

ื–ื›ื•ืช ืžืขื‘ืจ

ื–ื›ื•ืช ืงื“ื™ืžื” ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืกืช ืœืžื™ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื• ืืช ื”ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ืงื™ืช ืœืœื›ืช ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืขืœ ื”ื›ื‘ื™ืฉ. ื”ื’ื“ืจื” ื–ื• ืžื›ื•ื ื” ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ "ื”ืขื“ื™ืคื•ืช" ื•ืžืฆื™ื™ื ืช ื ื”ื’ื™ื ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ืืช ื”ื–ื›ื•ืช ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื—ืœืง ื”ืžืชื ื’ืฉ ืฉืœ ื”ื›ื‘ื™ืฉ ื•ืฉืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ืžืชื™ืŸ ืขื“ ืฉื”ืจื›ื‘ ื”ืฉื ื™ ื™ืขื‘ื•ืจ. ืื ืืชื” ืื• ื ื”ื’ ืื—ืจ ืœื ืžืฆื™ื™ืชื™ื ืœื›ืœืœ ื–ื”, ืืชื ืžืกืชื›ื ื™ื ื‘ื”ืชื ื’ืฉื•ืช ื–ื” ื‘ื–ื” ื•ืขืœื•ืœื™ื ืœืขืจื‘ ืžื›ื•ื ื™ื•ืช, ืจื•ื›ื‘ื™ ืื•ืคื ื™ื™ื ืื• ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ ืจื’ืœ ืื—ืจื™ื.

ื‘ืกื•ื“ืŸ, ืœืžื›ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ื”ื’ื” ื‘ืฆื“ ืฉืžืืœ, ื•ื”ื ื”ื’ื™ื ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืฆื“ ื™ืžื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ื›ื‘ื™ืฉ. ืœื›ืœื™ ืจื›ื‘ ืžืจื—ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืฆื“ื“ื™ื™ื ืžื™ืžื™ืŸ ื™ืฉ ื–ื›ื•ืช ืงื“ื™ืžื” ื‘ื›ื ื™ืกื” ืœื—ืฆื•ืช, ื›ื•ืœืœ ืจื—ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืจืืฉื™ื™ื ื‘ืชื ื•ืขื” ืžื”ื™ืจื”. ืœืžื›ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืžื™ืžื™ืŸ ื”ื›ื‘ื™ืฉ ื™ืฉ ื–ื›ื•ืช ืงื“ื™ืžื” ื‘ื–ืžื ื™ ืขืฆื™ืจื” ื‘ืจืžื–ื•ืจื™ื.

ื’ื™ืœ ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื—ื•ืงื™ ื‘ืกื•ื“ืŸ

ื‘ืกื•ื“ืŸ, ืœืคื ื™ ืฉืžื•ืชืจ ืœืš ืœื ื”ื•ื’ ื‘ืจื›ื‘, ืขืœื™ืš ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืง ื‘ืจื™ืฉื™ื•ืŸ ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื‘ืชื•ืงืฃ ื•ืœื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืืช ื›ืœ ื—ื•ืงื™ ื”ืชื ื•ืขื”. ื”ื’ื™ืœ ื”ื—ื•ืงื™ ืœื ื”ื•ื’ ื‘ืกื•ื“ืŸ ื”ื•ื 18 ืฉื ื™ื. ืื ืฉื™ืœืžืช ืงื ืก ื•ื—ื™ืกืจื•ืŸ ืขืœ ืคื–ื™ื–ื•ืช ื•ื”ืคืจืช ื”ื›ืœืœื™ื, ื”ืคืงื™ื“ื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืคื•ืกืœื™ื ืืช ื”ืจื™ืฉื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœืš. ืœืคื ื™ ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื‘ืกื•ื“ืŸ, ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืฆืจื™ืš ืœื–ื›ื•ืจ ื”ื•ื ืื ืืชื” ื‘ื’ื™ืœ ื”ืžืชืื™ื ืœืœื›ืช.

ื›ืœ ืื–ืจื— ืžืชื—ืช ืœื’ื™ืœ 18 ื•ืžืขืœ ืœื’ื™ืœ 70 ืื™ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื ื”ื•ื’ ื‘ืจื›ื‘ ื‘ืกื•ื“ืŸ. ืขื ื–ืืช, ืื ื ื”ื’ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื’ื™ืœ 70 ืœ-74 ืขื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื“ื™ืงื” ืจืคื•ืื™ืช ืžืฉื•ืคืจืช ืฉื ืชื™ืช ื•ืžื‘ื—ื ื™ ื ื”ื™ื’ื”, ื”ื•ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ืจื™ืฉื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื ื”ื™ื’ื”. ื—ื•ืฅ ืžื–ื”, ื’ื ืœืชื™ื™ืจื™ื ืœืœื ืื™ืฉื•ืจ ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ ืืกื•ืจ ืœื ื”ื•ื’ ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื”ื–ื•, ืื‘ืœ ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ื’ื™ืฉ ื‘ืงืฉื” ืœ- IDP ืœื ื”ื•ื’ ื‘ืขืจื™ ืกื•ื“ืŸ.

ื—ื•ืงื™ ืขืงื™ืคื”

ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ืืชื ืžืžื”ืจื™ื ืื• ืœื ื•ื—ื•ืช ืื™ืฉื™ืช, ืขืงื™ืคื” ืฉืœ ืžื›ื•ื ื™ืช ืื—ืจืช ื”ื™ื ืื—ื“ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ื ืคื•ืฆื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืจื•ื‘ ื”ื ื”ื’ื™ื ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื‘ื ืกื™ืขื” ื‘ืจื—ื•ื‘ื•ืช. ืขืงื™ืคื” ื‘ืกื•ื“ืŸ ืื™ื ื” ื‘ืœืชื™ ื—ื•ืงื™ืช; ืขื ื–ืืช, ืขืœื™ืš ืœื–ื›ื•ืจ ืฉื”ื ืชื™ื‘ ื”ื™ืžื ื™ ื”ื•ื ื”ื ืชื™ื‘ ื”ืžื”ื™ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”. ืชืžื™ื“ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืขืงื•ืฃ ื‘ืฆื“ ื™ืžื™ืŸ. ืื ืืชื” ืœื ืขื•ืงืฃ, ื–ื›ื•ืจ ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืฉืžืืœื”. ื™ืจื™ื“ืช ื›ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื ื‘ืืจืฅ ื”ื™ื ืขื‘ื™ืจื” ื•ืชื’ืจื•ืจ ืงื ืก ื•ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ืžื—ืกื•ืจ.

ืฆื“ ื ื”ื™ื’ื”

ื”ื”ื’ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืกื•ื“ืŸ ื ืžืฆื ื‘ืฆื“ ืฉืžืืœ, ื›ืš ืฉืฆื“ ื”ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื”ื–ื• ื ืžืฆื ื‘ืฆื“ ื™ืžื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ื›ื‘ื™ืฉ. ืขืœื™ืš ืœื–ื›ื•ืจ ื–ืืช ื›ืืฉืจ ืืชื” ืžืชื›ื ืŸ ืœืขืงื•ืฃ. ืขืงืคื• ื‘ืฆื“ ืฉืžืืœ ืฉืœ ื”ื›ื‘ื™ืฉ ื•ื”ื™ืฉืืจื• ื™ืžื™ื ื” ืื ืื™ื ื›ื ืขื•ืงืคื™ื. ื›ืœืœ ื–ื” ื’ื•ืจื ืœืจื•ื‘ ื”ื ื”ื’ื™ื ืœื ื”ื•ื’ ื‘ื ื•ื—ื•ืช ื‘ืจื—ื•ื‘ื•ืช, ืื‘ืœ ืื™ืŸ ืœืš ืžื” ืœื“ืื•ื’ ืื ืืชื” ืคืขื ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉื›ืŸ ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ื™ื ื‘ืกื•ื“ืืŸ ื”ื ื ื”ื’ื™ื ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื™ื.

ื›ืœืœื™ ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื‘ืกื•ื“ืŸ

ื›ืืฉืจ ืืชื” ื ื•ื”ื’ ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ืช ืฉืœืš ืื• ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื–ืจื”, ืขืœื•ืœื•ืช ืœืงืจื•ืช ื ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืœืชื™ ืฆืคื•ื™ื•ืช. ืžื‘ืœื™ ืœื“ืขืช ืืช ื›ืœืœื™ ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื ืื•ืชื™ื, ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื›ืฉืืชื” ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื–ืจื”, ืืชื” ืขืœื•ืœ ืœื”ืกืชื‘ืš ื‘ืฆืจื•ืช. ืื– ืืชื” ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื“ืขืช ืืช ื›ืœืœื™ ื”ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืฉืืชื” ืžื‘ืงืจ ืœืคื ื™ ื ืกื™ืขื” ืขืœ ื”ื›ื‘ื™ืฉ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžื ื•ืข ืืช ื”ื”ืฉืœื›ื•ืช ืฉืขืœื•ืœื•ืช ืœืงืจื•ืช.

ืชืงืœื” ื‘ืจื›ื‘

ืชืงืœื•ืช ื‘ืจื›ื‘ ื”ื ืื—ื“ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ื’ืจื•ืขื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืงืจื•ืช ื›ืฉืืชื ื ื•ืกืขื™ื ืื• ื‘ื ืกื™ืขื” ื‘ื›ื‘ื™ืฉ, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืขืœื™ื›ื ืœื•ื•ื“ื ืฉืžื›ื•ื ื™ืชื›ื ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ืชืงื™ืŸ ืœืคื ื™ ื”ื™ืฆื™ืื” ืœื›ื‘ื™ืฉ. ืจื›ื‘ื™ื ืœื”ืฉื›ืจื” ืžื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืžื‘ื•ืกืกื•ืช ื ื‘ื“ืงื•ืช ื•ืžืชื•ื—ื–ืงื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื•ื˜ืฃ, ื›ืš ืฉื”ืŸ ืœื ืฆืคื•ื™ื•ืช ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœืชืงืœื•ืช ื‘ืจื›ื‘. ื‘ืžื™ื“ืช ื”ืืคืฉืจ, ื ืกื” ืœื”ื–ื™ื– ืืช ื”ืจื›ื‘ ืฉืœืš ืžื”ื›ื‘ื™ืฉ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžื ื•ืข ื˜ืจื—ื” ื•ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืชื ื•ืขื” ืœื ื”ื’ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื.

ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื™ืช ืฉืœืš ืžืชืงืœืงืœืช ื‘ืกื•ื“ืŸ, ื”ืฆื‘ ืืช ืฉืœื˜ ื”ืชืงืœื” ืฉืœืš ื•ื”ืžืชืŸ ืžืื—ื•ืจื™ ื”ืจื›ื‘ ืฉืœืš. ืืœ ืชื™ืฉืืจ ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื™ืช ืฉืœืš ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื”ืžืชื ื” ืœื—ื™ืœื•ืฅ ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื•ื ื ื—ืฉื‘ ืžื–ื™ืง. ื™ืฉ ืœื’ืจื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืจื›ื‘ ืฉืœืš ืœื‘ื™ืช ืžืœืื›ื”, ืื– ื”ืชืงืฉืจ ืœื—ื‘ืจืช ื”ื”ืฉื›ืจื” ืฉืœืš ื•ื”ื•ื“ื™ืข ืœื”ื ืขืœ ื”ืžืฆื‘.

ื”ืžืฉื˜ืจื” ืขื•ืฆืจืช

ื›ืฉื™ื•ืฆืื™ื ืœื˜ื™ื•ืœ ื‘ื›ื‘ื™ืฉ ืื• ืกืชื ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื›ืœืื—ืจ ื™ื“, ืืชื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืฉื™ื ืœื‘ ืœืžื—ืกื•ืžื™ื ืฉืกื‘ื™ืจ ืœื”ื ื™ื— ืฉืชืคืขื™ืœ. ืžื—ืกื•ืžื™ื ืืœื• ืื™ื ื ืžืกื•ืžื ื™ื ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืชืฆื˜ืจื›ื• ืœืฉื™ื ืœื‘ ืœืจืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืฉื˜ืจื” ื‘ืฆื“ื™ ื”ื“ืจืš. ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ื’ื ืฉื”ืžืฉื˜ืจื” ืชืขืฆื•ืจ ืื•ืชืš ื•ืชื•ื“ื™ืข ืœืš ืฉืืชื” ื ืžืฆื ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ืžื—ืกื•ื. ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื–ื” ืขืฉื•ื™ ืœื”ื™ืจืื•ืช ื˜ืจื—ื”, ื”ืžื—ืกื•ืžื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ืžื™ื•ืขื“ื™ื ืœื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื•ืชืš.

ืืชื” ืชืžื™ื“ ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืืช ื”ืžืกืžื›ื™ื ื”ื“ืจื•ืฉื™ื ื’ื ื›ืืฉืจ ืืชื” ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื ืกื•ืข ื‘ืฉื“ื” ื”ืชืขื•ืคื” ื‘ืกื•ื“ืŸ. ืœืขื•ืœื ืœื ืชื“ืข ืžืชื™ ืชืชืงืœ ื‘ืžื—ืกื•ืžื™ื ื”ืืœื”. ื”ืจื™ืฉื•ืžื™ื ื”ื ื“ืจืฉื™ื ื”ื ื”ื“ืจื›ื•ืŸ ืฉืœืš, ืจื™ืฉื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ ื•ืื™ืฉื•ืจ ื”ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ ืฉืœืš. ืฉืžืจื• ืขืœ ื˜ื•ืŸ ืžื ื•ืžืก ื›ืืฉืจ ืืชื ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขื ืจืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืฉื˜ืจื”.

ืฉื•ืืœ ื”ื ื—ื™ื•ืช

ื‘ื“ื•ืง ืื ืืชื” ืฆืจื™ืš IDP ืขื›ืฉื™ื•

ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืคืง ื”ืจื™ืฉื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœืš?

ื™ึทืขึทื“

ืืคืฉืจ ืœืจืื•ืช ื”ืจื‘ื” ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ ืจื’ืœ ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ื‘ืจื—ื•ื‘ ืกื•ื“ืŸ. ืื ืืชื ืžื‘ื•ืœื‘ืœื™ื ืื• ื–ืงื•ืงื™ื ืœืขื–ืจื” ื‘ืžืฆื™ืืช ื”ืžืงื•ื ืืœื™ื• ืืชื ื ื•ืกืขื™ื, ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืฉืื•ืœ ืืช ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ ื”ืจื’ืœ, ื•ื”ื ื™ื—ืกื›ื• ืœื›ื ื›ืžื” ื“ืงื•ืช ืœืขื–ื•ืจ. ื›ืฉืืชื” ืžื‘ืงืฉ ืขื–ืจื”, ืขืฆื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื™ืช ืฉืœืš ื‘ืฆื“ ื”ื“ืจืš ื•ืฉืืœ ื‘ื ื™ืžื•ืก ืื“ื. ื”ืฉืคื” ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื”ื™ื ืขืจื‘ื™ืช, ื›ืš ืฉืœืžื™ื“ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ื™ื ืขืฉื•ื™ื” ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœืš ืœืชืงืฉืจ ื ื›ื•ืŸ.

ืžื—ืกื•ืžื™ื

ืœืขื“ื›ื•ืŸ ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื‘ืกื•ื“ืŸ, ืืชื” ืขืœื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ืชืงืœ ื‘ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ืืงืจืื™ื•ืช ืฉื ืขืจื›ื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืจืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืฉื˜ืจื” ืœืžืขืŸ ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ื ืš. ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืžื—ืกื•ืžื™ื, ื”ืฆื’ ืืช ื”ืžืกืžื›ื™ื ื”ื“ืจื•ืฉื™ื: ื”ื“ืจื›ื•ืŸ ืฉืœืš, ืจื™ืฉื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ ื•ืื™ืฉื•ืจ ื”ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ ืฉืœืš. ืžื—ืกื•ืžื™ื ืืœื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืงืจื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ืขืช, ืœื›ืŸ ืขืœื™ื›ื ืœืฆื™ื™ืช ืœื›ืœืœื™ ื”ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื‘ืืจืฅ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื™ืžื ืข ืžืชืฉืœื•ื ืงื ืก. ืœืจืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืฉื˜ืจื” ื™ืฉ ืขื•ืชืงื™ื ืฉืœ ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื‘ืกื•ื“ืŸ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื‘ื“ื•ืง ืืช ืžื’ื‘ืœื•ืช ื”ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช.

ื˜ื™ืคื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื

ืžืœื‘ื“ ืžืฆื‘ื™ ื”ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื–ื›ื•ืจ ื‘ืขืช ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื‘ืกื•ื“ืŸ, ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื’ื ืœื“ืขืช ืžื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื‘ืชืื•ื ื•ืช ืœื ืจืฆื•ื™ื•ืช. ืœื”ื™ื›ื ืก ืœืชืื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื”ื•ืช ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื–ืจื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืคื—ื™ื“ ื•ื˜ืจื—ื”, ืื‘ืœ ืœื“ืขืช ืžื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื‘ื–ืžื ื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืคื—ื™ืช ืืช ื”ื“ืื’ื•ืช ืฉืœืš ื‘ืขืช ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืชืื•ื ื”.

ืžื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœ ืชืื•ื ื•ืช?

ื›ืืฉืจ ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ืชืื•ื ืช ื“ืจื›ื™ื, ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ืฉื”ืจื’ืฉื•ืช ื•ื”ื—ืจื“ื” ืžืชื’ื‘ืจื™ื. ืื ืืชื ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ืชืื•ื ื”, ื™ืฉ ืœืขืฆื•ืจ ื•ืืœ ืœื”ืชืจื—ืง ืžื–ื™ืจืช ื”ืชืื•ื ื”, ื’ื ืื ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืข ืงืœ. ืื ื™ืฉ ื ืคื’ืขื™ื, ื”ื–ืžื™ื ื• ืืžื‘ื•ืœื ืก ื•ื“ื•ื•ื—ื• ืœืžืฉื˜ืจื” ืขืœ ื”ืชืื•ื ื” ื‘ืžื™ื“ืช ื”ืฆื•ืจืš. ื‘ืขืช ื”ืฉื›ืจืช ืจื›ื‘, ื”ื—ืœืฃ ืžื™ื“ืข ืขื ืฉืืจ ื”ื ื”ื’ื™ื ื”ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ืชืื•ื ื” ื•ืืกื•ืฃ ืจืื™ื•ืช ืœืชืื•ื ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืชื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ื–ืืช ืœื—ื‘ืจืช ื”ืฉื›ืจืช ื”ืจื›ื‘.

ืชื ืื™ ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื‘ืกื•ื“ืŸ

ืฆื™ืœื•ื ืžืืช ืื•ืœื’ ืกื•ืงื•ืœ
ืžึธืงื•ึนืจ: ืกื•ืืงื™ืŸ national_bank

ื’ื•ืจื ืžื›ืจื™ืข ืื—ื“ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœืฉื™ื ืœื‘ ืืœื™ื• ื›ืืฉืจ ื™ื•ืฆืื™ื ืœื˜ื™ื•ืœ ื‘ื›ื‘ื™ืฉ ื‘ืกื•ื“ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืžืฆื‘ื™ ื”ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื•ืชื ืื™ ื”ื ื”ื™ื’ื”. ื™ื“ื™ืขื” ืขืœ ืชื ืื™ ื•ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื”ื ื”ื™ื’ื”, ื›ืœืœื™ ื”ื”ืคืขืœื” ื•ื›ืœืœื™ ื”ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœืš ืœื”ืชื›ื•ื ืŸ ื ืคืฉื™ืช ืœื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื”ืืคืฉืจื™ื•ืช ืฉืืชื” ืขืœื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ืชืงืœ ื‘ื”ืŸ ื‘ืจื—ื•ื‘ื•ืช. ืืชื” ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื”ื›ื™ืจ ืืช ืžืฆื‘ื™ ื”ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื•ื”ืฆืจื›ื™ื ืฉืœืš ื›ืฉืืชื” ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื–ืจื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืื•ืชืš ืขืจื ื™ ื•ื‘ื˜ื•ื— ื‘ืขืช ื ื”ื™ื’ื”.

ืกื˜ื˜ื™ืกื˜ื™ืงืช ืชืื•ื ื•ืช

ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™ ืฉืคื•ืจืกืžื• ื‘-2018, ืžืงืจื™ ื”ืžื•ื•ืช ืžืชืื•ื ื•ืช ื“ืจื›ื™ื ื‘ืกื•ื“ืŸ ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืœ-9,770 ืื• 3.86% ืžืกืš ืžืงืจื™ ื”ืžื•ื•ืช. ืœื›ืœ 100,000 ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ื, ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื”ืชืžื•ืชื” ื”ืžื•ืชืื ืœื’ื™ืœ ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื–ื• ื”ื•ื 26.90, ื“ื™ืจื•ื’ ืกื•ื“ืŸ ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื”-51 ื‘ื“ื™ืจื•ื’ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™. ืชืื•ื ื•ืช ื“ืจื›ื™ื ื“ื•ืจื’ื• ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื”-8 ื›ื’ื•ืจืžื™ ื”ืžื•ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื™ื ื‘ืกื•ื“ืŸ, ืขื ืžื—ืœืช ืœื‘ ื›ืœื™ืœื™ืช ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ.

ื›ืœื™ ืจื›ื‘ ื ืคื•ืฆื™ื

ืขืœ ืคื™ ืื•ืกืฃ ืžื“ื“ื™ ื”ืคื™ืชื•ื— ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ื ืง ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™, ืžืกืคืจ ืžื›ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ื ื•ืกืขื™ื ื‘ืกื•ื“ืŸ ื”ื•ื 19 ืœื›ืœ 1,000 ืื™ืฉ. ื˜ื•ื™ื•ื˜ื” ืฉื•ืœื˜ืช ื‘ืืจืฅ ืขื 43.5% ืžื”ืžื ื™ื•ืช, ื•ืื—ืจื™ื” ื™ื•ื ื“ืื™, ืžื™ืฆื•ื‘ื™ืฉื™, ื ื™ืกืืŸ ื•ืื™ืกื•ื–ื•. ืฉื•ืง ื”ืจื›ื‘ ื‘ืกื•ื“ืืŸ ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืžื›ืœื™ ืจื›ื‘ ืžืฉื•ืžืฉื™ื, ื”ืžื”ื•ื•ื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ ืœ-90% ืžืกืš ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ื ืžื›ืจื•ืช ืžื“ื™ ืฉื ื”. ืœืื—ืจ ืจื™ืฉื•ื ืฉืœ 2,500 ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช, ื”ืฉื•ืง ื”ืกืชื™ื™ื ื‘-1,968 ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ืฉื ืžื›ืจื• ื‘-2018.

ื›ื‘ื™ืฉื™ ืื’ืจื”

ืฆืคื™ืคื•ืช ื”ื›ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื ื‘ืกื•ื“ืŸ ื”ื™ื ื”ื ืžื•ื›ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืืคืจื™ืงื” ื•ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืžืื—ืจ ืฉืชืฉืชื™ืช ื”ื—ืฉืžืœ ื ืžืฆืืช ืจืง ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืžืจื›ื–ื™ื ืขื™ืจื•ื ื™ื™ื ื ื‘ื—ืจื™ื. ืชืฉืชื™ืช ื”ื—ืฉืžืœ ืžืชืžืงื“ืช ื‘ื›ื•ื— ื”ื™ื“ืจื•, ืขื ื›ื•ืฉืจ ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ืชืจืžื™ ืžืกื•ื™ื. ืœืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืชื—ื‘ื•ืจื” ื‘ื“ืจื•ื ืกื•ื“ืŸ ื™ืฉ ืืจื‘ืขื” ืžืฆื‘ื™ื: ืจื›ื‘ืช, ื›ื‘ื™ืฉ, ืชื—ื‘ื•ืจื” ืื•ื•ื™ืจื™ืช ื•ื ื”ืจ. ืžืžืฉืœืช ืกื•ื“ืืŸ ืื™ืฉืจื” ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืืช ืžื—ื•ื™ื‘ื•ืชื” ืœืจืคื•ืจืžื” ื‘ืžื’ื–ืจ ื‘ืฉืœ ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื” ื”ืฉืœื™ืœื™ืช ืฉืœ ืžืขืจื›ืช ืชื—ื‘ื•ืจื” ืคื’ื•ืžื” ืขืœ ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื”.

ืขืœ ืคื™ ืžืกืžืš ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืชื—ื‘ื•ืจื”, ืœืกื•ื“ืŸ ืจืฉืช ื›ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื ืžืฉื•ืขืจืช ืฉืœ 12,642 ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื: 7,369 ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื›ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ-ืžื“ื™ื ืชื™ื™ื; 1,451 ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื›ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”; ื•-3,822 ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื›ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื ืžืฉื ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”. ื“ื•"ื— ื”ื‘ื ืง ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™ ืžืขืจื™ืš ืืช ืจืฉืช ื”ื›ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื•ื ื™ืช ื‘-2,301 ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื, ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉื”ืฆื• ื”ื–ืžื ื™ ืฉืœ ืจืฉื•ืช ื”ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืงื•ื‘ืข ื›ื™ ื™ืฉ ืœืกื•ื•ื’ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื“ืจื›ื™ื ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื•ืช ืœืžื—ืœืงื•ืช.

ืžืฆื‘ ื”ื›ื‘ื™ืฉ

ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื‘ืกื•ื“ืŸ, ืืชื” ืขืœื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ืชืงืœ ื‘ืชื ืื™ ื“ืจืš ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืžืืœื” ืฉื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช. ืชื ืื™ ื”ื“ืจืš ื‘ืกื•ื“ืŸ ืžืกื•ื›ื ื™ื ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ ื”ืจื’ืœ, ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ื ื”ื’ื™ื ืœื ืกื“ื™ืจื”, ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ื›ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื ื•ื›ืœื™ ืจื›ื‘ ืขืžื•ืกื™ื ืžื“ื™, ืื• ืžื—ืกื•ืจ ื‘ืฆื™ื•ื“ ื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื•ืช ื—ื™ื•ื ื™. ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื™ืฉ ืชืžืจื•ืจื™ื ืžืชืคืงื“ื™ื ื‘ืจื—ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืžืจื›ื–ื™ื™ื ื‘ื—ืจื˜ื•ื, ืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื ืœื ื ืžืฆื ื‘ื—ืœืงื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”.

ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื ื”ื™ื’ื”

ื›ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื ืžื•ืืจื™ื ื•ืกื™ื•ืจื™ ืžืฉื˜ืจื” ืจื’ื™ืœื™ื ื”ื•ืคื›ื™ื ืืช ื”ื ืกื™ืขื” ื‘ืกื•ื“ืืŸ ืœื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื” ื‘ื›ืœ ืฉืขื” ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื•ื. ื ื”ื’ื™ื ืžืงื•ืžื™ื™ื ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื–ื• ืžื›ื™ืจื™ื ืืช ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืžืกืœื•ืœื™ื, ืืš ื”ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืคื•ืขืœื™ื ืœืคื™ ื›ืœืœ ื”ื’ื‘ืœืช ื”ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื•ื›ืœืœื™ ื”ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื”ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื™ื. ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ืกืงืจื” ืืช ื”ื ื”ื’ื™ื ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื”, ื•-74 ืื—ื•ื– ืžื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื” ืืžืจื• ื›ื™ ื›ื‘ื™ืฉื™ ืกื•ื“ืŸ ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื™ื ืžืื•ื“. ืœื ื™ื”ื™ื” ืœืš ืžื” ืœื“ืื•ื’ ื›ื™ ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ื™ื ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื”ื ื ื”ื’ื™ื ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื™ื.

ื˜ื™ืคื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื

ื™ืฉ ื’ื ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ืฉื›ื“ืื™ ืœื–ื›ื•ืจ ื‘ืขืช ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื‘ืกื•ื“ืŸ, ื›ืžื• ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ื”ืžืฉืžืฉืช ืœืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ื’ื‘ืœืช ื•ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื‘ืœื™ืœื”. ืกืขื™ืฃ ื–ื” ืžื›ื™ืœ ืคืจื˜ื™ื ืขืœ ื˜ื™ืคื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ืฉื›ื“ืื™ ืœื“ืขืช ื›ืฉื ื•ืกืขื™ื ืœืกื•ื“ืŸ.

ื”ืื ืกื•ื“ืŸ ืžืฉืชืžืฉืช ื‘-Kph ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืฆื™ื’ ืžื’ื‘ืœื•ืช ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช?

ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื ืœืฉืขื”, ืงืค"ืฉ, ื•ืžื™ื™ืœ ืœืฉืขื”, ืงืž"ืฉ ื”ื ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ืžื“ื™ื“ื” ื”ืžืฉืžืฉื•ืช ืœื”ืฆื’ืช ืžื’ื‘ืœื•ืช ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช. ืœื›ืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื™ืฉ ืžื“ื“ ืฉื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื‘ืœืช ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ. ืกื•ื“ืŸ ืžืฉืชืžืฉืช ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื ืœืฉืขื” ืœืžื“ื™ื“ื”. ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืžืฉืชืžืฉื•ืช ื‘-MPH ื”ืŸ ืืจื”"ื‘, ืœื™ื‘ืจื™ื” ื•ื›ื•'; ื–ื” ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ ืœืœืžื•ื“ ื•ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”-KpH ื›ื“ื™ ืœื ืœื‘ืœื‘ืœ ื›ืฉืืชื” ื ื•ื”ื’ ื‘ืกื•ื“ืŸ.

ื”ืื ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื‘ืœื™ืœื” ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื” ื‘ืกื•ื“ืŸ?

ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื‘ืœื™ืœื” ื ืคื•ืฆื” ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ืžื•ืช ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ืื•ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืฆืืช ื‘ืœื™ืœื”. ืื ืืชื” ืžืืœื” ืฉืื•ื”ื‘ื™ื ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื‘ืœื™ืœื”, ืื•ืœื™ ื›ื“ืื™ ืœืš ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืขืœ ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื‘ืœื™ืœื” ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื”ื–ื•. ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืจื•ืื” ื‘ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื‘ืœื™ืœื” ืžืกื•ื›ื ืช, ื•ื ื”ื’ื™ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื™ืžื ืข ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื‘ืœื™ืœื” ืžืื—ืจ ื•ื›ืœื™ ืจื›ื‘ ืจื‘ื™ื ืคื•ืขืœื™ื ืœืœื ืื•ืจื•ืช. ื‘ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ื”ืฆืคื•ื ื™ื™ื ื•ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืืจืฅ, ืกื•ืคื•ืช ืื‘ืง ื•ื—ื•ืœ ืžืคื—ื™ืชื•ืช ืืช ื”ืจืื•ืช ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืŸ ืžืชืจื—ืฉื•ืช.

ื”ืื ืกื•ื“ืŸ ืžืฉืชืžืฉืช ื‘ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ืื•ื˜ื•ืžื˜ื™ืช ืื• ื™ื“ื ื™ืช?

ืื ืืชื” ื ืฉืืจ ื‘ืกื•ื“ืŸ ืœืชืงื•ืคื” ืงืฆืจื”, ืื•ืœื™ ื›ื“ืื™ ืœืฉืงื•ืœ ืœืงื—ืช ืืช ืจื™ืฉื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืจื›ื‘ ื”ืื•ื˜ื•ืžื˜ื™ ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืจื›ื‘ ื™ื“ื ื™. ืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืžืฆื•ื ืจื›ื‘ื™ื ืื•ื˜ื•ืžื˜ื™ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ื• ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืงืœ ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืžืืฉืจ ืžื›ื•ื ื™ืช ื™ื“ื ื™ืช. ื”ื™ืœื•ื›ื™ื ืžื›ื ื™ื™ื ืœืจื›ื‘ ื ืขื™ื ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืืชื” ื ื•ื”ื’, ืžื” ืฉืื•ืžืจ ืฉืื™ืŸ ืžืฆืžื“ ื•ืจืง ื“ื•ื•ืฉื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฉื ื™ ืจื’ืœ.

ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื‘ืกื•ื“ืŸ

ืกื•ื“ืŸ ื”ื•ืคื›ืช ืœืื—ื“ ืžื™ืขื“ื™ ื”ืชื™ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื“ืคื™ื ื‘ืืคืจื™ืงื”. ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื‘ืžื›ื•ื ื™ืช ื›ืชื™ื™ืจ ื•ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจ ื‘ืื˜ืจืงืฆื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ืคื•ืช ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื–ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ืฉื›ื—ื™ื ื•ืžืจื’ืฉื™ื. ืื ืืชื ืžื—ืคืฉื™ื ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืžืœื‘ื“ ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจ ื‘ื™ืขื“ื™ื ื”ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื™ื, ืžื”ืจื•ื•ื—ื™ื ืžื–ื•ืžื ื™ื ื•ืขื“ ืจื›ื™ืฉืช ื ื›ืก, ื”ื ื” ื›ืžื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื”ื–ื•.

ืกืข ื‘ืชื•ืจ ืชื™ื™ืจ

ืœืชื™ื™ืจื™ื ืžื•ืชืจ ืœื ื”ื•ื’ ื‘ืจื—ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืกื•ื“ืŸ ื›ืœ ืขื•ื“ ื™ืฉ ื‘ื™ื“ื ืืช ืจื™ืฉื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™, ื”ื“ืจื›ื•ืŸ ื•ืจื™ืฉื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ ืฉืœืš. ืืชื” ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืืช ื”ืžืกืžื›ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืื™ืชืš ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืœืขื•ืœื ืœื ืชื“ืข ืžืชื™ ืชืชืงืœ ื‘ืžื—ืกื•ื. ืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื‘ืงืจ ื‘ื“ืฃ ื”ืชืžื—ื•ืจ ืฉืœื ื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ืขืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ืงื‘ืœืช IDP ืžืื™ืชื ื•. ื‘ืขืช ืžื™ืœื•ื™ ื”ื˜ื•ืคืก, ื”ืงืคื“ ืœื”ื–ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืžื™ืงื•ื“ ื•ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ืช ืฉืœ ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื ื›ื•ื ื” ื‘ืกื•ื“ืŸ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžื ื•ืข ืขื™ื›ื•ื‘ ื‘ืžืฉืœื•ื—.

ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื›ื ื”ื’

ืืคืฉืจ ืœืงื‘ืœ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื›ืชื™ื™ืจ ืื• ืœื—ืคืฉ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื‘ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื‘ืกื•ื“ืŸ; ืขื ื–ืืช, ืขืœื™ืš ืœื”ื’ื™ืฉ ื‘ืงืฉื” ืœืื™ืฉื•ืจ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืจื™ืฉื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื”ื–ืจ ืฉืœืš ื‘ืชื•ืกืคืช ืจื™ืฉื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ ืฉืœืš ืœื ื”ื•ื’ ื‘ืกื•ื“ืŸ ืœืžืฉืš ืฉื™ืฉื” ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื. ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื’ื™ืฉ ื‘ืงืฉื” ืœืื™ืฉื•ืจ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”, ืขืœื™ืš ืœืงื‘ืœ ื”ืกื›ืžื” ื‘ื›ืชื‘ ืžื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ื–ืจื” ื‘ื” ืืชื” ืขื•ื‘ื“, ืœืžืœื ื˜ื•ืคืก ืžืงื•ื•ืŸ ืžืืชืจ ืื™ืฉื•ืจ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”, ืœืฉืœื ืืช ื”ืื’ืจื” ื”ืžืฆื•ื™ื ืช ื•ืœื‘ื“ื•ืง ืืช ืกื˜ื˜ื•ืก ื”ื‘ืงืฉื” ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื‘ื•ืข.

ื™ืฉื ื ืืžืฆืขื™ ืชื—ื‘ื•ืจื” ื™ื‘ืฉืชื™ ืจื‘ื™ื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื”. ื›ืืฉืจ ืืชื” ืžืกืชื›ืœ ืขืœ ื”ืจื—ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืกื•ืื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืกื•ื“ืŸ, ืืชื” ืชืจืื” ื›ืœ ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ืจื›ื‘ ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ ื”ืงื™ื™ื ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื”ื•ืœื“ืชืš. ื›ืœื™ ืจื›ื‘ ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื™ื ืืœื” ื›ื•ืœืœื™ื ืื•ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืกื™ื, ืžื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื•ืžืฉืื™ื•ืช. ืœื ื”ื’ื™ื ืืœื” ื™ืฉ ืจื™ืฉื™ื•ืŸ ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ืกื•ื“ืŸ ืชืงืฃ, ื•ื–ื• ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืฉื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืžื›ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ืช. ืขื ื–ืืช, ื™ืฉื ืŸ ืžืฉืจื•ืช ื ื”ื’ื™ื ื‘ืžืฉืจื” ื—ืœืงื™ืช ืื• ืžืฉืจื•ืช ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื‘ืกื•ื“ืŸ ืœืชื™ื™ืจื™ื.

ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื›ืžื“ืจื™ืš ื˜ื™ื•ืœื™ื

ืžื“ืจื™ื›ื™ ืชื™ื™ืจื™ื ื‘ืกื•ื“ืŸ ืื™ื ื ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœื™ื ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืชื—ืช ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืื• ืกื•ื›ื ื•ื™ื•ืช ื ืกื™ืขื•ืช. ืžื“ืจื™ื›ื™ ืชื™ื™ืจื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ื’ื ืœืฉื•ื•ืง ืืช ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ ื”ื”ื“ืจื›ื” ืฉืœื”ื ื•ืœืงื‘ืœ ืžืฉืจื•ืช ืžื”ืžื‘ืงืจื™ื ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ื™ื ื•ืžื—ื•"ืœ ื™ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืจื•ื‘ ืžื“ืจื™ื›ื™ ื”ืชื™ื™ืจื™ื ื‘ืกื•ื“ืŸ ื”ื ืคืจื™ืœื ืกืจื™ื. ืขื ื–ืืช, ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื›ื ื”ื’, ืื™ื ืš ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ื‘ืกื•ื“ืŸ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื•ื™ื–ืช ื”ืชื™ื™ืจ ืฉืœืš. ืขืœื™ืš ืœื”ื’ื™ืฉ ื‘ืงืฉื” ืœืื™ืฉื•ืจ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื‘ืชื•ืงืฃ ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืชื•ื›ืœ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ื‘ืืจืฅ.

ื”ื’ืฉ ื‘ืงืฉื” ืœืชื•ืฉื‘ื•ืช

ืžืกืคืจ ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ื•ืคื›ื™ื ืœืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ ืงื‘ืข ื‘ืกื•ื“ืŸ ืžื“ื™ ืฉื ื”, ืืš ืœื ื›ื•ืœื ืขื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืืช ืื•ืชื• ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื’ืฉืช ื‘ืงืฉื”. ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ื”ืžืคืชื” ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืžื’ื•ืจื™ื ืงื‘ื•ืขื™ื ื‘ืกื•ื“ืŸ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืฉื›ื ืขื” ืืœืคื™ ืชื™ื™ืจื™ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ืจืงืข ืฉื•ื ื” ืœื”ืงื™ื ื‘ื™ืช, ืœื”ืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ ื•ืœืžืฆื•ื ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืืคืจื™ืงืื™ืช ื–ื•.

ื›ืชื™ื™ืจ, ืืชื” ืขืฉื•ื™ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื–ื›ืื™ ืœื”ื’ื™ืฉ ื‘ืงืฉื” ืœืžื’ื•ืจื™ ืงื‘ืข ืื ืืชื”: ื‘ืŸ ื–ื•ื’ ืฉืœ ืื–ืจื— ื—ื•ืงื™ ืื• ืžืื•ืžืฅ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืื–ืจื— ืกื•ื“ืŸ ืื• ืชื•ืฉื‘ ืงื‘ืข. ืื ืืชื” ื‘ืขืœ ื›ืจื˜ื™ืก ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ ื•ืขื‘ื“ืช ื‘ืกื•ื“ืŸ ืœืคื—ื•ืช ืฉื™ืฉื” ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื, ืชื”ื™ื” ื’ื ื–ื›ืื™ ืœื”ื’ื™ืฉ ื‘ืงืฉื” ืœืžืขืžื“ ืชื•ืฉื‘ ืงื‘ืข ืกื•ื“ืŸ.

ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช

ืžืœื‘ื“ ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืœื‘ืขืœื•ืช ืขืœ ื ื›ืกื™ื, ืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืื ืืชื” ืžืชื›ื ืŸ ืœื”ื™ืฉืืจ ื›ืžื” ืฉื ื™ื ื‘ืืจืฅ. ืกื•ื“ืŸ ื™ื“ื•ืขื” ื›ืื—ืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืขืžื•ืกื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืืคืจื™ืงื”, ืืš ื ื•ืคื™ื” ื•ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืžืจื”ื™ื‘ื™ื ืฉืœื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืฉื›ื ืข ืื ืฉื™ื ืœื”ืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ ื•ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื”ื–ื•.

ื”ืื ืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืžื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืจื™ืฉื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœืš ืœืจื™ืฉื™ื•ืŸ ืกื•ื“ืŸ?

ืื ืืชื” ืื•ื”ื‘ ืืช ื”ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ืฉืœืš ื‘ืกื•ื“ืŸ ื•ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ื™ืฉืืจ ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื–ืžืŸ ืจื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืขืœื™ืš ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจ ืžืฉืคื˜ื™. ืจื™ืฉื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ ืฉืœืš ืชืงืฃ ืจืง ืœืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ืžืชืืจื™ืš ื”ื”ื ืคืงื” ื‘ืกื•ื“ืŸ. ื™ืฉื ืŸ ืžื—ืกื•ืžื™ื ืืงืจืื™ื™ื ื‘ืืจืฅ, ื›ืš ืฉืืชื ืขืœื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืกืชื‘ืš ืื ืชื ื”ื’ื• ืขื ืจื™ืฉื™ื•ืŸ ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ืฉืคื’ ืชื•ืงืคื•. ืืชื” ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื“ืขืช ืžื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืขื ืจื™ืฉื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ ืฉืœืš ืื ืืชื” ืžืชื›ื ืŸ ืœื”ื™ืฉืืจ ื–ืžืŸ ืจื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื”.

ืขืœื™ืš ืœื”ืžื™ืจ ืืช ืจื™ืฉื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ืฉืœืš ืœืจื™ืฉื™ื•ืŸ ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ืกื•ื“ื ื™ ืื ืืชื” ืžืชื›ื ืŸ ืœื”ื™ืฉืืจ ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืฉื ื”. ืœืฉื ื›ืš ื™ืฉ ืœื”ืฆื˜ื™ื™ื“ ื‘ืžืกืžื›ื™ื ื”ื ื“ืจืฉื™ื: ืจื™ืฉื™ื•ืŸ ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™, ืขื•ืชืง ืฉืœ ืจื™ืฉื™ื•ืŸ ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™, ื”ืขืชืง ื“ืจื›ื•ืŸ ื•ืžืงื•ืจ ื•ืžื›ืชื‘ ื•ื™ื–ื” ืžื”ืžืขืกื™ืง. ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืžืจืช ื‘ืงืฉืชืš ืื™ื ื• ืžื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืื•ืชืš ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ื˜ืกื˜, ืืš ืขืœื™ืš ืœืฉืœื ืืช ื“ืžื™ ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ.

ื”ื™ืขื“ื™ื ื”ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื™ื ื‘ืกื•ื“ืŸ

ืกื•ื“ืŸ ื”ื™ื ืื—ื“ ืžื™ืขื“ื™ ื”ืชื™ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืืคืจื™ืงื” ื•ื™ื“ื•ืขื” ื‘ื ื•ืฃ ื”ื›ื•ื‘ืฉ ืฉืœื” ื•ื‘ืื˜ืจืงืฆื™ื•ืช ื”ืชื™ื™ืจื•ืชื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื•ืช. ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืžืคื•ืจืกืžืช ื‘ื”ื™ื•ืชื” ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื™ืคื” ื•ืขืฆื•ืžื” ื•ืžืœืื” ื‘ืžืกื•ืจื•ืช ืขืฉื™ืจื•ืช, ืคื™ืจืžื™ื“ื•ืช ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ื•ืช, ืื•ื›ืœ ืžืขื•ืจืจ ืชื™ืื‘ื•ืŸ ื•ืžืจืื•ืช ื˜ื‘ืข ืื˜ืจืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื™ื. ื”ื ื” ื›ืžื” ืžื™ืขื“ื™ ื”ื˜ื™ื•ืœ ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืื ืชื‘ืงืจื• ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื•ืชืฆืื• ืœื˜ื™ื•ืœ ื‘ื›ื‘ื™ืฉ ืื• ืœื—ืงื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืื˜ืจืงืฆื™ื•ืช ื”ืชื™ื™ืจื•ืชื™ื•ืช.

ืžืจื•

ื”ืžื•ืงื“ ืœืฉืขื‘ืจ ื”ื–ื” ืฉืœ ืžืžืœื›ืช ื ืืคืื˜ื” ื”ืขืชื™ืงื” ื”ื•ื ืžืงื•ื ืฉืžื™ืžื™ ื‘ืืžืช ืœื—ืงื•ืจ ื‘ื•. ืžืžื•ืงื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื’ื•ื•ื ื™ ื”ืื•ืงืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืกื•ื“ืื ื™, ืžืขื˜ ืฆืคื•ื ื™ืช ืœื—ืจื˜ื•ื, ืžื™ืจื• ื›ื•ืœืœ ืœืžืขืœื” ืž-200 ืžื‘ื ื™ ืคื™ืจืžื™ื“ื” ื‘ื•ื“ื“ื™ื ื•ื—ื•ืจื‘ื•ืช ืžืจื”ื™ื‘ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื’ ืื—ืจ. ืฆื™ื•ืŸ ื“ืจืš ื–ื” ื ื•ืฉื ืืช ืกื™ืžื ื™ ื”ื”ื™ื›ืจ ืฉืœ ืžืคืขืœ ืื“ืจื™ื›ืœื™ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื“ื•ืžื” ืœืขืจื™ื ื”ื ื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื”ืขืชื™ืงื•ืช. ืื•ื ืกืง"ื• ื”ืกืžื™ืš ืืช ื”ืื–ื•ืจ ื›ื•ืœื• ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื• ืžืžืฆืื™ื ืืจื›ื™ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ื.

ืžืžืฆืื™ื ืืจื›ื™ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ื ืื™ืฉืจื• ืฆื™ื•ื•ื™ืœื™ื–ืฆื™ื” ืžืชืงื“ืžืช ืฉืœ ืกื•ื—ืจื™ื ื•ืžืชื›ืช ื‘ืจื–ืœ ืขื ืงืฉืจื™ื ืžืกื—ืจื™ื™ื ืœื”ื•ื“ื• ื•ืกื™ืŸ. ื”ื—ืคื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžืจื• ื”ื—ืœื• ื‘-1902, ืฉื—ืฉืคื” ืืช ืจื—ื•ื‘ื•ืชื™ื” ื•ืžื‘ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืขื™ืจ ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื•ืžืื•ื›ืœืกืช. ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืช ื”ื‘ืจื–ืœ ืฉืœ ืžืื•ืจ ื”ืคื›ื” ืืช ื”ืขื™ื™ืจื” ืœืžืคื•ืจืกืžืช ื‘ืขื•ืฉืจื” ื•ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื‘ื• ื”ื™ื ืชืจืžื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ ืœืขื•ืฉืจ ื–ื”, ืฉื›ืŸ ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ ื”ื‘ืจื–ืœ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืงื•ื ื”ื–ื” ื ื—ืฉื‘ื• ืœื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ.

ื”ื•ืจืื•ืช ื ืกื™ืขื”:

1. ื ืกื™ืขื” ืœืžืจื•ืื” ืžื ืžืœ ื”ืชืขื•ืคื” ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ ืฉืœ ืคื•ืจื˜ ืกื•ื“ืŸ.

2. ืžื ืžืœ ื”ืชืขื•ืคื” ืฉืœ ืกื•ื“ืŸ, ืกืข ื™ืฉืจ ืœื›ื‘ื™ืฉ ืกื•ืืงื™ืŸ.

3. ืžืกื•ืืงื™ืŸ, ืคื ื” ืฉืžืืœื” ื•ืกืข ื™ืฉืจ ืœื›ื‘ื™ืฉ ื’ื‘ื™ืช.

4. ืžื›ื‘ื™ืฉ ื’ื‘ื™ืช, ืคื ื” ื™ืžื™ื ื” ื•ืกืข ื™ืฉืจ ืœื›ื‘ื™ืฉ ื—ื™ื™ื.

5. ืžื—ื™ื™ื, ืกืข ื™ืฉืจ ืœืื˜ื‘ืจื”.

6. ืžืื˜ื‘ืจื”, ืคื ื” ืฉืžืืœื” ื•ืกืข ื™ืฉืจ ืœืžืจื•ืื”.

ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช:

ืื ืืชื” ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื™ื”ื ื•ืช ืžื›ืœ ื”ืžืงื•ื ื‘ืžืœื•ืื•, ื”ื ื” ืจืฉื™ืžื” ืฉืœ ืคืขื™ืœื•ื™ื•ืช ืžื”ื ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื‘ืžืจื•.

1. ื‘ืงืจื• ื‘ืžื•ื–ื™ืื•ืŸ

ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืื•ืŸ ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ ืฉืœ ืกื•ื“ืŸ ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ ืžื‘ื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื“ื•-ืงื•ืžืชื™ื™ื ืฉื ื‘ื ื• ื‘ืฉื ืช 1955 ื•ื”ืคืš ืœืžื•ื–ื™ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืฉื ืช 1971. ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืื•ืŸ ืžื›ื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืื•ืกืฃ ื”ืืจื›ื™ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ื”ื ื•ื‘ื™ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื•ื”ืžืงื™ืฃ ื‘ืขื•ืœื.

ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืื•ืŸ ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ ืฉืœ ืกื•ื“ืŸ ืฉื•ืžืจ ืขืœ ืื•ืกืคื™ื ืžืชืงื•ืคื•ืช ืืœื• ื‘ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ืกื•ื“ืŸ: ืคืœืื•ืœื™ืชื™ืช, ื ืื•ืœื™ืชื™ืช, ืžื–ื•ืœื™ืชื™ืช, ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื', ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื’', ืžืžืœื›ืช ืžืฆืจื™ื ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ื ื”, ืžืžืœื›ืช ืžืฆืจื™ื ื”ื—ื“ืฉื”, ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ืงืจืžื”, ืžืจื•ืื”, ืžืงื•ืจื™ื” ื™ืžื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื, ื•ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” X.

2. ื˜ื™ื™ืœื• ื‘ื’ืฉืจ ื”ื ื™ืœื•ืก ื”ืœื‘ืŸ

ื”ื ื™ืœื•ืก ื”ืœื‘ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืื—ื“ ืžืฉื ื™ ื”ื ื”ืจื•ืช ื”ื™ื•ื‘ืœื™ื ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื ื™ืœื•ืก. ื”ืฉื ืžื’ื™ืข ืžืฆื‘ืข ื”ืžื™ื ื‘ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื™ืžืจ ื”ื ื™ืฉื ื‘ื ื”ืจ; ื”ื•ื ื’ื ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืœื ื”ืจ ื‘ืื’ื ื ื•. ื‘ืžืื” ื”-19, ื”ืื™ืจื•ืคืื™ื ื”ืชืžืงื“ื• ื‘ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉื ืื—ืจ ืžืงื•ืจ ื”ื ื™ืœื•ืก ื‘ื ื™ืœื•ืก ื”ืœื‘ืŸ. ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ืœื ื’ื™ืœื• ืืช ื ื”ืจ ื”ื ื™ืœื•ืก ื”ืœื‘ืŸ ืขื“ 1937, ื›ืืฉืจ ื‘ื•ืจืงื”ืจื˜ ื•ื•ืœืงื“ืงืจ, ื—ื•ืงืจ ื’ืจืžื ื™, ืขืงื‘ ืื—ืจื™ื• ืœื ื—ืœ ื‘ืจื•ื˜ื•ื‘ื•.

ืชื™ื™ืจื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ืžื™ื ื”ื–ื•ืจืžื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื ื™ืœื•ืก ื”ื›ื—ื•ืœ ื•ื”ืœื‘ืŸ ืžื”ื’ืฉืจ ื”ื–ื” ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื•ื ื ืงื•ื“ืช ืฉื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื ื”ืจ ื”ืืจื•ืš ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืขื•ืœื. ื›ืฉืืชื” ืขืœ ื”ื’ืฉืจ ื”ื–ื”, ืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ืฆื‘ืขื™ื ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ื ื™ืœื•ืก ื–ื•ืจืžื™ื ื–ื” ืœืฆื“ ื–ื”, ืžืชืžื–ื’ื™ื ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ื”ื–ืจื. ืขื ื–ืืช, ื•ื•ื“ื ืฉืœื ืœืฆืœื ืืช ื”ื ื™ืœื•ืก ืžื”ื’ืฉืจ ื”ื–ื” ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืจืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ืœื ื—ื•ืงื™ื•ืช ื•ืžืื•ื‘ื–ืจื•ืช ืขืฆืจื• ืžืกืคืจ ืจื‘ ืฉืœ ื–ืจื™ื.

3. ื‘ืงืจื• ื‘ืงื‘ืจ ืžื•ื—ืžื“ ืื—ืžื“

ื”ืืชืจ ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืขื™ืจ ื”ื•ื ืงื‘ืจ ืžื•ื—ืžื“ ืื—ืžื“. ื”ืžืงื•ื ื”ื–ื” ืžืฉืžืฉ ื›ืžืงื•ื ืžื ื•ื—ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื•ืืœ ื”ืžืฉื™ื—ื™ ื”ืžื•ืฆื”ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืืžื•ื ื” ื”ืืกืœืืžื™ืช, ืžื•ื—ืžื“ ืื—ืžื“. ื”ืงื‘ืจ ืžื•ืคื™ืข ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ืช; ืœื•ืจื ืก ืื•ืœื™ื‘ื™ื™ื” ื’ื™ืœื ืืช ืžื•ื—ืžื“ ื‘ืกืจื˜ "ื—ืจื˜ื•ื".

4. ื‘ืงืจื• ื‘ืงื‘ืจื™ ืืœ ืงื•ืจื•

ืืœ ืงื•ืจื• ื”ื™ื” ืื—ื“ ืžื‘ืชื™ ื”ืงื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ืžืœื›ื•ืชื™ื™ื ืฉืฉื™ืžืฉื• ืืช ืžืฉืคื—ืช ื”ืžืœื•ื›ื” ื”ื ื•ื‘ื™ืช ืฉืœ ืžืฆืจื™ื ื•ืฉื•ืฉืœืช ื›ื•ืฉ ื”-25. ื”ืงื‘ืจื™ื ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื”ืฆืคื•ื ื™ืช, ืกื•ื“ืŸ, ืฉื ื—ืคืจ ื’'ื•ืจื’' ืจื™ื™ื–ื ืจ. ื”ื—ืœืง ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ืงื‘ืจื™ ืืœ ืงื•ืจื• ืžื›ื™ืœ ืืจื‘ืขื” ืงื‘ืจื™ื ืชืœื•ืœื™ื™ื: ืงื‘ืจ 6 ื ืžืฆื ื‘ืฆืคื•ืŸ; ืฉื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ืฉืžื•ื ื” ืคื™ืจืžื™ื“ื•ืช ื ืžืฆืืช ื‘ืžื–ืจื—; ืงืฉื˜ื” ื ืžืฆื ื‘ื“ืจื•ื ื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ื–ื•; ืคื˜ืœื•ืžื” ื ืžืฆื ื‘ื“ืจื•ื.

5. ื”ืชืคืขืœื• ืžื”ื™ื•ืคื™ ืฉืœ ื’ื‘ืœ ื‘ืจืงืœ

ื’'ื‘ืœ ื‘ืจืงืœ ื”ื•ื ื”ืจ ืงื˜ืŸ ืฉื ืžืฆื 400 ืง"ืž ืฆืคื•ื ื™ืช ืœื—ืจื˜ื•ื ื‘ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืกื•ื“ืŸ. ื”ื’ื‘ืขื” ื”ื™ื ื‘ื’ื•ื‘ื” 98 ืžื˜ืจื™ื, ื™ืฉ ืœื” ืคืกื’ื” ืฉื˜ื•ื—ื”, ื•ืกื•ื—ืจื™ื ื”ืฉืชืžืฉื• ื‘ื” ื›ื ืงื•ื“ืช ืฆื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืžืกืœื•ืœ ื”ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืจื›ื– ืืคืจื™ืงื”, ืžืฆืจื™ื ื•ืขืจื‘. ื‘ืฉื ืช 2003, ื’ื‘ืœ ื‘ืจืงืœ ื”ืคืš ืœืืชืจ ืžื•ืจืฉืช ืขื•ืœืžื™ืช ืฉืœ ืื•ื ืกืง"ื•, ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื”ืขื™ืจ ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ืช ื ืคืื˜ื”. ืžืœื‘ื“ ื”ื”ืจ, ื”ืื–ื•ืจ ื’ื ืžื›ื™ืœ ืืช ืžื•ื–ื™ืื•ืŸ ื’ื‘ืœ ื‘ืจืงืœ ื•ืืช ืคื™ืจืžื™ื“ื•ืช ื’ื‘ืœ ื‘ืจืงืœ.

ืกื•ืืงื™ืŸ

ืกื•ืืงื™ืŸ ืขื•ืžื“ ื–ืงื•ืฃ ื•ืื™ืชืŸ ืขืœ ื’ื“ืช ื™ื ืกื•ืฃ. ื”ืžืงื•ื ื”ืื™ื™ืงื•ื ื™ ื•ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ ื”ื–ื” ื”ืจืื” ืืช ืขื‘ืจื• ืžื™ืžื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื ื‘ื’ืื•ื•ื” ื•ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืขื‘ืจ ื ืงื•ื“ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ืช ืฉืœ ืขื•ืœื™ ืจื’ืœ ืžื•ืกืœืžื™ื ืœืงืคื•ืฅ ืœืžื›ื” ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ืช ืžืฆืคื•ืŸ ืืคืจื™ืงื”. ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœื›ืš, ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ืžืกื’ื“ื™ื ืžื•ื–ื”ื‘ื™ื ื•ืžื‘ื ื™ ื“ืช ืžืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืžื’ื•ืœืคื™ื ืžืื‘ืŸ ืืœืžื•ื’ื™ื. ื”ื˜ื•ืจืงื™ื ื›ื‘ืฉื• ืืช ื”ืกื•ืืงื™ืŸ, ืื‘ืœ ื”ืžืงื•ื ื ืคืœ ืœื“ืขื™ื›ื” ืžื”ื™ืจื” ืœืกื•ื—ืจื™ื ืื™ืจื•ืคืื™ื.

ืžืงื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ืขื™ืจ ื‘ืžืื” ื”-12 ื›ื ืžืœ ืžืชื—ืจื” ืœืื™ื™ื“ื‘ ืžืฆืคื•ืŸ, ืฉื ื”ื™ื• ืžืกื—ืจ. ืกื•ืืงื™ืŸ ื”ื—ืœ ืœืจื“ืช ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื˜ื•ืจืงื™ื ื›ื‘ืฉื• ืืช ื”ืขื™ืจ ื‘ืžืื” ื”-16, ื•ื”ื˜ื•ืจืงื™ื ื”ืฉื›ื™ืจื• ืืช ื”ืžืงื•ื ืœืžืฆืจื™ื ืž-1821 ืขื“ ื”ืžืื” ื”-19. ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-20 ืฉื™ืคืฆื• ื”ืคืงื™ื“ื™ื ืืช ื ืžืœ ื”ืื–ื•ืจ ืœื ืžืœ ื—ื“ืฉ ื‘ืคื•ืจื˜ ืกื•ื“ืŸ.

ื”ื•ืจืื•ืช ื ืกื™ืขื”:

1. ืกืขื• ืœืื™ ืกื•ืืงื™ืŸ ืžื ืžืœ ืกื•ืืงื™ืŸ.

2. ืฆื ืžื ืžืœ ืกื•ืืงื™ืŸ ื•ืคื ื” ื™ืžื™ื ื”.

3. ืกืข ื™ืฉืจ ื•ืคื ื” ืฉืžืืœื”.

4. ืกืข ืœืืœ ื’ืจืžื•ืฉื™.

5. ืžืืœ ื’ืจืžื•ืฉื™, ืกืข ื™ืฉืจ ืœืื™ ืกื•ืืงื™ืŸ.

ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช:

Suakin ืžืฆื™ืขื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ืคืขื™ืœื•ื™ื•ืช ืžื”ื ื•ืช ืฉื›ื“ืื™ ืœื ืกื•ืช. ื”ื ื” ืจืฉื™ืžื” ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื™ื ืฉืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื”ื–ื”.

1. ืกื™ื™ืจ ื‘ื”ืจื™ืกื•ืช ื‘ืื™ ืกื•ืืงื™ืŸ

ื”ืื™ ืกื•ืืงื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ื”ื ืžืœ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ื‘ืกื•ื“ืŸ ืœืคื ื™ ื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ืคื•ืจื˜ ืกื•ื“ืŸ. ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-30 ืื ืฉื™ื ื ื˜ืฉื• ืืช ื”ืžืงื•ื, ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ืคืš ืœืขื™ืจ ืจืคืื™ื ื ื•ื’ื” ืžืœืื” ื‘ืžื‘ื ื™ ืืœืžื•ื’ื™ื ืžืชืคื•ืจืจื™ื. ื—ืชื•ืœื™ื ื“ืžื•ื ื™ื™ื ืืžืจื• ืฉื”ืืชืจ ืžืงื•ืœืœ ื•ืฉื ืฆื™ื ืžืกืชื•ื‘ื‘ื™ื ืขื ืงืจื™ืืช ืฉื˜ืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื—ื ื™ืช ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ืžืงื•ื. ืžืฉืงื™ืขื™ื ื˜ื•ืจืงื™ื ืฉื™ืคืฆื• ื›ืžื” ืžื‘ื ื™ื, ื•ื”ื”ืจื™ืกื•ืช ื”ืŸ ื—ืœืง ืžื”ื™ื‘ืฉืช, ื•ืžืจืชืง ืœื—ืงื•ืจ.

2. ืชืื›ืœ ื‘ื’ืจืžื•ืฉื™

ื’ืจืžื•ืฉื™ ื”ื•ื ืžืกืขื“ืช ืคื™ืจื•ืช ื™ื ื‘ืื™ ืกื•ืืงื™ืŸ ืฉื‘ื” ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืฉืชื•ืช ืžืฉืงื” ืงืœ ืžืจืขื ืŸ ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืกื™ื•ืจ ื”ืžื”ื ื” ืืš ื”ืžื™ื™ื’ืข. ื ื™ืชืŸ ื’ื ืœืื›ื•ืœ ื“ื’ ืขืœ ื”ืืฉ ื‘ืžืกืขื“ื” ื”ืคืฉื•ื˜ื” ื”ื–ื• ืฉืžืฉืงื™ืคื” ืขืœ ื ืžืœ ื”ื“ื™ื™ื’ื™ื ื•ืชืฉืื™ืจ ื—ื™ื•ืš ืขืœ ืคื ื™ื›ื. ื”ื›ืœ ื˜ืจื™ ื‘ืžืกืขื“ื” ื”ื–ื• ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื‘ืขืœ ื”ืžืงื•ื ื”ื•ื ื“ื™ื™ื’. ื”ืฉืœื˜ื™ื ื‘ืžืกืขื“ื” ื”ื ื‘ืขืจื‘ื™ืช, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื™ื”ื™ื” ืžื•ืขื™ืœ ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ื™ื ื‘ืขืจื‘ื™ืช.

3. ื‘ืงืจื• ื‘ืคืืจืง ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ ืืจื›ื™ืคืœื’ ืกื•ืืงื™ืŸ

ืคืืจืง ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ ืืจื›ื™ืคืœื’ ืกื•ืืงื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืคืืจืง ืฉื ืžืฆื ื‘ื™ื ื”ืื“ื•ื ื•ืžื›ืกื” ืฉื˜ื— ืฉืœ ื›-1,500 ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืขื™ื. ื”ืคืืจืง ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ ืžืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืฉืœ ืื™ื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื”ืžื•ืฆืขื™ื ืœืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื” II ืฉืœ IUCN, ืคืืจืง ืœืื•ืžื™. ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื™ื”ื ื•ืช ืžืคืขื™ืœื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ืคืืจืง, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืฆืœื™ืœื”, ืฆืคื™ื™ื” ื‘ืฆื™ืคื•ืจื™ื, ื—ืงืจ ื™ืžื™ ื•ื”ืœื™ื›ื•ืช ื˜ื‘ืข.

ื—ืจื˜ื•ื

ื—ืจื˜ื•ื ื”ื™ื ืžื™ืงื•ื ืžื™ืชื™ ืฉื‘ื• ืฉื ื™ ื”ื’ื“ื™ืœื™ื ื”ืžืจืชืงื™ื ืฉืœ ื ื”ืจ ื”ื ื™ืœื•ืก ืžืชืžื–ื’ื™ื ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื ื™ื•ืฆืื™ื ืœืื“ืžื•ืช ื”ืขืชื™ืงื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžืฆืจื™ื ื•ื ื•ื‘ื™ื” ื‘ื—ืœืง ื”ืฆืคื•ื ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืขื™ืจ. ื”ืขื™ืจ ืฉื•ื›ื ืช ืขืœ ื’ื“ื•ืช ื”ื ื”ืจ ื”ืžืคื•ืจืกื, ื”ื™ื•ืฆื ืืœ ืฆื•ืžืช ื‘ื™ื‘ืฉื”, ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื” ืืœ-ืžื•ืจื’ืŸ. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืžืฆื•ื ืจืฆื•ืขื•ืช ื›ืžื• ืจื—ื•ื‘ ื”ื ื™ืœื•ืก ื‘ืœื‘ ื”ืขื™ื™ืจื”, ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื” ืžื‘ื ื™ื ื™ืคื™ื ื‘ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ืขืจื‘ืกืง.

ื—ืจื˜ื•ื ื”ื™ื ืขื™ืจ ื”ื‘ื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”, ื”ืžื•ื ื” 5,274,321 ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ื. ืขื™ืจ ื–ื• ื ื•ืฆืจื” ื‘ืฉื ืช 1821 ื›ื—ืœืง ืžืžืฆืจื™ื ื”ืขื•ืช'ืžืื ื™ืช, ื”ืฉื•ื›ื ืช ื‘ืฆืคื•ืŸ ื”ืขื™ืจ ื”ืขืชื™ืงื” ืกื•ื‘ื”. ื—ืจื˜ื•ื ื”ื™ื ืžืจื›ื– ื›ืœื›ืœื™ ื•ืกื—ืจ ื‘ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืืคืจื™ืงื”, ืฉื‘ื• ื—ื™ื™ื ืžืกืคืจ ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ืœืื•ืžื™ื™ื ื•ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ื™ื, ื›ื•ืœืœ ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืื•ืŸ ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ ืฉืœ ืกื•ื“ืŸ.

ื”ื•ืจืื•ืช ื ืกื™ืขื”:

1. ืกืขื• ืœืขื™ืจ ื—ืจื˜ื•ื ืžื ืžืœ ื”ืชืขื•ืคื” ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ ืฉืœ ื—ืจื˜ื•ื.

2. ืฆืื• ืžื ืžืœ ื”ืชืขื•ืคื” ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ ืฉืœ ื—ืจื˜ื•ื ื•ืคื ื• ืฉืžืืœื” ืœืจื—ื•ื‘ ืืคืจื™ืงื”.

3. ืกืขื• ื™ืฉืจ ืขื“ ืฉืชื’ื™ืขื• ืœืกื™ื ื™ืืช ืืœืกื•ื•ืืง ืืœืžืจื›ื–ื™.

4. ืคื ื• ื™ืžื™ื ื” ื‘ืžืกืขื“ืช ื•ื™ืจื’'ื™ื ื™ื”.

5. ืกืขื• ื™ืฉืจ ืขื“ ืฉืชื’ื™ืขื• ืœืขื™ืจ ื—ืจื˜ื•ื.

ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช:

ื—ืจื˜ื•ื ื”ื™ื ืขื™ืจ ื”ื‘ื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”, ืืฉืจ ืขื•ืžื“ืช ื‘ืชื•ืืจื”. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœื™ื”ื ื•ืช ืžืคืขื™ืœื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ืขื™ืจ ื–ื• ืฉื‘ื•ื•ื“ืื™ ื™ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ืฉื›ื—ื•ืช.

1. ื‘ืงืจื• ื‘ืžื•ื–ื™ืื•ืŸ ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ ืฉืœ ืกื•ื“ืŸ

ื›ืฉืืชื” ื‘ื—ืจื˜ื•ื, ื“ื‘ืจ ืื—ื“ ืฉืืกื•ืจ ืœืš ืœืคืกืคืก ื”ื•ื ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจ ื‘ืžื•ื–ื™ืื•ืŸ ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ ืฉืœ ืกื•ื“ืŸ. ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืื•ืŸ ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ ื‘ืŸ ืฉืชื™ ื”ืงื•ืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืฉื•ื›ืŸ ื‘ืขื™ืจ ื”ื‘ื™ืจื” ื•ื”ื•ื ื ื‘ื ื” ื‘ืฉื ืช 1955. ืชืฉืชื™ืช ื–ื• ื”ื™ื ื‘ื™ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ืกืฃ ื”ืืจื›ื™ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื•ื”ืžืงื™ืฃ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื”ื ื•ื‘ื™ื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื, ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ื•ืงื ื›ืžื•ื–ื™ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืฉื ืช 1971.

2. ื˜ื™ื™ืœื• ืœืื•ืจืš ื ื”ืจ ื”ื ื™ืœื•ืก

ื”ื ื™ืœื•ืก ื”ื›ื—ื•ืœ ืžืืชื™ื•ืคื™ื” ื•ื”ื ื™ืœื•ืก ื”ืœื‘ืŸ ืžืื•ื’ื ื“ื” ื ืคื’ืฉื™ื ื‘ืขื™ืจ ื”ื‘ื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื”ื–ื•, ืฉื ื”ื ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืฆื•ืžืช. ืœื˜ื™ื™ืœ ืขืœ ื”ื ื”ืจ ื”ืืจื•ืš ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืขืœ ืื—ื“ ื”ื’ืฉืจื™ื ื”ืžืจืชืงื™ื ืฉื™ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขืœื™ื• ื”ื•ื ืื—ื“ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื›ืฉืืชื ื‘ื—ืจื˜ื•ื. ืฉื™ืžื• ืœื‘ ืฉืืกื•ืจ ืœืฆืœื ืืช ื”ื ื”ืจ ื›ืฉืืชื ืขืœ ื”ื’ืฉืจ ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื–ื” ืืกื•ืจ ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜.

3. ืกืขื• ืœืื™ ื˜ื•ื˜ื™

ืื™ ื˜ื•ื˜ื™ ืžืžื•ืงื ื‘ืžืจื›ื– ื ื”ืจ ื”ื ื™ืœื•ืก ื•ื”ื•ื ื›ืžื• ืžืคืœื˜ ืขื™ืจื•ื ื™ ื‘ื—ืจื˜ื•ื. ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืืชื” ื‘ืขื™ืจ, ืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืฉื›ื•ืจ ืžื•ื ื™ืช ืฉืชืกื™ืข ืื•ืชืš ืœืื™ ื”ื–ื”, ื•ืœื ืกื•ืข ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื”ืžื•ื‘ืœืขืช ื”ืฉืงื˜ื”, ืฉื”ื™ื ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ืื—ืจ ืฆื”ืจื™ื™ื ื ืขื™ืžื”. ืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ื’ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ื™ื•ืคื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื ื™ืœื•ืก ื”ื›ื—ื•ืœ ื•ื”ืœื‘ืŸ ืžืžืงื•ื ื–ื”, ื›ืžื• ื’ื ืœืฉื•ื˜ ืขืœ ื”ื ื”ืจ ื”ืžืคื•ืจืกื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืขื•ืœื.

4. ืฉื•ื˜ื˜ ื‘ื’ืœืจื™ื•ืช ื”ืืžื ื•ืช

ืื ืืชื” ื—ื•ื‘ื‘ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืฉืœ ืฆื™ื•ืจื™ื ื•ืืžื ื•ืช, ื™ืฉื ืŸ ืžืกืคืจ ื’ืœืจื™ื•ืช ืืžื ื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืขื™ืจ ืฉื›ื“ืื™ ืœื‘ืงืจ ื‘ื”ืŸ. ื’ืœืจื™ื” ืžืคื•ืจืกืžืช ืื—ืช ื‘ืขื™ืจ ื”ื™ื ื”ืžื•ื’'ื•; ื’ืœืจื™ื” ื–ื• ืžื›ื™ืœื” ืžืกืคืจ ืฆื™ื•ืจื™ื ืžืืžื ื™ื ืื”ื•ื‘ื™ื ื•ืืžื ื™ื ืžืงื•ืžื™ื™ื. ื’ืœืจื™ื” ื ืคืœืื” ื ื•ืกืคืช ืฉื—ื•ื‘ื” ืœื‘ืงืจ ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื ื”ื“ื‘ื ื’ื”, ื”ืžืคื•ืจืกืžืช ื‘ืงืจื‘ ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ื™ื.

ื”ืคืืจืง ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ ื“ื™ื ื“ืจ

ื”ืคืืจืง ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ ื“ื™ื ื“ืจ ื”ื•ื ืžืฉื•ืœืฉ ื—ืชื•ืš ืฉืœ ืœืื ื’ ืžื•ื’ืŸ ืžื’ื‘ื•ืœ ืืชื™ื•ืคื™ื” ื‘ื—ืœืง ื”ื“ืจื•ื ืžื–ืจื—ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”. ื”ืคืืจืง ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ ืžืžื™ืฉื•ืจื™ ื“ืฉื ืžืชื•ื—ื™ื ืฉื–ื•ื”ืจื™ื ื‘ืฆื”ื•ื‘ ื•ื”ื•ืคื›ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืืคื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืฉืžืฉ ืชื—ืช ื—ื•ื ื”ืฉืžืฉ ื”ืžืฉื•ื•ื ื™ืช. ื”ื•ื ืชื•ืคืก ื‘ื™ืช ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ ืฉื‘ื• ื”ืจืžื•ืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ืืชื™ื•ืคื™ื” ืฆื•ื ื—ื•ืช ืขื“ ืœืฉื˜ื—ื™ ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืืคืจื™ืงื”, ืžื” ืฉืžืืคืฉืจ ืœืชื™ื™ืจื™ื ืœื”ืฆื™ืฅ ื‘ืืจื™ื•ืช ื•ื‘ื™ืขื ื™ื.

ืคืืจืง ื‘ืขืœ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืืงื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ื–ื” ื ื•ืคืœ ืขืœ ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ืืงื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืจื™ ืืชื™ื•ืคื™ื” ื•ืขืœ ื”ื˜ื•ืŸ ื”ืืงื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ืฉืœ ืกืื”ืœ, ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ื”ื•ื ืžื›ื™ืœ ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืืงื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืžื’ื•ื•ื ื•ืช: ื ื”ืจ, ื—ื•ืจืฉ ื•ืžืื™ื”. ื”ืคืืจืง ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ ืžืื›ืœืก 27 ืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื™ื•ื ืงื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื›ืžื• ื‘ืจื“ืœืก, ื ืžืจ, ืขื˜ืœืคื™ื, ื–ื•ื—ืœื™ื, ื™ื•ื ืงื™ื, ื“ื•-ื—ื™ื™ื, ืืจื™ื•ืช, 32 ืžื™ื ื™ ื“ื’ื™ื, ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž-160 ืžื™ื ื™ ืฆื™ืคื•ืจื™ื, ื•ื›ืžื” ื™ืขื ื™ื ื‘ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืืคืจื™ืงื”.

ื”ื•ืจืื•ืช ื ืกื™ืขื”:

1. ืกืข ืœืคืืจืง ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ ืืœ ื“ื™ื ื“ืจ ืžืฉื“ื” ื”ืชืขื•ืคื” ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ ืฉืœ ื—ืจื˜ื•ื.

2. ืฆื ืžื”ืคืืจืง ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ ื“ื™ื ื“ืจ ื•ืกืข ื™ืฉืจ ืœืขื™ืจ ืจื•ืžื™ื™ืœื”.

3. ืกืข ืœืฉืžื•ืจืช ื”ืžืฉื—ืงื™ื ืจื”ื“ ื•ืกืข ื™ืฉืจ ืœื˜ื•ื ื™ื™ื“ื™ื‘ื”.

4. ืคื ื” ืฉืžืืœื” ื‘ื›ืคืจ 10 ื•ืกืข ืœืจื—ื•ื‘ ื•ืื“ ืžื“ื ื™.

5. ืกืข ื‘ืจื—ื•ื‘ ืจื•ืคืขื” ื•ืกืข ื™ืฉืจ ืขื“ ืฉืชื’ื™ืข ืœืฉื“ื” ื”ืชืขื•ืคื” ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ ืฉืœ ื—ืจื˜ื•ื.

ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช:

ืื ืืชื ื‘ืขื™ืจ ื”ื‘ื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื•ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื”ืชื ืชืง ืžื”ืขื™ืจ, ืื– ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจ ื‘ืคืืจืง ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ ืืœ ื“ื™ื ื“ืจ ื”ื•ื ื”ืžืงื•ื ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื›ื.

1. ืชื”ื ื” ืžืฆืคื™ื™ื” ื‘ืฆื™ืคื•ืจื™ื

ื”ืคืืจืง ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ ื“ื™ื ื“ืจ ื”ื•ื ื‘ื™ืชื ืฉืœ ืžืกืคืจ ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื, ื›ื•ืœืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž-160 ืžื™ื ื™ ืฆื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืฉืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœื”ืขืจื™ืš. ื›ืฉื ืžืืก ืœื›ื ืœื”ืกืชื•ื‘ื‘ ื‘ืคืืจืง, ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืขืฆื•ืจ ื•ืœื™ื”ื ื•ืช ืžืฆืคื™ื™ื” ื‘ืฆื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื•ืœื”ืชืคืขืœ ืžื”ื™ื•ืคื™ ืฉืœื”ืŸ.

2. ืงืžืคื™ื ื’

ืžืœื‘ื“ ืœื™ื”ื ื•ืช ืžื—ื‘ืจืช ื—ื™ื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจ ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ื™ื•ื, ืืชื” ื’ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ืฉืืจ ื‘ืคืืจืง ืื™ืชืŸ ื‘ืœื™ืœื”. ื”ืคืืจืง ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ ื“ื™ื ื“ืจ ืžืืคืฉืจ ืงืžืคื™ื ื’ ืœืชื™ื™ืจื™ื ื•ืœืžืงื•ืžื™ื™ื ืฉืื•ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœื™ื”ื ื•ืช ืžื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื”ืฆื—, ื™ื•ืคื™ื• ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ื‘ืข ื•ืงื•ืœื•ืช ื”ื—ื™ื•ืช ืฉื—ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืคืืจืง.

3. ืœืš ืœื“ื•ื’

ื›ืฉืืชื” ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืงื—ืช ื”ืคืกืงื” ืžืกื™ื•ืจ ื‘ืคืืจืง, ื“ื™ื’ ื”ื•ื ืื—ืช ื”ื“ืจื›ื™ื ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื ื•ื— ื•ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื™ื”ื ื•ืช ืžื”ื ื•ืฃ. ื”ืคืืจืง ื”ื•ื ื‘ื™ืชื ืฉืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž-32 ืžื™ื ื™ ื“ื’ื™ื ืฉืชื•ื›ืœ ืœืชืคื•ืก ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื“ื™ื’ ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ.

ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืกื•ืช

ืงื‘ืœ ืืช ืจื™ืฉื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ ืฉืœืš ืชื•ืš ืฉืขืชื™ื™ื

ืื™ืฉื•ืจ ืžื™ื™ื“ื™

ืชืงืฃ ืœ-1-3 ืฉื ื™ื

ืžืฉืœื•ื— ืืงืกืคืจืก ืœื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื

ื—ื–ืจื” ืœืžืขืœื”