ืžื”ื™ืจ, ืงืœ ื•ื‘ืžื—ื™ืจ ืกื‘ื™ืจ: ื”ื’ืฉ ื‘ืงืฉื” ืœืจื™ืฉื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ ืฉืœืš ืขื•ื“ ื”ื™ื•ื!โž”
ืฆื™ืœื•ื ืงืžื‘ื•ื“ื™ื” ืžืืช ืคื•ืœ ืกื‘ืฆ'ื™ืง

ืžื“ืจื™ืš ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื‘ืงืžื‘ื•ื“ื™ื”

ืงืžื‘ื•ื“ื™ื” ื”ื™ื ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื™ืคื”ืคื™ื™ื” ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ืช. ื—ืงื•ืจ ืืช ื›ืœ ื–ื” ื‘ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื›ืืฉืจ ืืชื” ืžืงื‘ืœ ืืช ืจื™ืฉื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ ืฉืœืš

2021-07-29 ยท 9 ื“ืงื•ืช

ืงืžื‘ื•ื“ื™ื” ืขืžื•ืกื” ื‘-16 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืื™ืฉ, ืฉืจื•ื‘ื ื‘ื•ื“ื”ื™ืกื˜ื™ื. ื‘ื™ืจืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื”ื™ื ืคื ื•ื-ืคืŸ. ื”ืฉืคื” ื”ืจืฉืžื™ืช ืฉืœ ืงืžื‘ื•ื“ื™ื” ื”ื™ื ื—ืžืจ, ืื ื›ื™, ื‘ืงื ื” ืžื™ื“ื” ืงื˜ืŸ ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืžืฆื•ื ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ื“ื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืกื™ื ื™ืช, ื•ื™ื™ื˜ื ืืžื™ืช ื•ืฆ'ืื, ืฉืคืชื• ืฉืœ ืขื ืฉื—ื™ ื”ืคืจื•ืก ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ืžืกืคืจ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื‘ื“ืจื•ื ืžื–ืจื— ืืกื™ื”. ืื—ืช ื”ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืืช ื”ืฉื”ื•ืช ืฉืœืš ืœื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ืฉื›ื—ืช ื”ื™ื ื‘ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื‘ืงืžื‘ื•ื“ื™ื” .

ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื”ื™ืขื“ื™ื ื”ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื•ื›ืจื™ื ื‘ื“ืจื•ื ืžื–ืจื— ืืกื™ื”, ื›ืžื• ืชืื™ืœื ื“ ื•ื•ื™ืื˜ื ื, ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื˜ื™ื™ืœื™ื ื‘ื•ื—ืจื™ื ืœื‘ืงืจ ื’ื ื‘ืงืžื‘ื•ื“ื™ื”. ื’ืœื• ืืช ื”ื ื•ืคื™ื ื”ื™ืคื™ื ืขื ื—ื•ืคื™ื ื—ื•ืœื™ื™ื ืœื‘ื ื™ื, ืฉื“ื•ืช ืื•ืจื– ื•ื’ื‘ืขื•ืช ื™ืจื•ืงื•ืช, ื•ืœืžื“ื• ืขื•ื“ ืขืœ ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื”ื ื•ืจืื” ืืš ื”ืžืจื’ืฉืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”. ืื‘ืœ ืจืง ืชื–ื›ื•ืจืช ืขื‘ื•ืจื›ื ืœื ืœืฉื›ื•ื— ื›ืืฉืจ ืžืชื›ื ื ื™ื ืœื ื”ื•ื’ ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืืจืฅ, ืขืœื™ื›ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืขืœื™ ืจื™ืฉื™ื•ืŸ ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื‘ืชื•ืงืฃ ื‘ืงืžื‘ื•ื“ื™ื”.

ืื™ืš ื”ืžื“ืจื™ืš ื”ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœืš?

ื ืกื™ืขื” ืœืžื“ื™ื ื” ื–ืจื” ืžื‘ืœื™ ืœื“ืขืช ืืคื™ืœื• ืžืขื˜ ืžื™ื“ืข ืขืœื•ืœื” ืœื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœืืกื•ืŸ. ืžื“ืจื™ืš ื–ื” ืžืกืคืง ืœืš ืืช ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ื”ื“ืจื•ืฉ ืฉืืชื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื–ื›ื•ืจ ืœืคื ื™ ื”ื ืกื™ืขื” ืœืงืžื‘ื•ื“ื™ื”. ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืชื™ื™ืจื™ื ืฉื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื ื‘ืงืžื‘ื•ื“ื™ื” ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ืขื›ืฉื•ื•ื™ ืžืขื“ื™ืคื™ื ืœื ื”ื•ื’ ื‘ืงืžื‘ื•ื“ื™ื”.

ื”ืžื“ืจื™ืš ื›ื•ืœืœ ืืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื‘ืงืžื‘ื•ื“ื™ื” ืœืฉื”ื™ื™ื” ืืจื•ื›ืช ื˜ื•ื•ื— ื•ืืช ื”ื™ืขื“ื™ื ื”ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื™ื ืฉื›ื“ืื™ ืœื‘ืงืจ ื‘ื”ื ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื”. ืชื•ื›ืœ ื’ื ืœืœืžื•ื“ ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืœื—ื“ืฉ ืืช ืจื™ืฉื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ืฉืœืš ื‘ืงืžื‘ื•ื“ื™ื” ืื ืืชื” ืžืชื›ื ืŸ ืฉื”ื™ื™ื” ืœื˜ื•ื•ื— ืืจื•ืš ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื‘ืงืžื‘ื•ื“ื™ื” ื‘ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜. ืขื ื–ืืช, ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ื–ื• ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœืžื” ืœืœื ื™ื“ืข ืขืœ ื›ืœืœื™ ื”ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื‘ืงืžื‘ื•ื“ื™ื”.

ื‘ืืฉืจ ืœื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื‘ืงืžื‘ื•ื“ื™ื”, ืžื“ืจื™ืš ื–ื” ื›ื•ืœืœ ืืช ื—ื•ืงื™ ื”ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื”ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ื‘ืงืžื‘ื•ื“ื™ื” ื•ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื”ื™ื ื ื•ื”ื’ืช ื‘ืงืžื‘ื•ื“ื™ื”. ืœื›ืŸ, ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืœืžื•ื“ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื‘ื›ืœ ืกื™ื•ืจ ื”ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ืื• ื”ืกื™ื•ืจ ื”ืžื˜ื™ื™ืœ ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ืžื“ืจื™ืš ื–ื”, ื›ื•ืœืœ ื›ืœืœื™ ื”ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื‘ืงืžื‘ื•ื“ื™ื” ื•ื—ื•ืงื™ ื”ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื”ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ื‘ืงืžื‘ื•ื“ื™ื”.

ืžื™ื“ืข ื›ืœืœื™

ืงืžื‘ื•ื“ื™ื” ืžืžื•ืงืžืช ื‘ื“ืจื•ื ืžื–ืจื— ืืกื™ื” ื‘ื—ืœืง ื”ื“ืจื•ื ืžื–ืจื—ื™ ืฉืœ ื—ืฆื™ ื”ืื™ ื”ื•ื“ื•-ืกื™ืŸ, ื’ื•ื‘ืœืช ื‘ืžื–ืจื— ื•ื‘ื“ืจื•ื ื‘ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ื ืื, ื‘ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืžื–ืจื— ื‘ืœืื•ืก, ื‘ืžืขืจื‘/ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืžืขืจื‘ ื‘ืชืื™ืœื ื“, ื•ื‘ืžืขืจื‘ ื‘ืžืคืจืฅ ืชืื™ืœื ื“. ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืจื’ืข, ื–ื” ืžืงื•ื ืื—ื“ ืฉืชื—ื–ื•ืจ ืืœื™ื•. ืคื ื•ื ืคืŸ, ืกื™ืื ืจื™ืค ื•ืกื™ื”ื ื•ืงื•ื•ื™ืœ ื”ื™ื• ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื™ืื™ื. ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ืืงืœื™ื, ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื”, ืื•ื›ืœ ืขืฉื™ืจ ื•ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ื‘ื“ืจื•ื ืžื–ืจื— ืืกื™ื”, ื—ื•ืคื™ื ื•ืขื•ื“ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืงืžื‘ื•ื“ื™ื” ื”ื™ื ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืฉืžืฆื™ืขื” ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื”ืจื‘ื”.

ืื– ืœืคื ื™ ืฉืœื•ืžื“ื™ื ืื™ืš ื”ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื‘ืงืžื‘ื•ื“ื™ื”, ื‘ื™ืช ืกืคืจ ืœื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื‘ืงืžื‘ื•ื“ื™ื”, ื•ืžื—ื™ืจ ื‘ื™ืช ืกืคืจ ืœื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื‘ืงืžื‘ื•ื“ื™ื”, ื”ื ื” ืจืงืข ืงื˜ืŸ ืขืœ ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื•ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืืช ื”ื˜ื™ื•ืœ ืฉืœืš ืœื™ื“ืข ื•ืžื”ื ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ.

ืžื™ืงื•ื ื’ื™ืื•ื’ืจืคื™

ื‘ื™ื‘ืฉืช ื“ืจื•ื ืžื–ืจื— ืืกื™ื”, ืงืžื‘ื•ื“ื™ื” ืžืฉืชืจืขืช ืขืœ ืฉื˜ื— ืฉืœ 181,035 ืงืž"ืจ. ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืœืื–ื•ืจ ืžื™ืฉื•ืจ ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™, ืžืžื•ืงืžื™ื ื”ืจื™ื ื•ื”ืจื™ื. ื›ืคื™ ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืจืื•ืช ื‘ืžืคื”, ื”ืจื™ ื”ื”ืœ ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ืžืขืจื‘ ื•ื‘ื“ืจื•ื ืžืขืจื‘, ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉื”ืจื™ ื“ื ื’ืจื˜ ื•ื”ืจื™ ื”ืžื–ืจื—ื™ ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ืฆืคื•ืŸ ื•ื‘ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืžื–ืจื—. ืœืงืžื‘ื•ื“ื™ื” ื™ืฉ ื’ื ืงื• ื—ื•ืฃ ื‘ืื•ืจืš 443 ืง"ืž ืœื“ืจื•ื ื•ืœื“ืจื•ื ืžืขืจื‘ ืœืื•ืจืš ืžืคืจืฅ ืชืื™ืœื ื“. ื›-50 ืื™ื™ื ืžืžื•ืงืžื™ื ืžื•ืœ ื—ื•ืคื™ ืงืžื‘ื•ื“ื™ื”.

ื›ืคื™ ืฉืฆื•ื™ืŸ ื‘ืžืคื” ื”ืคื™ื–ื™ืช ืœืžืขืœื”, ืงืžื‘ื•ื“ื™ื” ื”ื™ื ื‘ืจื•ื‘ื” ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื ืžื•ื›ื” ืฉื—ืœืง ื ืจื—ื‘ ืžืฉื˜ื—ื” ืžื›ื•ืกื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืžื™ืฉื•ืจ ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™. ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื›ื•ืœืœืช ืืช ื”ื“ืœืชื ืฉืœ ืื’ื ื˜ื•ื ืœื” ืกืืค, ืืช ืžื™ืฉื•ืจ ื ื”ืจ ื”ื‘ืืกืืง ื•ืืช ืžื™ืฉื•ืจื™ ื”ื”ืฆืคื” ื”ื ืžื•ื›ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื ื”ืจ ื”ืžืงื•ื ื’. ืื’ื Tonlรฉ Sap ื”ื•ื ืื’ื ืจื—ื‘ ื”ืžืงื•ืฉืจ ืœื ื”ืจ ื”ืžืงื•ื ื’ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื ื”ืจ Tonlรฉ Sap, ืฉืื•ืจื›ื• 120 ืง"ืž.

ืฉืคื•ืช ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจื•ืช

ื™ืฉ ืฉืคื” ืจืฉืžื™ืช ืื—ืช ื‘ืงืžื‘ื•ื“ื™ื”, ืฉื”ื™ื ื—ืžืจ. ื›ืžืขื˜ 90 ืื—ื•ื– ืžืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ื•. ื”ืฉืคื” ืžืฉืžืฉืช ื‘ืžื™ื ื”ืœ ื”ืžืžืฉืœืชื™ ื•ืžืฆื™ืขื” ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื•ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืจืžื•ืช.

ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ ื”ืื•ืžื” ื ืงืจืื™ื ืงืžื‘ื•ื“ื™ื, ื•ื”ืฉืคื” ื”ืจืฉืžื™ืช ืฉืœ ืงืžื‘ื•ื“ื™ื” ื”ื™ื ืฉืคืช ื”ื—ืžืจ. ืœืื—ืจ ืžืœื—ืžืช ืื–ืจื—ื™ื ืืจื•ื›ื”, ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื™ืฆืื” ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื” ืžืฉื•ื—ืจืจืช ืžืฉืœื™ื˜ืช ื”ื—ืžืจ ืจื•ื–', ืคืœื’ ืžื•ืจื“ื™ื ืžืื•ืื™ืกื˜ื™, ื•ื›ืขืช ื”ื™ื ื—ื‘ืจื” ื‘-ASEAN. ืื ืฉื™ ื”ื—ืžืจ ืžื”ื•ื•ื™ื ืืช ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื”ืืชื ื™ืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื”.

ืฉื˜ื— ืื“ืžื”

ืงืžื‘ื•ื“ื™ื” ื”ื™ื ื‘ืขืจืš ืฉืœื™ืฉ ืžืฉื˜ื—ื” ืฉืœ ืฆืจืคืช ื•ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืœืžื“ื™ ืžืžื“ื™ื ืช ืžื™ื–ื•ืจื™ ื‘ืืจื”"ื‘, ื’ื•ื‘ืœืช ื‘ืชืื™ืœื ื“, ืœืื•ืก, ื•ื™ื™ื˜ื ืื ื•ืžืคืจืฅ ืชืื™ืœื ื“. ืฉื˜ื— ื”ืคื ื™ื ื”ืžืฆื˜ื‘ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื”ื•ื ื›-450 ืง"ืž ืžืฆืคื•ืŸ-ืžืขืจื‘ ื•-580 ืง"ืž ืžืžื–ืจื—.

ื”ึดื™ืกื˜ื•ึนืจึดื™ึธื”

ื›ืœื›ืœืช ืงืžื‘ื•ื“ื™ื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืื—ืช ื”ืคื—ื•ืช ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื“ืจื•ื ืžื–ืจื— ืืกื™ื” ืžืื– 1975. ื”ื™ื ื”ืกืชืžื›ื” ืจืง ืขืœ ืฉื ื™ ืžื•ืฆืจื™ื ืขื™ืงืจื™ื™ื - ืื•ืจื– ื•ื’ื•ืžื™ - ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืคื’ื™ืขื” ืœืชื ื•ื“ื•ืช ืžืฉื ื” ืœืฉื ื” ืฉื ื’ืจืžื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืชื ื•ื“ื•ืช ืžื–ื’ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื•ืžื—ื™ืจื™ ื”ืฉื•ืง ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™. ื”ื—ืงืœืื•ืช ืฉืœื˜ื” ื‘ื›ืœื›ืœื”, ืขื ืžืกืคืจ ื ื™ื›ืจ ืฉืœ ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช ื›ืคืจื™ื•ืช ืฉืขืกืงื• ื‘ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ืื•ืจื–. ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉื”ื—ื–ืงื” ื‘ืงืจืงืข ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื”, ืื—ื–ืงื•ืช ื”ืงืจืงืข ื”ืžืฉืคื—ืชื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ื• ืงื˜ื ื•ืช ืœืžื“ื™, ื•ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื” ื”ื›ืคืจื™ืช ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืขืฆืžืื™ืช ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ืจื‘ื”.

ืฉื ื™ื™ื ื•ื—ืฆื™ ื“ื•ื ื (ื“ื•ื ื ืื—ื“) ืฉืœ ืฉื“ื•ืช ืื•ืจื– ืฉืคื•ืชื—ื• ืœืฆืจื›ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžืฉืคื—ื” ื‘ืช ื—ืžืฉ ื ืคืฉื•ืช ื•ื“ืจื™ืฉื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช ื ืขื ื• ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืกื•ืจืชื™ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื“ื™ื’, ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ืคื™ืจื•ืช ื•ื™ืจืงื•ืช ื•ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื. ืจืขื‘ ื”ื™ื” ื™ื•ืฆื ื“ื•ืคืŸ ื‘ืงืžื‘ื•ื“ื™ื”, ืืš ืขืฆืžืื•ืชื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื” ื”ื›ืคืจื™ืช ื™ืฆืจื” ืคื•ืคื•ืœื™ื–ื ืฉื”ื˜ื™ืœ ืกืคืง ื‘ืžืืžืฆื™ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ืœืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ื–ืฆื™ื” ืฉืœ ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ื”ื—ืงืœืื•ืช ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืœืคื ื™ 1975.

ืžึถืžึฐืฉืึธืœึธื”

ืชื—ืช ืžื•ื ืจื›ื™ื” ื—ื•ืงืชื™ืช, ืงืžื‘ื•ื“ื™ื” ื”ื•ืงืžื” ื›ืžืžืฉืœื” ืจื‘-ืžืคืœื’ืชื™ืช. ืจืืฉ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื”ื•ื ื”ืžืœืš, ื•ืจืืฉ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื”ืžืœื›ื•ืชื™ืช ืฉืœ ืงืžื‘ื•ื“ื™ื” ื”ื•ื ืจืืฉ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื”. ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืชืคื˜ืจื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ืื‘ื™ื•, ื ื•ืจื•ื“ื•ื ืกื™ื”ืื ื•ืง, ื”ื•ื›ืชืจ ื ื•ืจื•ื“ื•ื ืกื™ื”ืืžื•ื ื™, ื”ืžืœืš, ื‘ืฉื ืช 2004. ืžืื– 1985, ื”ื•ืŸ ืกืŸ ื”ื•ื ืจืืฉ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื”. ื”ื”ื ื—ื” ื”ื™ื ื›ื™ ืžื•ื ืจื›ื™ื” ื—ื•ืงืชื™ืช ื”ื™ื ื”ื“ื™ืงื˜ื˜ื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ืงืžื‘ื•ื“ื™ื”, ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ื”ืžืœืš ืžื•ืฉืœ ืขืœ ืคื™ ื—ื•ืงื” ื›ืชื•ื‘ื”.

ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืกืžื›ื•ืช ื”ืœื’ื™ื˜ื™ืžื™ื™ื ืฉืžืคืขื™ืœ ื”ืžืœืš ื ืงื‘ืขื™ื ื‘ื˜ืงืกื˜ ื–ื”. ื‘ืงืžื‘ื•ื“ื™ื”, ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื”ืžืœืš ืžืฉืžืฉ ื›ืจืืฉ ืžื“ื™ื ื”, ืกืžืœ ืœืื—ื“ื•ืช ืœืื•ืžื™ืช, ืจืืฉ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ืžืฉืžืฉ ื›ืจืืฉ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื”. ืžื‘ื ื” ืคืจืœืžื ื˜ืจื™ ื•ืฉืœื•ืฉ ื–ืจื•ืขื•ืช ืžืžืฉืœ ืžื‘ื•ืฆืขื•ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื”: ืžื‘ืฆืขืช, ืžื—ื•ืงืงืช ื•ืจืฉื•ืช ืฉื•ืคื˜ืช. ืžื‘ื˜ ืžืงืจื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื›ืœ ืกื ื™ืฃ ื ืœืงื— ื‘ืžืืžืจ ื–ื”.

ืชื™ื™ืจื•ืช

ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืงืžื‘ื•ื“ื™ืช ื›ื•ืœืœืช ื›ืžื” ืžื”ื”ื™ืฉื’ื™ื ื”ืืžื ื•ืชื™ื™ื ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื™ื•ื•ื™ืœื™ื–ืฆื™ื” ื•ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืขื‘ืจ ื”ื ื•ืจืื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ. ื”ืขื‘ืจ ื”ื•ื ืžื” ืฉืžื•ืฉืš ืœื›ืืŸ ืืช ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืชื™ื™ืจื™ื, ืื‘ืœ ืœืžื“ื™ื ื” ื”ืืกื™ืืชื™ืช ื”ื–ื• ื™ืฉ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื” ืœืชืช ืœืžื™ ืฉื ืฉืืจ ื–ืžืŸ ืจื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืืฉืจ ื˜ื™ื•ืœ ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื‘ืžืงื“ืฉ. ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ื—ื•ืฃ ืขื ื—ื•ืคื™ื ืœื‘ื ื™ื ืขื ื—ื•ืœ ื“ืง ืžืคืชื” ื›ืœ ืขืฆืœืŸ ืฉืžืฉ. ื”ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ื›ืคืจื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืžืžื” ืžื™ื•ืขื“ ืœื—ืกืจื™ ืคื—ื“, ื•ื”ื‘ื™ืจื” ื”ื”ื•ืžื” ืฉืœ ืคื ื•ื ืคืŸ ื‘ื•ืœืขืช ืชื™ื™ืจื™ื ื‘ื“ื•ืคืง ื”ืงื“ื—ืชื ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืงืžื‘ื•ื“ื™ื™ื ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืขื™ืจ.

ืฉืืœื•ืช ื ืคื•ืฆื•ืช ืฉืœ IDP

IDP ืฉืœืš ืžืืฉืจ ืฉืืชื” ื ืžืฆื ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืฉืœืš ืขื ืจื™ืฉื™ื•ืŸ ืœื’ื™ื˜ื™ืžื™. ื–ื” ืœื ืฆื•, ืื‘ืœ ืœืคืขืžื™ื ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื• ืœืกื™ืจื•ื’ื™ืŸ ืขื "ื”ื™ืชืจ" ื•"ืจื™ืฉื™ื•ืŸ". ื–ื”ื• ื˜ืงืกื˜ ื”ืžืžื™ืจ ืืช ืคืจื˜ื™ ืจื™ืฉื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ืฉืœืš ืžืืจืฅ ื”ื•ืœื“ืชืš ืœ-12 ืฉืคื•ืช. ืื ืืชื” ืžืงื‘ืœ ืจื™ืฉื™ื•ืŸ ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ืชืงืฃ ื‘ืงืžื‘ื•ื“ื™ื” ื•ื‘ื’ื™ืœ ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื—ื•ืงื™ ื‘ืงืžื‘ื•ื“ื™ื” ืœืคื ื™ ืฉืืชื” ืžืชื›ื ืŸ ืืช ื”ื˜ื™ื•ืœ ืฉืœืš, ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื‘ืงืžื‘ื•ื“ื™ื” ืžื•ืชืจืช ืขื“ 180 ื™ื•ื.

ืžืชื™ ืื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ื’ื™ืฉ ื‘ืงืฉื” ืœ- IDP?

ืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื’ื™ืฉ ื‘ืงืฉื” ืœ-IDP ื‘ื›ืœ ืขืช. ื”ื”ืจืฉืžื” ืœืื—ื“ ืžืชื‘ืฆืขืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืงื•ื•ืŸ, ื•ื”ืกืคื™ื ื•ืช ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื•ืช ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืื™ื’ื•ื“ ื”ื ื”ื’ื™ื ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™. ืืชื” ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช ืื ืืชื” ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ื’ื™ืฉ ื‘ืงืฉื” ืœ- IDP ืœืื—ืจ ื”ื’ืขืชืš ืœื™ืขื“. ืขื ื–ืืช, ืœืคื ื™ ืฉืืชื” ื™ื•ืฆื ืœื™ืขื“ ืฉืœืš, ื–ื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ืืคื™ืœื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ื ื•ื— ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืื—ื“.

ืžื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื’ื™ืฉ ื‘ืงืฉื” ืœ- IDP?

ื›ืœ ืžื™ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื• ืจื™ืฉื™ื•ืŸ ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื‘ืชื•ืงืฃ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื’ื™ืฉ ื‘ืงืฉื” ืœ- IDP. ืืชื” ืชืžื™ื“ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื–ื›ื•ืจ ืฉ-IDP ื”ื•ื ืจืง ืชืจื’ื•ื ืฉืœ ื”ืจื™ืฉื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ ืฉืœืš. ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื“ืจืš ืœืื›ื™ืคืช ืชื ื•ืขื” ืžืงื•ืžื™ืช ืœื“ืขืช ืื ืืชื” ืžื•ื›ืฉืจ ืœื ื”ื•ื’ ื‘ืจื›ื‘. ืื– ืœืคื ื™ ืงื‘ืœืช IDP, ื”ื‘ื˜ื— ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืจื™ืฉื™ื•ืŸ ืžืงื•ืžื™ ืžืืจืฅ ื”ื•ืœื“ืชืš. ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ, ืจื™ืฉื™ื•ืŸ ื–ืžื ื™ ืื™ื ื• ื–ื›ืื™ ื‘ืขืช ื”ื’ืฉืช ื‘ืงืฉื” ืœ- IDP. ืื–, ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื—ื›ื• ืขื“ ืฉืชืงื‘ืœื• ื›ืจื˜ื™ืก ืจื™ืฉื™ื•ืŸ ืชืงืฃ.


ื’ื™ืœ ื”ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื”ื—ื•ืงื™ ื‘ืงืžื‘ื•ื“ื™ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืขื˜ ืžื•ืจื›ื‘. ื ื”ื’ื™ื ื‘ื ื™ 18 ื•ืžืขืœื” ืขื ืจื™ืฉื™ื•ืŸ ืชืงืฃ ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื’ื™ืฉ ื‘ืงืฉื” ืœ-IDP. ื ื ื™ื— ืฉืืชื” ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืฉื›ื•ืจ ืจื›ื‘ ื•ืœื”ืกืชื•ื‘ื‘. ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื›ื–ื”, ืชื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ื’ื™ืฉ ื‘ืงืฉื” ืœ-IDP ื‘ืื™ื’ื•ื“ ื”ื ื”ื’ื™ื ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ ืœืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื’ืฉื” ืžื”ื™ืจ ื•ืงืœ.

ืงื‘ืœืช ืจื™ืฉื™ื•ืŸ ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ ืœืงืžื‘ื•ื“ื™ื” ืื™ื ื” ืงืฉื” ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“. ืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื’ื™ืฉ ื‘ืงืฉื” ืœืคื ื™ ืฉืืชื” ืขื•ื–ื‘ ืืช ื”ื‘ื™ืช. ืชื–ื“ืงืง ืœืจื™ืฉื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ ืฉืœืš, ืฉืชื™ ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ืคืกืคื•ืจื˜ ืžืงื•ืจื™ื•ืช, ื˜ื•ืคืก ื‘ืงืฉื” ืœ-IDP. ืื‘ืœ ืื ืืชื ืžืชื›ื ื ื™ื ืœื”ื™ืฉืืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื–ืžืŸ ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื”, ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื—ื›ื• ืขื“ ืฉืชืงื‘ืœื• ื›ืจื˜ื™ืก ืจื™ืฉื™ื•ืŸ ืชืงืฃ ื•ืชืœื›ื• ืœื‘ื™ืช ืกืคืจ ืœื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื‘ืงืžื‘ื•ื“ื™ื”. ืื– ืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื’ืฉืช ืœืžื‘ื—ืŸ ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื‘ืงืžื‘ื•ื“ื™ื” ืžื™ื“ ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ.

ืœืžื” ืœืฉืืช IDP ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื‘ืงืžื‘ื•ื“ื™ื”?

ื‘ืœืžืขืœื” ืž-150 ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื, ื”-IDP ืฉืœืš ื”ื•ื ืฆื•ืจื” ื—ื•ืงื™ืช ืฉืœ ื–ื™ื”ื•ื™, ื•ื”ื•ื ื›ื•ืœืœ ืืช ืคืจื˜ื™ ื”ืคืจื•ืคื™ืœ, ื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ื•ื”ื ื”ื’ ืฉืœืš ื”ืžืชื•ืจื’ืžื™ื ืœ-12 ื”ืฉืคื•ืช ื”ื ืคื•ืฆื•ืช ื‘ืขื•ืœื. ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืคืงื™ื“ื™ื ื•ื”ืจืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื‘ื”ืŸ ืืชื” ืžื‘ืงืจ, ื–ื” ืžื•ื‘ืŸ.

ื”ื•ื ืžืชืจื’ื ืžื™ื“ืข ืขืœ ื”ื–ื™ื”ื•ื™ ืฉืœืš ืœ-12 ืฉืคื•ืช, ื›ืš ืฉื”ื•ื ื“ื•ื‘ืจ ืืช ื”ืฉืคื” ื’ื ืื ืœื. ื‘ืงืžื‘ื•ื“ื™ื” ืžื•ืžืœืฅ ืžืื•ื“ ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืง ื‘ืจื™ืฉื™ื•ืŸ ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™, ื•ืืกื•ืจ ืœื ื”ื•ื’ ื‘ืจื›ื‘ ืœืœื ืื™ืฉื•ืจ ืชืงืฃ. ื–ืืช ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืžื‘ืงืจื™ื ืื• ื ื”ื’ื™ื ื‘ืงืžื‘ื•ื“ื™ื” ื‘ืขืœื™ ืจื™ืฉื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื”ืขื•ืงื‘ื™ื ืื—ืจ ื—ื•ืงื™ ื”ื ื”ื™ื’ื”.

ืžื” ืงื•ืจื” ืื ืื ื™ ืžืื‘ื“ ืืช ื”-IDP ืฉืœื™?

ืื ืื™ื‘ื“ืช ืืช ืจื™ืฉื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ ืฉืœืš, ืื™ื ืš ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื“ืื•ื’ ืฉื›ืŸ ืื™ื’ื•ื“ ื”ื ื”ื’ื™ื ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืฉืœื•ื— ืœืš ืฉื•ื‘ ืชื—ืœื™ืฃ ืœืœื ืชืฉืœื•ื. ืืชื” ืจืง ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืฉืœื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื“ืžื™ ื”ืžืฉืœื•ื—.

ื›ืœ ืฉืขืœื™ืš ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื”ื•ื ืœืกืคืง ืืช ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ื ืฉืœ IDP ืฉืœืš, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืฉืžืš ื•ืžืกืคืจ IDP ืฉืœืš, ื›ืžื• ื’ื ืืช ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ืช ื”ืžืœืื” ื•ื”ืžื™ืงื•ื“ ืฉืœืš ื‘ืขืจื‘ ื”ืกืขื•ื“ื™ืช. ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ, IDA ื™ืฉืœื— ืœืš ืงื™ืฉื•ืจ ืฉื‘ื• ืชื•ื›ืœ ืœืฉืœื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื“ืžื™ ื”ืžืฉืœื•ื—.

ื”ืื ืื ื™ ืฆืจื™ืš IDP?

ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ ื›ืŸ! ื›ื“ื™ ืœื ื”ื•ื’ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื—ื•ืงื™ ื‘ืงืžื‘ื•ื“ื™ื”, ืืชื” ื ื“ืจืฉ ืœืงื‘ืœ IDP. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ืชืื•ื ื”, ืืชื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ืฆื™ื’ IDP ืœืกืคืง ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื—. ืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื ื”ื•ื’ ื‘ืžื›ื•ื ื™ืช ืื ืืชื” ืžืงื‘ืœ ืื™ืฉื•ืจ ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ (IDP) ื‘ืžื”ืœืš 30 ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœืš ื‘ืงืžื‘ื•ื“ื™ื”. ืืชื” ืœื ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื ื”ื•ื’ ื‘ืงืžื‘ื•ื“ื™ื” ืื ืื™ืŸ ืœืš IDP ืืœื ืื ื›ืŸ ืจื›ืฉืช ืจื™ืฉื™ื•ืŸ ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ืงืžื‘ื•ื“ื™ ืงื‘ื•ืข.

ืขืœื™ืš ืœื”ื’ื™ืฉ ื‘ืงืฉื” ืœ- IDP ืจืง ืื ืืชื” ืžืชื›ื ืŸ ืœื‘ืงืจ ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืืกื•ืจ ืœื ื”ื•ื’ ืœืœื IDP. ื ื”ื’ื™ื ื”ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืจื™ืฉื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืžื•ืœื“ืช ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืงื‘ืœ ืื™ืฉื•ืจ ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ ืœื ื”ื•ื’ ื‘ืงืžื‘ื•ื“ื™ื” ืœืชืงื•ืคื” ืฉืœ ืขื“ 6 ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ืžืžื•ืขื“ ื”ื›ื ื™ืกื” ืœืžื“ื™ื ื”.

ื ื”ื’ื™ื ื”ืžื—ื–ื™ืงื™ื ื‘ืจื™ืฉื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ืžืงื•ืžื™ื™ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืœืงื‘ืœ ืื™ืฉื•ืจ ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื ื”ื•ื’ ื‘ืงืžื‘ื•ื“ื™ื” ืœืชืงื•ืคื” ืฉืœ ืขื“ 6 ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ืžืžื•ืขื“ ื”ื›ื ื™ืกื” ืœืžื“ื™ื ื”. ืขื ื–ืืช, ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉืชืฆื˜ืจืš ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืืช ืžื‘ื—ืŸ ื”ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื‘ืงืžื‘ื•ื“ื™ื” ื•ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืืช ื›ืœืœื™ ื”ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื‘ืงืžื‘ื•ื“ื™ื” ืื ืืชื” ื ืฉืืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืฉื™ืฉื” ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื. ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื“ืขืช ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืžื‘ื—ืŸ ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื‘ืงืžื‘ื•ื“ื™ื” ืžืžื—ืœืงืช ื”ืชื ื•ืขื”. ืื ืชื•ืงืฃ ื”ืจื™ืฉื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœืš ืคื’, ืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืœื”ื’ื™ืฉ ื‘ืงืฉื” ืœื—ื™ื“ื•ืฉ ืจื™ืฉื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ืฉืœืš ื‘ืงืžื‘ื•ื“ื™ื”.

ื”ืฉื›ืจืช ืจื›ื‘ ื‘ืงืžื‘ื•ื“ื™ื”

ื‘ืงืžื‘ื•ื“ื™ื”, ื”ื“ืจืš ื”ืงืœื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื”ืชื ื™ื™ื“ ื”ื™ื ื‘ืจื›ื‘. ืœื ืจืง ืฉืืชื” ื–ื•ื›ื” ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื—ื™ื™ ื”ืขื™ืจ ื”ืชื•ืกืกื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”, ืืœื ืฉืืชื” ื–ื•ื›ื” ืœื—ื–ื•ืช ื’ื ื‘ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื•ื‘ื™ื•ืคื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืืจืฅ. ืขื™ืงืจ ื”ื“ืจื›ื™ื ื•ื”ื˜ื™ื•ืœื™ื ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ื ืื•ืฆืจื•ืช ืกื•ื“ื™ื™ื ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœืื–ื•ืจ, ืžืชืฆื•ืจื•ืช ืกืœืข ืžืจืฉื™ืžื•ืช ื•ืขื“ ื“ื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื–ื”ื•ื‘ื•ืช.

ื”ืฉื›ืจืช ืจื›ื‘ ืชืฉืคืจ ืืช ื”ืžืกืข ืฉืœืš ืœืงืžื‘ื•ื“ื™ื” ื‘ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื”ืจื‘ื” ื“ืจื›ื™ื! ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืฉืชืžื™ื“ ืžืชื™ืฉ ื•ืœื ื ื•ื— ืœื”ืกืชืžืš ืขืœ ืชื—ื‘ื•ืจื” ื”ืžื•ื ื™ืช ื•ืžื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื‘ืขื•ืœื. ื–ื” ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉื™ื’ืจื•ื ืœืš ืœืื‘ื“ ืกื‘ืœื ื•ืช. ื”ื ื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืืชื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื“ืขืช ืขืœ ื—ื‘ืจืช ื”ืฉื›ืจืช ื”ืจื›ื‘ ืฉืœืš ื‘ืงืžื‘ื•ื“ื™ื”.

ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืœื”ืฉื›ืจืช ืจื›ื‘

ืฆื•ื•ืช ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™, ืจื›ื‘ื™ื ื˜ืจื™ื™ื ื•ืชืžื—ื•ืจ ื ื•ื— ื”ื ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืขืกืงื” ื”ื™ื•ืžื™ืช ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ืฉื›ืจืช ืจื›ื‘. ืื ืืชื” ืฉื•ื›ืจ ืจื›ื‘ ืœืขืกืงื™ื ืื• ืœื‘ื™ืœื•ื™, ืื• ืฉืืชื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืจื›ื‘ ืื• ืจื›ื‘ ืฉื˜ื—, ืœ- Europcar, Kayak, Avis, ื•-Momondo ื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื™ืช ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื”ืฉื›ืจื” ืขื‘ื•ืจืš ื‘ืงืžื‘ื•ื“ื™ื”. ื”ื ืฉื•ืืคื™ื ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœืš ื‘ืกื ื™ืคื™ ื”ืฉื›ืจืช ื”ืจื›ื‘ ืฉืœื”ื ื‘ืงืžื‘ื•ื“ื™ื”. ื”ืงืคื“ ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืง ื‘ืจื™ืฉื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ืฉืœืš, ื‘ื›ืจื˜ื™ืก ื‘ื ืง ื—ื•ืงื™ ื•ืจืื™ื•ืช ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ื•ืช ืœื–ื™ื”ื•ื™, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ื“ืจื›ื•ืŸ ื•-IDP.

ืขื ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืกื ื™ืคื™ื ื”ืคื–ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืืชืจื™ ื”ืฉื›ืจืช ืจื›ื‘ ื‘ืงืžื‘ื•ื“ื™ื”, ื–ื” ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืชื–ืžืŸ ืืช ื”ื˜ื™ื•ืœ ืฉืœืš ืขื ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ืฉื›ืจืช ืจื›ื‘ ืืœื”. ืžืฆื ืืช ื›ืœ ืกื•ื’ื™ ื”ืฉื•ืง ื”ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ื•ืกื’ื ื•ื ื•ืช ืจื›ื‘ ื”ื™ื•ืงืจื” ื”ื–ืžื™ื ื™ื ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ืงืžื‘ื•ื“ื™ื”, ืขื ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืฉื›ืจืช ืจื›ื‘ ืœื˜ื•ื•ื— ืงืฆืจ ื•ืœื˜ื•ื•ื— ืืจื•ืš ื–ืžื™ื ื•ืช. ืื– ืื ืืชื ืžื—ืคืฉื™ื ื”ืฉื›ืจืช ืจื›ื‘ ื‘ืžื—ื™ืจ ืกื‘ื™ืจ ื‘ืงืžื‘ื•ื“ื™ื” ืื• ืฉืืชื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœืฉื›ื•ืจ ืจื›ื‘ ืžืคื•ืืจ ืœืื™ืจื•ืข ืจืฉืžื™, ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ืืช ื”ืจื›ื‘ื™ื ืœื”ืฉื›ืจื” ื”ื ื›ื•ื ื™ื ืขื‘ื•ืจื›ื.

ืžืกืžื›ื™ื ื“ืจื•ืฉื™ื

ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉื›ื•ืจ ืจื›ื‘, ืชื™ื“ืจืฉ ืžืกืคืจ ืžืกืžื›ื™ื. ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ, ืชืฆื˜ืจืš ืœื”ื•ื›ื™ื— ืฉื™ืฉ ืœืš ื“ืจื›ื•ืŸ ื•ืจื™ืฉื™ื•ืŸ ื—ื•ืงื™ื™ื. ืชืฆื˜ืจืš ื’ื ืœื”ืฆื™ื’ ื˜ื•ืคืก ืชืฉืœื•ื ื—ื•ืงื™, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ื›ืจื˜ื™ืก ืืฉืจืื™, ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืจื›ื‘. ืืชื” ืขื•ืžื“ ืœืžืœื ืžืกืคืจ ื˜ืคืกื™ื ื‘ืขืช ื”ื’ืฉืช ื‘ืงืฉื” ืœืฉื›ื•ืจ ืจื›ื‘. ื™ืฉืžืฉื• ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ืžื• ื—ืชื™ืžื” ืขืœ ื—ื•ื–ื” ืฉื›ื™ืจื•ืช ื•ื˜ืคืกื™ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื—. ื–ื›ื•ืจ ื›ื™ ืขืœื™ืš ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขื•ืชืง ืฉืœ ืžืกืžื›ื™ื ืืœื”. ืืœื” ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ื™ื ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ืืฉืจ ืืชื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ืฉืืชื” ืจืฉืื™ ืœื ื”ื•ื’ ื‘ืขืฆืžืš ื‘ืžื›ื•ื ื™ืช.

ืกื•ื’ื™ ืจื›ื‘

ืืชื” ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื•ื•ื“ื ืฉื“ื’ื ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื™ืช ืฉืืชื” ื‘ื•ื—ืจ ืžืชืื™ื ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืžื•ืฉืœืžืช. ื“ื’ื ื”ืจื›ื‘ ืฉืชื‘ื—ืจ ื™ื”ื™ื” ืชืœื•ื™ ื’ื ื‘ืกื•ื’ ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ืฉื‘ื” ืืชื” ืžืชื›ื ืŸ ืœื ืกื•ืข. ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ืขื“ื™ืฃ ืœืš ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืžื›ื•ื ื™ืช ืงื˜ื ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืื ืืชื” ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ื™ืฉืืจ ื‘ืขื™ืจ. ืœื—ืœื•ืคื™ืŸ, ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ืžื’ื ื™ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขื‘ื•ืจืš ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ ืจื›ื‘ ืฉื˜ื— ืื ืืชื” ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืฆืืช ืœืฉื˜ื—. ืชื”ื™ื” ืœื–ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœืš. ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื— ืฉื™ืฉ ืœืš ืืช ืกื•ื’ ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื™ืช ืฉืืชื” ืจื•ืฆื”, ืชืฆื˜ืจืš ืœื”ืงืคื™ื“ ืœื”ื–ืžื™ืŸ ืžื•ืงื“ื.

ืขืœื•ืช ื”ืฉื›ืจืช ืจื›ื‘

ื”ืฉื›ืจืช ืจื›ื‘ ื”ื™ื ืชืžื™ื“ ื”ื”ื™ื‘ื˜ ื”ืคื—ื•ืช ืžืจื’ืฉ ืฉืœ ืžืกืข, ืืœื ืื ื›ืŸ ืืชื” ืžืชื‘ื–ื‘ื– ืขืœ ืžื›ื•ื ื™ืช ืขื ื’ื’ ื ืคืชื— ืื• ื ืกื™ืขื” ื ื•ืฆืฆืช ืื—ืจืช. ื–ื•ื’ ื’ืœื’ืœื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ืื•ืชื ืžื ืงื•ื“ื” A ืœื ืงื•ื“ื” B ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉืจื•ื‘ ื”ืžื˜ื™ื™ืœื™ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื, ืื– ืœืžื” ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ื ืขืœ ื–ื” ื”ืจื‘ื”? ื‘ื”ื–ืžื ื” ื”ื‘ืื” ืฉืœืš, ื”ืคืจื™ืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืื•ืช ืœื”ืฉื›ืจืช ืจื›ื‘ ื™ืขื–ืจื• ืœืš ืœื—ืกื•ืš ื›ืกืฃ ืจื‘.

ื‘ื›ืœ ืคืขื ืฉืืชื” ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืขืœ ื”ืฉื›ืจืช ืจื›ื‘ ื‘ืงืžื‘ื•ื“ื™ื”, ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉืืชื” ืฉื•ืืœ ืืช ืขืฆืžืš ื”ื™ื: ื›ืžื” ื™ืขืœื” ืœืฉื›ื•ืจ ืจื›ื‘ ื‘ืงืžื‘ื•ื“ื™ื”? ื”ืื ื–ื” ืฉื•ื•ื” ื›ืœ ืฉืงืœ? ืื ืืชื ืฉื•ืืคื™ื ืœื”ืคื™ืง ืืช ื”ืžืจื‘ ืžื‘ื™ืงื•ืจื›ื ื‘ืงืžื‘ื•ื“ื™ื”, ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ ืฉื•ื•ื” ืœืฉื›ื•ืจ ืจื›ื‘! ืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื‘ืงืจ ื‘ืืชืจ ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ื—ื‘ืจืช ื”ืฉื›ืจื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื‘ื“ื•ืง ืื™ื–ื• ื—ื‘ืจื” ื ื•ืชื ืช ืœืš ืืช ื”ืžื—ื™ืจื™ื ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืื• ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘-RentalCars, ื”ืžืืคืฉืจืช ืœืš ืœื”ืฉื•ื•ืช ื”ืฉื›ืจืช ืจื›ื‘ ื‘ืงืžื‘ื•ื“ื™ื” ื‘ืื•ืชื• ืืชืจ ื•ืžืืคืฉืจืช ืœืš ืœืžืฆื•ื ืืช ื”ืžื—ื™ืจ ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ื ืกื™ืขื” ืฉืœืš.

ืขื“ื™ืฃ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช ืžืืฉืจ ืœื—ืคืฉ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ืฉื›ืจื” ื‘ื•ื“ื“ื•ืช, ืฉื›ืŸ ื›ืœ ื”ืžื—ื™ืจื™ื ืžื•ืฉื•ื•ื™ื ื‘ืขืžื•ื“ ื–ื” ืขื ื›ืœ ื”ืกืคืงื™ื ื”ืืคืฉืจื™ื™ื, ื›ื•ืœืœ ื”ืงื˜ื ื˜ื ื™ื ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ื™ื. ืื ืืชื” ื ื•ื”ื’ ืขื ืจื™ืฉื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืคื’ ืชื•ืงืคื•, ื•ื•ื“ื ืฉืืชื” ืžื’ื™ืฉ ื‘ืงืฉื” ืœื—ื™ื“ื•ืฉ ืจื™ืฉื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ืฉืœืš ื‘ืงืžื‘ื•ื“ื™ื”. ืชื•ื›ืœ ืœื“ืขืช ื—ื™ื“ื•ืฉ ืจื™ืฉื™ื•ืŸ ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื‘ืงืžื‘ื•ื“ื™ื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื‘ืงืžื‘ื•ื“ื™ื” ื‘ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜.

ื“ืจื™ืฉื•ืช ื’ื™ืœ

ืจื•ื‘ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ืฉื›ืจืช ื”ืจื›ื‘ ื“ื•ืจืฉื•ืช ื’ื™ืœ ื ื“ืจืฉ ืฉืœ 21 ืฉื ื™ื ืœืฉื›ื•ืจ ืจื›ื‘. ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ืฉื›ืจืช ืจื›ื‘ ื‘ืคื™ืงื•ื— ื ืจืชืขื•ืช ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืžืœืขื•ื“ื“ ื ื”ื’ื™ื ืžืชื—ืช ืœื’ื™ืœ 21 ืœืฉื›ื•ืจ ืจื›ื‘ ืขืงื‘ ืžืงืจื™ื ื ืจื—ื‘ื™ื ืฉืœ ืชืื•ื ื•ืช ืฉื ื’ืจืžื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื ื”ื’ื™ื ื‘ื ื™ ื ื•ืขืจ.

ืขืœื•ืช ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืจื›ื‘

ืจื›ื™ืฉืช ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืจื›ื‘ ื‘ืงืžื‘ื•ื“ื™ื” ืชืขืœื” ืœืš ื›-100 ื“ื•ืœืจ ืœื—ื•ื“ืฉ. ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืจื›ื‘ ืขื•ื–ืจ ืœืื‘ื˜ื— ืืช ืื”ื•ื‘ืš ื•ืžื’ืŸ ืขืœ ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจืก ืฉืœืš ื‘ืžื›ื•ื ื™ืช ืฉืœืš ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœ ืชืื•ื ื”, ืฉื•ื“ ืื• ื”ืฆืชื”.

ืื ืืชื” ื ื•ื”ื’ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืื• ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื”ื›ื™ืฃ, ืื• ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืื ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื™ืช ืฉืœืš ื—ื•ื ื”, ืชื•ื›ืœ ืœืžื–ืขืจ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืช ืืช ื”ืกื‘ื™ืจื•ืช ืœื”ื•ืฆืื•ืช ืขืœ ืชื—ื–ื•ืงื” ืื• ืงื ืกื•ืช ืื ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื™ืช ืฉืœืš ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืžืขื•ืจื‘ืช ื‘ืชืื•ื ืช ื“ืจื›ื™ื. ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื— ืœื›ื ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœ ืคืจื™ืฆื” ืื• ืคื’ื™ืขื” ื‘ืืฉ.

ืคื•ืœื™ืกืช ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืจื›ื‘

ืœื ื”ื™ื™ืช ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืขืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืขื“ ืœื”ืฉื›ืจืช ื”ืจื›ื‘ ืฉืœืš, ืื‘ืœ ืืœื” ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื! ืื ืืชื ืจื’ื™ืœื™ื ืœืฉื›ื•ืจ ืจื›ื‘ื™ื, ืื•ืœื™ ื›ืœ ื”ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืœืœื• ื™ื”ื™ื• ืจืœื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ืจื›ื, ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื‘ืš ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืื•ืชื ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื”ื ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื“ืข!

ืœืคื ื™ ืฉืืชื” ืฉื•ื›ืจ ืžื›ื•ื ื™ืช ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืฉืœืš ืœื ื”ื•ื’ ื‘ืงืžื‘ื•ื“ื™ื”, ื™ืฉ ื“ืจื™ืฉื•ืช ืฉืืชื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ืฆื™ื’ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื•ื›ื™ื— ื”ื•ื›ื—ื” ืฉืืชื” ื ื”ื’ ืื—ืจืื™. ืžืฆื“ืš, ื™ืฉ ื’ื ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืืชื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืฉืงื•ืœ ืื ืืชื” ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืงื‘ืœ ืืช ื”ืขืกืงื” ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ.

  • ื›ืฉืืชื” ื ื•ืกืข ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืืจืฅ, ื•ื•ื“ื ืฉืืชื” ื‘ื•ื—ืจ ืžื›ื•ื ื™ืช ืฉื‘ื” ืชื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืชืื™ื ืืช ื”ืžื˜ืขืŸ ืฉืœืš ื•ืœื›ืœ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืœืš ืœื˜ื™ื•ืœ
  • ื›ื™ื•ื, ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉืœื›ื•ืœื›ื ื™ืฉ ืžืคื•ืช ื’ื•ื’ืœ, ื•ื“ื ืฉืœืžื›ื•ื ื™ืช ืฉืœืš ื™ืฉ ื’ืฉืฉ GPS ืืžื™ืŸ. ื–ื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉื™ ืžืจื’ืข ื”ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ ืฉืœืš ืœืžืœื•ืŸ ืฉืœืš ื‘ืงืžื‘ื•ื“ื™ื”!
  • ื•ื“ื ืฉื™ืฉ ืœืš ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืžืกืžื›ื™ื/ื“ืจื™ืฉื•ืช ืฉืืชื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืžื—ื‘ืจืช ื”ื”ืฉื›ืจื” ืฉืœืš ื›ื“ื™ ืœื ืกื•ืข ืœื—ื•"ืœ
  • ื‘ื“ืงื• ืืช ื”ืจื›ื‘ ื’ื ืžื‘ืคื ื™ื ื•ื’ื ืžื‘ื—ื•ืฅ ื•ืฆืœืžื• ื›ืœ ื ื–ืง ืืคืฉืจื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื’ื™ืข ืื™ืชื•. ืืชื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืืช ื–ื” ืœื”ืจื’ืœ ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ืฉืืชื” ื”ื•ืœืš ื›ื™ ื–ื” ืœื ืžืืžืฅ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื–ื”. ืื—ืจื™ ื”ื›ืœ, ืืชื” ืœื ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืฉืœื ื“ืžื™ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืขืœ ืคืฆื™ืขื•ืช ืื• ืฉืจื™ื˜ื•ืช ืฉืœื ืขืฉื™ืช ื‘ืขืฆืžืš
  • ืœืžืกืคืจ ืœื—ื™ื™ื’ ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ืงืฉื™ื™ื ื‘ืจื›ื‘/ื›ื‘ื™ืฉ, ืคื ื” ืœื—ื‘ืจืช ื”ื”ืฉื›ืจื”
  • ื‘ื“ื•ืง ืื ื›ืœ ื”ื ื™ื™ืจืช ืงื™ื™ืžืช ืœืจื›ื‘
  • ืฉืืœ ืื•ืชื ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ื—ื–ืจืช ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื™ืช: ื”ืื ืืชื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืžืฉืื™ืจ ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืื—ื“ ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืฉืœื”ื, ืื• ืฉืžื™ืฉื”ื• ื™ืคืงื™ื“ ืื•ืชื• ืฉื?
ืฆื™ืœื•ื ื“ืจืš ืงืžื‘ื•ื“ื™ื” ืžืืช Sim Kimhort

ื—ื•ืงื™ ื”ื“ืจืš ื‘ืงืžื‘ื•ื“ื™ื”

ืชื™ื™ืจื™ื ืฉื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื ื‘ืงืžื‘ื•ื“ื™ื” ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœืฆื™ื™ืช ืœื›ืœืœื™ ื”ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื‘ืงืžื‘ื•ื“ื™ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžื ื•ืข ืชืื•ื ื•ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืงื‘ื™ืขืช ื”ื–ืจื™ืžื” ื”ืฉื™ื˜ืชื™ืช ืฉืœ ื›ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื›ื•ื ื™ื•ืช, ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ ืจื’ืœ ื•ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื. ื“ืขื• ืฉืœืžืขืŸ ื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื•ืชื›ื, ื™ืฉื ื ืจืžื–ื•ืจื™ื ื•ื›ืœืœื™ื. ืื™ ืื›ื™ืคืชื ืขืœื•ืœื” ืœื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœื”ืชื ื’ืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืขืœื•ืœื•ืช ืœืคื’ื•ืข ืื• ืœื”ืจื•ื’ ืื•ืชืš ืื• ืื—ืจื™ื ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื—ืžื•ืจื”. ื›ื“ื™ ืœื›ื‘ื“ ืืช ื”ื—ื•ืงื™ื, ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืขืœื™ืš ืœื“ืขืช ื•ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื•ืชื.

ื›ื“ืื™ ืœื”ืงื“ื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืืช ื›ืœืœื™ ื”ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื•ื”ืชืงื ื•ืช ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ื™ื ืœืคื ื™ ื ืกื™ืขื” ืœื›ืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื—ืžื•ืง ืžืงื ืกื•ืช ื•ืขื•ื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืขืช ื ืกื™ืขื”. ื”ื ื” ื›ืžื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื›ื“ืื™ ืœื–ื›ื•ืจ ื‘ืงืžื‘ื•ื“ื™ื” ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื ื”ื™ื’ื”.

ืชืงื ื•ืช ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช

ื‘ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื” ืฉืœ ืชืื•ื ื•ืช ื•ืชื ืื™ื ื”ืขืœื•ืœื™ื ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœืกื›ื ื•ืช, ืงืžื‘ื•ื“ื™ื” ืฉื•ืžืจืช ืขืœ ืกื˜ื ื“ืจื˜ื™ื ื›ืœืœื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ืœืžืขืŸ ื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื•ืช ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ. ืืœื• ื”ื ื”ืชืงื ื™ื ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ื™ื ื•ื”ืžืงื•ื‘ืœื™ื ืขืœื™ื”ื ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ื”ื ื”ื’ื™ื ื‘ืืจืฅ ืœืคืขื•ืœ.

  • ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื“ืจืš ืงืžื‘ื•ื“ื™ื”, ื—ื•ืง ื”ืชืขื‘ื•ืจื” ืงื•ื‘ืข ืžื’ื‘ืœื” ืœืจื™ื›ื•ื– ื”ืืœื›ื•ื”ื•ืœ ื‘ื“ื ืฉืœ 0.5 ื’ืจื/ืœื™ื˜ืจ ื‘ื”ืชื‘ืกืก ืขืœ ื”ืชืงื ื™ื ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ื™ื
  • ื ื”ื’ื™ื ืžื—ื•ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื—ื‘ื•ืฉ ืงืกื“ื” ืขืœ ื ื”ื’ื™ื ื”ื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื ืขืœ ืื•ืคื ื•ืขื™ื ื‘ืงืžื‘ื•ื“ื™ื”, ืขืœ ืชืœืช ืื•ืคืŸ, ืขืœ ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ืขืœ ืงื˜ื ื•ืขื™ื ื‘ืงืžื‘ื•ื“ื™ื” ื•ืขืœ ืื•ืคื ื•ืขื™ื ืขื ื ื’ืจืจื™ื.
  • ื‘ืฆื“ ื™ืžื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ื›ื‘ื™ืฉ ื‘ืงืžื‘ื•ื“ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื ืชื™ื‘, ื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ื ื•ืกืขืช
  • ื’ื™ืœ ื”ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื”ืžื™ื ื™ืžืœื™ ืœื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื‘ืจื›ื‘ ื”ื•ื 18 ืฉื ื™ื ื•ืœืื•ืคื ื•ืขื™ื
  • ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื‘ืฆื“ ืฉืžืืœ ืœื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื‘ืงืžื‘ื•ื“ื™ื” ืžื•ืชืจืช ืจืง ื‘ืขืช ืขืงื™ืคื” ืื• ืขืฆื™ืจื”
  • ื ื”ื’ื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื—ื’ื•ืจ ื—ื’ื•ืจื•ืช ื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื•ืช ื•ื ื•ืกืขื™ื ื‘ืžื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ื”ืงื“ืžื™ื™ื
  • ื‘ืฉืขื•ืช ื”ื™ื•ื, ืื™ืŸ ืฆื•ืจืš ืœื ื”ื•ื’ ืขื ืคื ืกื™ื ื“ื•ืœืงื™ื, ืœืžืขื˜ ืจืื™ื™ื” ื”ืžื•ืฉืคืขืช ืžื’ืฉื ื›ื‘ื“ ืื• ืขืจืคืœ
  • ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื˜ืœืคื•ืŸ ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื‘ืงืžื‘ื•ื“ื™ื” ืืกื•ืจ ืžืื•ื“
  • ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืื•ืจื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื™ื ืืกื•ืจ ื‘ืขืจื™ื ืขื ืคื ืกื™ ืจื—ื•ื‘.
  • ื—ื•ื‘ื” ืœื—ื‘ื•ืฉ ืงืกื“ื•ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืจื•ื›ื‘ื™ ืื•ืคื ื•ืข
  • ื‘ืฉื˜ื— ื‘ื ื•ื™ ื”ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืชืจืช ื”ื™ื 30 ืงืž"ืฉ ืœืื•ืคื ื•ืขื™ื, 40 ืงืž"ืฉ ืœื›ืœื™ ืจื›ื‘. ื”ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืชืจืช ืœืื•ืคื ื™ื™ื ื•ืžื›ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ื 90 ืงืž"ืฉ ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœืื–ื•ืจื™ื ื”ื‘ื ื•ื™ื™ื. ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืžื›ื•ื ื™ื•ืช, ื”ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืชืจืช ื”ื™ื 60 ืงืž"ืฉ; ื”ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืชืจืช ื”ื™ื 50 ืงืž"ืฉ ืื ื˜ืจืงื˜ื•ืจ ืžื•ืฉืš ื’ืจื•ืจ. ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ื’ืจื™ืจื” ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื›ื‘ื™ืฉ ืžื”ื™ืจ ื”ื™ื 60 ืงืž"ืฉ ื•-100 ืงืž"ืฉ ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœืขืจื™ื
  • ืืกื•ืจ ืœืขืฆื•ืจ ื‘ืžืขื‘ืจ ื—ืฆื™ื” ืœื”ื•ืœื›ื™ ืจื’ืœ
  • ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืžืชื—ืช ืœื’ื™ืœ ืขืฉืจ ืื™ื ื ืžื•ืจืฉื™ื ืœืจื›ื•ื‘ ืœืœื ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจ ื‘ืžื•ืฉื‘ ื”ืงื“ืžื™.
  • ื”ื ื”ื’ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื˜ืœืคื•ืŸ ื ื™ื™ื“ ืขื ืžื›ืฉื™ืจ ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ืช ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื ื”ื™ื’ื”. ืืกื•ืจ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื˜ืœืคื•ื ื™ื ืกืœื•ืœืจื™ื™ื ืœืœื ืžื›ืฉื™ืจื™ ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ืช ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื ื”ื™ื’ื”
  • ืื ืชืžืจื•ืจ ืžืกืžืŸ ืฉืžื•ืชืจ ืœืคื ื•ืช ื™ืžื™ื ื”, ืคื ื™ื™ื” ื™ืžื™ื ื” ื‘ืจืžื–ื•ืจื™ื ืื“ื•ืžื™ื ืžื•ืชืจืช
  • ืœืื•ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืกื™ื ื™ืฉ ื–ื›ื•ืช ืงื“ื™ืžื”, ื•ื›ืœ ื”ื ื”ื’ื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื”ืื˜ ื•ืœื”ืžืชื™ืŸ ื‘ืชื—ื ื•ืช ื”ืื•ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืก ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืืคืฉืจ ืœืื•ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืกื™ื ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืคื ื™ืžื” ืื• ืœืฆืืช
  • ืœื ื”ื’ื™ื ืฉื ื•ืกืขื™ื ื›ืขืช ื ื’ื“ ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ืฉืขื•ืŸ ื™ืฉ ืขื“ื™ืคื•ืช ื‘ื›ื™ื›ืจ
  • ื‘ืขืช ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืฆื•ืคืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืฆืคื™ืจื•ืช ื•ื‘ืกื™ืžื ื™ ืื–ื”ืจื” ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื™ื, ื”ื ื”ื’ื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœืคื ื•ืช ืžืงื•ื ืœืžื›ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื—ื™ืจื•ื, ื›ืœื™ ืจื›ื‘ ื—ืžื•ืฉื™ื, ื ื™ื™ื“ื•ืช ืžืฉื˜ืจื” ืฆื‘ืื™ืช, ืžืฉืื™ื•ืช ื›ื™ื‘ื•ื™ ื•ืืžื‘ื•ืœื ืกื™ื.
  • ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ื—ื ื•ืช ื›ืœื™ ืจื›ื‘ ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื›ืฉื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ื ืขื” ื‘ื›ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื ื‘ืฆื“ ื™ืžื™ืŸ. ื‘ื›ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื ื—ื“-ืกื˜ืจื™ื™ื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ื—ื ื•ืช ืžื›ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืžืฉื ื™ ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื
  • ื›ืœื™ ืจื›ื‘ ืื™ื ื ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื—ื ื•ืช ื‘ื›ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื ืจื’ื™ืœื™ื ื‘ื˜ื•ื•ื— ืฉืœ 5 ืžื˜ืจื™ื ืžืฆืžืชื™ื ื•ื‘ื˜ื•ื•ื— ืฉืœ 10 ืžื˜ืจื™ื ืžืฆืžืชื™ื ื‘ืฉื“ืจื•ืช ืžืจื›ื–ื™ื•ืช ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ื›ื‘ื™ืฉ ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœืขืจื™ื.
  • ื—ื ื™ื™ื” ื‘ื›ื ื™ืกื•ืช ืื• ื™ืฆื™ืื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื‘ื ื™ ืขื™ืจื™ื™ื” ื•ื‘ืชื™ ืžื’ื•ืจื™ื ืคืจื˜ื™ื™ื ืืกื•ืจื” ื‘ืขืช ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ืขืœ ืงื˜ื ื•ืขื™ื ื‘ืงืžื‘ื•ื“ื™ื”
  • ืืกื•ืจ ืœื ื”ื•ื’ ืขืœ ืื•ืคื ื•ืขื™ื ื‘ืงืžื‘ื•ื“ื™ื” ื•ืœื”ืฉืื™ืจื ืขืœ ื›ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž-72 ืฉืขื•ืช.
  • ื•ืื ืื™ืŸ ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื”ื•ืœื›ื™ ืจื’ืœ, ืœื”ื•ืœื›ื™ ื”ืจื’ืœ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื™ืฉ ื–ื›ื•ืช ืงื“ื™ืžื”, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื”ื ื”ื’ื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœืขืฆื•ืจ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ื•ืœื›ื™ ืจื’ืœ ืœื—ืฆื•ืช ืืช ื”ื›ื‘ื™ืฉ ื‘ื‘ื˜ื—ื”.
  • ื”ื ื”ื’ื™ื ื ื“ืจืฉื™ื ืœื”ืฉืžื™ืข ืฆื•ืคืจื™ื ืจืง ื‘ืฉืขื•ืช ื”ื™ื•ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื–ื”ื™ืจ ืืช ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ ื”ื“ืจืš ื”ืื—ืจื™ื ืžืคื ื™ ืกื›ื ื•ืช. ืืกื•ืจ ืœืฉืžื•ืข ืฆื•ืคืจื™ื ื‘ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ื ื•ื™ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ ื—ืฆื•ืช
  • ื ื”ื’ื™ื ื–ืจื™ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืœืžื•ื“ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ืกืคืจ ืœื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื‘ืงืžื‘ื•ื“ื™ื” ืื ื”ื ืžืชื›ื ื ื™ื ืœื”ื™ืฉืืจ ื–ืžืŸ ืจื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื”
  • ืœืคื ื™ ืฉืžืชื›ื•ื ื ื™ื ืœื ืกื™ืขื”, ื‘ื“ื•ืง ืืช ื”ืจื›ื‘ ืฉืœืš ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžื ื•ืข ืื™ ื ื•ื—ื•ืช ืœืื•ืจืš ื”ื“ืจืš. ื•ื“ื ืฉืžื—ื•ื•ื ื™ ืœื•ื— ื”ืžื—ื•ื•ื ื™ื, ื”ืžื’ื‘ื™ื ื•ื”ืื•ืจื•ืช ืคื•ืขืœื™ื ื›ื”ืœื›ื”
  • ืืœ ืชืฉื›ื—ื• ืœืืจื•ื– ืžื›ืฉื™ืจื™ ื—ื™ืจื•ื ื›ืžื• ืžืฉื•ืœืฉ ืื–ื”ืจื” ื•ืžื˜ืฃ. ื”ืชืื ืืช ื”ืžืจืื•ืช ืฉืœืš ื•ื‘ื“ื•ืง ืื ื”ื“ืœืชื•ืช ืฉืœืš ื™ื™ืกื’ืจื•
  • ื ืงื” ืืช ื—ืœื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืจื›ื‘ ื•ืžืฉื˜ื—ื™ ื”ืฉืžืฉื” ื”ืงื“ืžื™ืช, ื•ื•ื“ื ืฉื—ื’ื•ืจื•ืช ื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื•ืช ื•ื”ืฆืžื™ื’ื™ื ืฉืœืš ืชืงื™ื ื™ื
  • ื›ืืฉืจ ืืชื” ืกื•ืฃ ืกื•ืฃ ืขืœ ื”ื›ื‘ื™ืฉ, ืฉืžื•ืจ ืžืกืคื™ืง ืžืจื—ืง ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืจื›ื‘ ืฉืœืš ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืืœื” ืฉืœืคื ื™ืš
  • ืคื ื• ืืช ืžืงื•ืžื ืœืžื›ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช, ื•ืืœ ืชืฉื›ื— ืฉืœื”ื•ืœื›ื™ ืจื’ืœ ื™ืฉ ื–ื›ื•ืช ืœื—ืฆื•ืช ืืช ื”ื›ื‘ื™ืฉ, ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื™ืœื“ื™ื, ืื ืฉื™ื ืขื ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœื•ืช ื•ืงืฉื™ืฉื™ื
  • ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉื—ื•ืฆื™ื ื›ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื ืžื”ื™ืจื™ื ืื™ื ื ื ื“ื™ืจื™ื, ืื– ืฉื™ืžื• ืœื‘ ืชืžื™ื“. ืื ื™ืฉ ืกื•ืคื•ืช ื—ื•ืœ ื•ืžื–ื’ ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ืœื ื™ืฆื™ื‘, ื”ืื˜ ืืช ื”ืจื›ื‘ ืฉืœืš ื•ื”ื‘ื”ื‘ ื‘ืคื ืกื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžื ื•ืข ืชืื•ื ื•ืช
  • ืื ื‘ืจืฆื•ื ื›ื ืœื”ื—ื ื•ืช ืืช ืจื›ื‘ื›ื, ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœื”ืฉืื™ืจ ืืช ืจื›ื‘ื›ื ื‘ืื–ื•ืจื™ ื—ื ื™ื” ื™ื™ืขื•ื“ื™ื™ื. ืื ืืชื” ืœื ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื‘ื–ื‘ื–, ื™ืฉ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืื–ื•ืจื™ ื—ื ื™ื” ื–ืžื™ื ื™ื ื‘ืจื—ื•ื‘.

ืชืงื ื™ื ื›ืœืœื™ื™ื

ื‘ื ื”ื™ื’ื”, ื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื•ืช ืงื•ื“ืžืช ืœื›ืœ. ื”ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื“ื™ ืคืฉื•ื˜ื” ื‘ืงืžื‘ื•ื“ื™ื”. ืขื“ื™ืฃ ืœื ืœืืกื•ืฃ ืืช ื”ืจื›ื‘ ื”ืฉื›ื•ืจ ืžื™ื“ ืื ืืชื ื—ืฉื™ื ืžืขื˜, ืืœื ืงื—ื• ืžื•ื ื™ืช ืœืžืœื•ืŸ ืฉืœื›ื ื•ืชื›ื™ืจื• ืืช ืฉืœื˜ื™ ื”ืจื—ื•ื‘ ื•ืžื’ื‘ืœื•ืช ื”ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช. ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ื”ื ืกื™ืขื” ืฉืœืš ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื”, ื”ื ื” ื›ืœืœื™ ื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ื™ื ืฉืืชื” ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื“ืขืช ื‘ืขืช ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื‘ืงืžื‘ื•ื“ื™ื”:

  • ืงืžื‘ื•ื“ื™ื” ืžืฉืชืžืฉืช ื‘ืชืžืกื•ืจื•ืช ืžื›ื ื™ื•ืช, ืฉื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืื™ื ืŸ ืžืฉืชืžืฉื•ืช ื‘ืžืฆืžื“ื™ื. ืชื™ื‘ืช ื”ื”ื™ืœื•ื›ื™ื ื”ืื•ื˜ื•ืžื˜ื™ืช, ืœืขื•ืžืช ื–ืืช, ืžืฉืชืžืฉืช ื‘ืžืžื™ืจ ืžื•ืžื ื˜ ืœื”ืขื‘ืจืช ื”ื™ืœื•ื›ื™ื
  • ืœืขื•ืœื ืืœ ืชื ื”ื’ ื‘ืจื›ื‘ ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื• ืžืกืคืจ ื–ื™ื”ื•ื™ ืœื’ื™ื˜ื™ืžื™ ื”ืชื•ืื ืืช ื”ื—ื•ืง. ืื™ ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ื–ืืช ื”ื™ื ืขื‘ื™ืจื” ื—ืžื•ืจื” ื‘ืงืžื‘ื•ื“ื™ื”, ื•ื”ื™ื ืขืœื•ืœื” ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœืงื ืก ื›ื‘ื“ ื•ื›ืŸ ืœืชืคื™ืกืช ืจื›ื‘ืš ืœืžืฉืš ืขื“ ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื
  • ืคืขื™ืœื•ื™ื•ืช ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื”ืžืื™ื™ืžื•ืช ืขืœ ื—ื™ื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ืืกื•ืจื•ืช ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“. ื‘ื“ื•ืžื” ืœื›ืš, ืื™ ืขืฆื™ืจื” ืœืื—ืจ ื’ืจื™ืžืช ืชืื•ื ื” ื”ื’ื•ืจืžืช ืœื ื–ืง ืื• ืžื•ื•ืช ื ื—ืฉื‘ืช ื›ืขื‘ื™ืจื” ื—ืžื•ืจื” ื•ืžื˜ื•ืคืœืช ื‘ื”ืชืื.
  • ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืžืขืžื“ื” ืฉืœ ืงืžื‘ื•ื“ื™ื” ื›ืžืจื›ื– ืชื—ื‘ื•ืจื” ื•ืžื˜ืขื ื™ื ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ื™ื, ืœื ื”ื’ื™ ื›ืœื™ ืจื›ื‘ ื›ื‘ื“ื™ื ืžื•ื˜ืœืช ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ืช ืœื ื”ื•ื’ ื‘ื‘ื˜ื—ื” ื•ืœืขืžื•ื“ ื‘ืคื ื™ ืขื•ื ืฉื™ื ืงืฉื™ื ืื ืœื ื™ืขืฉื• ื–ืืช.
  • ื—ืœื•ื ื•ืช ืœืจื›ื‘ ืžื•ื›ื”ื™ื ืจืง ืขื“ 30% ืžื”ืžืงืจื™ื, ื›ืืฉืจ 70% ื”ื ื•ืชืจื™ื ื”ื•ืคื›ื™ื ืฉืงื•ืคื™ื ื—ืœืงื™ืช

ืžื’ื‘ืœืช ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช

ื™ืฉื ืŸ ืžื’ื‘ืœื•ืช ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืžื—ืžื™ืจื•ืช ื•ืฉืœื˜ื™ ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืžื›"ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืขืจื™ื ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ื•ืช ื‘ืงืžื‘ื•ื“ื™ื”. ืฉื™ืžื• ืœื‘ ืฉืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืžื˜ืจื™ืช ืฉืœ ืงืžื‘ื•ื“ื™ื”, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืžื’ื‘ืœื•ืช ื”ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ืงืž"ืฉ (ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื ืœืฉืขื”). 100 ืงืž"ืฉ ืื• 60 ืงืž"ืฉ, ืœืฉื ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื”.

ื—ื•ืงื™ ื—ื’ื•ืจื•ืช ื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื•ืช

ื—ื’ื•ืจืช ื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื•ืช ื”ื™ื ื”ื›ืจื— ืœื›ืœ ืžื™ ืฉื ืžืฆื ื‘ืจื›ื‘, ื›ื•ืœืœ ื”ื ื”ื’. ื™ืฉ ื’ื ื—ื•ืงื™ื ืฉืชืฆื˜ืจืš ืœืขืžื•ื“ ื‘ื”ื ืื ื”ื™ื• ืœืš ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืื™ืชืš. ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื”ืคื—ื™ืช ืืช ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืœืคืฆื™ืขื•ืช ื•ืœื”ืจื•ื’ื™ื ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžืชืื•ื ื•ืช ืจื›ื‘ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื—ื’ื•ืจืช ื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื•ืช.

ื‘ืงืžื‘ื•ื“ื™ื” ื™ืฉ ื—ื•ืง ืขืœ ื—ื’ื•ืจื•ืช ื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื•ืช ื”ืžื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืจื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ืžืœืคื ื™ื ื•ืžืื—ื•ืจ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื—ื’ื•ืจื•ืช ื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื•ืช ื•ืขืœ ื”ืฉื’ื—ืช ืชื™ื ื•ืงื•ืช. ื—ื•ืง ื–ื” ืงื•ื‘ืข ื›ื™ ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืžืชื—ืช ืœื’ื™ืœ ืืจื‘ืข ื•ืžืขืœื” ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืžื•ืฉื‘ ืงื“ืžื™, ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉื™ืœื“ื™ื ืžืชื—ืช ืœื’ื™ืœ 12 ืืกื•ืจื™ื ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืžื•ืฉื‘ ืงื“ืžื™.

ื”ื•ืจืื•ืช ื ืกื™ืขื”

ื ืกื™ืขื” ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ืฉื˜ื— ื”ื™ื‘ืฉื” ืฉืœ ืงืžื‘ื•ื“ื™ื” ื”ื™ื ื ื•ื—ื” ืื ืืชื” ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืœื’ืฉืช ืœื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ื•ืœืชื—ื‘ื•ืจื” ืžืงื•ืžื™ืช. ื”ื ืกื™ืขื” ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื–ื” ื›ื‘ืจ ืื™ื ื” ืžืกื•ื›ื ืช ื•ืžืกื•ื›ื ืช ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื‘ืขื‘ืจ, ืื‘ืœ ืชืžื™ื“ ื™ืฉ ื›ืžื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉื™ื™ื ืฉืฆืจื™ืš ืœื–ื›ื•ืจ ืœืคื ื™ ืฉืืชื” ื”ื•ืœืš. ื›ืืฉืจ ืืชื” ื ื•ืกืข ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ืงืžื‘ื•ื“ื™ื” ืื• ืขืจื™ื ืื—ืจื•ืช ืฉืœื”, ืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืžืคืช ื”ืžืกืœื•ืœ ื”ืžืฆื™ืขื” ืžืขืจื›ืช ื—ื™ื ืžื™ืช ื•ืžืขื•ื“ื›ื ืช ืœืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ื ืกื™ืขื•ืช.


ื‘ื›ื™ื›ืจ ืขื ื”ืฉืœื˜ Give Way ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื™ื›ื ืข ืœืžื›ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืฆื“ ื”ืฉื ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื ืชื™ื‘. ื•ืื ืื™ืŸ ืฉืœื˜ื™ื ืื• ืกื™ืžื•ื ื™ื, ืคื ื• ืžืงื•ื ืœืžื›ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉืžืชืงืจื‘ื•ืช ืžื™ืžื™ืŸ.

ืฉืœื˜ื™ ืชื ื•ืขื”

ื—ื•ืงื™ ื”ืชืขื‘ื•ืจื” ื ื•ืขื“ื• ืœืจื•ื•ื—ืชืš, ื•ืœื ืืžื•ืจื•ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ื ื’ื“ ืžื“ื•ืข, ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ื‘ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ื‘ื”ืœื™ื›ื” ื‘ื›ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื ืžื”ื™ืจื™ื, ืขืœื™ืš ืœื•ื•ื“ื ืฉืืชื” ืคื•ืขืœ ืœืคื™ ื›ืœืœื™ ื”ืชื ื•ืขื”. ื›ืžื• ื’ื ื›ืœ ืื“ื ืื—ืจ ืฉื ื•ื”ื’ ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื ืชื™ื‘, ื—ื•ืงื™ ื”ืชืขื‘ื•ืจื” ืขื•ื–ืจื™ื ืœื”ื’ืŸ ืขืœื™ืš ืขืœ ื”ื›ื‘ื™ืฉ. ืืช ื”ืชืžืจื•ืจื™ื ื•ื”ื”ื ื—ื™ื•ืช ื”ืคืฉื•ื˜ื™ื ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ืงืคื™ื“ ืขืœื™ื”ื ื‘ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื‘ื›ืœ ืžื›ื•ื ื™ืช ื‘ื›ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื, ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืœืื ืฉื™ื.

ื‘ืฉืœ ื”ื›ืชืžื™ื ื”ืขื™ื•ื•ืจื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื™ื ืฉื ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืงื ื” ื”ืžื™ื“ื” ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืฉืœ ื”ืจื›ื‘, ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื ื‘ืžื›ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืขืจื ื™ื™ื ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“. ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉืœื˜ื™ ื“ืจื›ื™ื ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืื™ืกื•ืจ, ื—ื•ื‘ื”, ืขื“ื™ืคื•ืช, ืื–ื”ืจื” ื•ืฉืœื˜ื™ ื”ื›ื•ื•ื ื”.


ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ, ื›ืœ ืžื™ ืฉืขื•ืžื“ ืžืื—ื•ืจื™ ื›ืœ ืจื›ื‘ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฆืจื™ืš ืืคื•ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืจืื™ื™ืช ื”ื ื”ื’ ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœืช, ื•ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื ืกื•ืช ืœื”ืคืจื™ืข ืœื›ืœื™ ืจื›ื‘ ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื ืฉืขืœื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืœื ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื™ื ืœื›ืœ ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื. ืžื ื™ืขื” ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ, ืืš ื™ืฉื ืŸ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ืŸ ื’ื ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ื ื–ืงื™ ื’ื•ืฃ ืœืžืงืจื” ืฉืชืงืจื” ืชืงืœื” ื›ืœืฉื”ื™ ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื˜ืขื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฉื ื™ ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื.

ื–ื›ื•ืช ืžืขื‘ืจ

ื”ื›ืจืช ื”ื—ื•ืงื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื–ืจื” ืชืจื—ื™ืง ืื•ืชืš ืžื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืขืชื™ื“ื™ื•ืช ืขื ืจื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื. ืœื›ืœ ืžื›ื•ื ื™ืช ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœืฆื•ืžืช ื™ืฉ ื–ื›ื•ืช ืงื“ื™ืžื” ื‘ืงืžื‘ื•ื“ื™ื”. ื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ืคื•ืขืœืช ื‘ืฆื“ ื™ืžื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ื›ื‘ื™ืฉ. ืืœ ืชืœื›ื• ืœืื™ื‘ื•ื“ ื‘ื ืชื™ื‘ ื”ืคืชื•ื—.

ื’ื™ืœ ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื—ื•ืงื™

ื ื”ื’ื™ื ืœืœื ืื™ืฉื•ืจื™ ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ืœืื•ืžื™ื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืงืฃ ื•ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื‘ืฉื›ืจื•ืช ืื™ื ื ืžื•ืจืฉื™ื ืœื ื”ื•ื’. ื’ื ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ืจื™ืฉื™ื•ืŸ ืชืงืฃ ืืš ืื™ื ืš ืžืœื•ื•ื” ื‘- IDP, ืขื“ื™ืฃ ืฉืชื™ืชืŸ ืœืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืœืงื—ืช ืืช ื”ื”ื’ื”. ื’ื™ืœ ื”ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื‘ืงืžื‘ื•ื“ื™ื” ืื™ื ื• ืžืชื—ืช ืœื’ื™ืœ 18. ืื ืืชื” ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื ื‘ืŸ 18, ืืกื•ืจ ืœืš ืœื ื”ื•ื’.


ืื ืืชื” ืžืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืœื‘ืงืจ ื‘ืงืžื‘ื•ื“ื™ื”, ื™ืกืคื™ืง IDP ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ืจื™ืฉื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืžื•ืœื“ืช ืฉืœืš. ืื‘ืœ ืื ืืชื” ืžืชื›ื ืŸ ืœื”ื’ื™ืฉ ื‘ืงืฉื” ืœืื–ืจื—ื•ืช, ืืชื” ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืขืœ ืจื™ืฉื™ื•ืŸ ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ืงืžื‘ื•ื“ื™. ืžื˜ื™ื™ืœื™ื ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ื™ื ืฆืคื•ื™ื™ื ืœื’ืฉืช ืœืžื‘ื—ืŸ ื”ื ื”ื™ื’ื”; ืจื™ืฉื™ื•ืŸ ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ืœื’ื™ื˜ื™ืžื™ ืžืžื“ื™ื ืช ื”ื•ืœื“ืชื ืขืฉื•ื™ ืœื”ืชืื™ื ื‘ืžืฆื‘ื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื. ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ื“ื™ืงื•ืช ืจืคื•ืื™ื•ืช ื›ืœืœื™ื•ืช, ื ื”ื’ื™ื ืžืขืœ ื’ื™ืœ 65 ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืชืฉืœื•ื. ื›ื“ื™ ืœืงื‘ืœ ืจื™ืฉื™ื•ืŸ ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ืงืžื‘ื•ื“ื™, ื ื”ื’ ื–ืจ ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืขืœ ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ื ื”ื‘ืื™ื:


  • ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœ ื“ืจื›ื•ืŸ
  • ืจื™ืฉื™ื•ืŸ ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ืœืื•ืžื™ ื•ืชืจื’ื•ื ืจื™ืฉื™ื•ืŸ ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ืื ืœื ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืื• ืฆืจืคืชื™ืช
  • ืชืขื•ื“ื” ืจืคื•ืื™ืช
  • ืขื•ืชืง ื“ืจื›ื•ืŸ
  • ืขื•ืชืง ืฉืœ ืืฉืจืช ื›ื ื™ืกื” ืชืงืคื”

ื—ื•ืงื™ ืขืงื™ืคื”

ืžื•ืžืœืฅ ืœื ื”ื’ื™ื ื‘ืงืžื‘ื•ื“ื™ื” ืขืœ ืขืงื™ืคื” ืœื ื ื›ื•ื ื” ืฉืขืœื•ืœื” ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœืงื ืกื•ืช ื—ืžื•ืจื™ื ื•ืœืคืกื™ืœื”. ืขืงื™ืคื” ืžื™ื•ืชืจืช ื•ืจืฉืœื ื™ืช ืขืœื•ืœื” ืœื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœืงื ืก ืขืœ ื”ื ื”ื’ื™ื ื”ืืฉืžื™ื. ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื›ื‘ื™ืฉื™ ืืกืคืœื˜ ื“ื•-ื ืชื™ื‘ื™ื™ื ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืฆืคื•ืคื™ื, ื•ืœืจื•ื‘ื ื™ืฉ ืงื•ื•ื™ื ื‘ืจื•ืจื™ื ืœืื•ืจืš ื”ืงื•ื•ื™ื ื”ืืžืฆืขื™ื™ื ืื• ื”ืžืงื•ื•ืงื•ื™ื. ืงื•ื•ื™ื ืžืงื•ื•ืงื•ื™ื ืžืฆื™ื™ื ื™ื ื›ื™ ื™ืฉ ืœื—ืฆื•ืช ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื ืชื™ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืคืชื•ื— ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืคื—ื•ืช ื ื”ื’ื™ื ื ื™ื’ืฉื™ื ืœืžืกืœื•ืœื™ื.

ืฆื“ ื ื”ื™ื’ื”

ืื—ื“ ืžื—ื•ืงื™ ื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ืื•ืžืจ ืฉืชืžื™ื“ ื™ืฉ ืœื ืกื•ืข ื‘ืฆื“ ื™ืžื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ื›ื‘ื™ืฉ. ืžืขื•ื“ื“ื™ื ืื•ืชื• ืœืฆื™ื™ืช ืœืžื” ืฉื”ืฆื™ื‘ื” ื”ืžืžืฉืœื”, ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื—ื•ืงื™ ื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ื•ื”ื›ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื ืฉืœื”. ืื ืืชื ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ื‘ืงืฆื‘ ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื”ืฉืชืžืฉื• ื‘ื ืชื™ื‘ ื”ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื”ื—ื–ื™ืงื• ืืช ื”ืจืืฉ ืขืœ ื”ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ืฉืœืคื ื™ื›ื.

ื›ืœืœื™ ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื‘ืงืžื‘ื•ื“ื™ื”

ืœืจื•ื‘ ืงืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื”ื™ืžื ืข ืžืืฉืจ ืœืจืคื. ืœืคืขืžื™ื, ื‘ื ืกื™ืขื•ืช ื‘ื›ื‘ื™ืฉ, ืขืœื•ืœ ืœื”ืชืขื•ืจืจ ื”ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ืชืคืก, ืื‘ืœ ืขื“ื™ืฃ ืœื“ืขืช ืžื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื‘ื ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืœื ื ืขื™ืžื•ืช ื›ืžื• ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื‘ืจื›ื‘ ืื• ืคืฆื™ืขื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžื ื•ืข ืžื”ืŸ ืœื”ืชืจื—ืฉ ืื• ืœื”ืกืœื™ื ืื ื›ืŸ. ืขื ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืžืชืื™ื, ื”ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื‘ืงืžื‘ื•ื“ื™ื” ื”ื™ื ืžื”ื ื” ื›ืžื• ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื”ื•ืœื“ืชืš ื›ืœ ืขื•ื“ ืืชื” ื™ื•ื“ืข ืืช ื”ื›ืœืœื™ื ื•ืืช ื›ืœืœื™ ื”ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื”ื ื›ื•ื ื™ื. ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฆื‘ื™ืจืช ืกื‘ืœื ื•ืช ื•ืชืจื’ื•ืœ ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื”ื’ื ืชื™ืช, ืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืœื ื”ื’ ื—ื–ืง ื•ืื“ื™ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ.

ืชืงืœื” ื‘ืจื›ื‘

ื™ืฉ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืกื•ื’ื™ื ืฉืœ ืชืงืœื•ืช ืœืจื›ื‘. ื”ื ืคื•ืฅ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ื•ื ืคื™ืฆื•ืฅ ื‘ืฆืžื™ื’. ืชืงืœื” ืžืชืจื—ืฉืช ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื‘ื• ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ื”ืฆืžื™ื’ ื—ื•ื“ืจ ื•ืžืชืงืœืงืœ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื‘ืœืชื™ ืฆืคื•ื™, ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœื“ืœื™ืคื” ืื™ื˜ื™ืช, ืฉืขืœื•ืœื” ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœืฆืžื™ื’ ืœื”ืชืคื•ืฆืฅ ืœืื•ืจืš ื–ืžืŸ. ืื ื–ื” ืงื•ืจื” ื›ืฉื”ืžื›ื•ื ื™ืช ื‘ื ืกื™ืขื”, ื–ื” ื™ื’ืจื•ื ืœืš ืœืื‘ื“ ืฉืœื™ื˜ื”. ื‘ืžื‘ื—ืŸ ื”ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื‘ืงืžื‘ื•ื“ื™ื” ืขื•ื ื™ื ืขืœ ืฉืืœื•ืช ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืชื ืื™ื ืืœื•

ืื ืืชื” ืขื“ ืœืคืจื™ืฆื” ืคืชืื•ืžื™ืช ืฉืœ ืฆืžื™ื’, ืืœ ืชื“ืื’. ืคืขืœ ืœืคื™ ื”ื—ื•ืงื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขืงื•ื‘ ืื—ืจ ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื™ืช.

  • ืื ื ื“ืจืฉ ื•ื‘ื˜ื•ื— ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช, ื”ืคืขืœ ื‘ืขื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ื‘ืœืžื™ื.
  • ืื—ื•ื– ื‘ื—ื•ื–ืงื” ื‘ื”ื’ื” ื•ื”ื•ืจื“ ืืช ื”ืจื’ืœ ืžื”ื“ื•ื•ืฉื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœืืคืฉืจ ืœืžื›ื•ื ื™ืช ืœื”ืชื’ืœื’ืœ ืขื“ ืœืขืฆื™ืจื”.
  • ืืœ ืชืขื‘ื™ืจ ื”ื™ืœื•ืš ืขื“ ืฉื”ืžื›ื•ื ื™ืช ื”ืื˜ื” ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืช.
  • ืื ื”ืคื™ืฆื•ืฅ ื’ื•ืจื ืœืžื›ื•ื ื™ืช ืœืกื˜ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชืฃ, ืืœ ืชื—ื–ื•ืจ ืœื›ื‘ื™ืฉ. ืชืŸ ืœื—ื•ืฃ ืœืกื™ื™ื ืืช ื”ืจื›ื‘. ืจืื” ืืช ื”ื”ื•ืจืื•ืช ืœืžืขืœื” ืžื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื›ืฉื”ืžื›ื•ื ื™ืช ืขื•ื–ื‘ืช ืืช ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื”ื’ื™ืฉื”.

ื”ืžืฉื˜ืจื” ืขื•ืฆืจืช

ื‘ืงืžื‘ื•ื“ื™ื” ื”ืื‘ื˜ื—ื” ืžืื•ื“ ื”ื“ื•ืงื”. ืื ื”ืžืฉื˜ืจื” ืชืขืฆื•ืจ ืื•ืชืš ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืืชื” ื ื•ื”ื’, ืชืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ืงื•ืจ ืจื•ื— ื•ื•ื“ื ืฉื™ืฉ ืœืš ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืžืกืžื›ื™ื ืฉืœืš ืœืžืงืจื” ืฉื”ื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืฉืชืจืื” ืื•ืชื. ื–ื” ืชืžื™ื“ ื ื—ืžื“ ืœื•ื•ื“ื ืื ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืืœื™ื”ื ืืชื” ืžื•ืกืจ ืืช ื”ืžืกืžื›ื™ื ืฉืœืš ื”ื ืฉื•ื˜ืจื™ื ืืžื™ืชื™ื™ื, ืื– ื”ืžืชืŸ ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื ืžืฆื™ื’ื™ื ืœืš ืชื’ ืื™ืžื•ืช

ื”ืจื™ืฉื™ื•ืŸ, ื”-IDP, ื”ื“ืจื›ื•ืŸ ื•ื”ื•ื•ื™ื–ื” ืฉืœืš, ื›ืžื• ื’ื ื ื™ื™ืจืช ื”ืฉื›ืจืช ื”ืจื›ื‘ ื•ืžืกืžื›ื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืฉืœืš, ื”ื ื”ืžืกืžื›ื™ื ืฉืืชื” ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื ื•ืฉื ืขืœื™ืš ืœืžืงืจื” ืฉื™ืขืฆืจื• ืื•ืชืš. ื›ืืฉืจ ืืชื” ื ืงื ืก ืขืœ ื”ืคืจืช ื—ื•ืงื™ ื›ื‘ื™ืฉ ื•ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื, ื”ื™ื” ืžื•ื›ืŸ ืœืขืžื•ื“ ื‘ืคื ื™ ื”ืขื•ื ืฉื™ื.

ืฉื•ืืœ ื”ื ื—ื™ื•ืช

ืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื‘ืงืฉ ื”ื“ืจื›ื” ื‘ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ื“ืจื›ื™ื, ืœื ืžืฉื ื” ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ืืชื” ื ืžืฆื ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืื• ืขืœ ืื™ื–ื• ืฉืคื” ืืชื” ืžื“ื‘ืจ. ืืชื” ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืชืงืฉืจ ื•ืœื‘ืงืฉ ื‘ื›ื‘ื•ื“. ืืชื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืฉืืช ืžื“ืจื™ืš ืื• ืžืคื” ืฉืœ ืœืืŸ ืืชื” ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืœื›ืช ืื ืืชื” ืžื‘ื•ืœื‘ืœ ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ื”ื‘ืขื” ืฉืœืš ื›ืฉืืชื” ืžื‘ืงืฉ ื”ื•ืจืื•ืช ื‘ืฉืคื” ืฉืื™ื ื” ืฉืคืช ืื. ื›ืืฉืจ ืืชื” ืฉื•ืืœ ืœื”ื ื—ื™ื•ืช, ื”ื™ื” ืžื›ื‘ื“ ื›ื›ืœ ืฉืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ. ื”ืชื—ืœ ื‘ื‘ืจื›ื”, ื•ืื– ื”ืžืฉืš ืœื‘ืงืฉ ื”ื ื—ื™ื•ืช.

ืžื—ืกื•ืžื™ื

ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืขื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืžืกืžื›ื™ื ืœืื™ืžื•ืช, ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื—ื’ื•ืจื•ืช ื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื•ืช, ืžืขืฆืจื™ื ืžืžืชื™ื ื™ื, ื›ืœื™ ืจื›ื‘ ื’ื ื•ื‘ื™ื ื•ืขื‘ื™ืจื•ืช ืชื ื•ืขื” ื•ืคืœื™ืœื™ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช. ื”ืฉื•ื˜ืจื™ื ืขื•ืฆืจื™ื ืืช ื›ืœื™ ื”ืจื›ื‘ ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื”ืžื™ื•ืขื“ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืจืื•ืช ืื ื”ื ื”ื’ ืฉื™ื›ื•ืจ. ื”ื ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ืœืขืฆื•ืจ ื›ืœ ืžื›ื•ื ื™ืช ืื• ื‘ืžืจื•ื•ื— ืงื‘ื•ืข. ืžื—ืกื•ืžื™ื ืžืฉืžืฉื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืจืชื™ืข ื ื”ื’ื™ื ืœื ื”ื•ื’ ืœืื—ืจ ืฉืฆืจื›ื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื“ื™ ืžืฉืงื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื’ื“ืœืช ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ื”ืืคืฉืจื™ ืœืžืขืฆืจ.

ื˜ื™ืคื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื

ื”ืžื˜ืจื” ื”ื™ื ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื•ืช. ืขื ื–ืืช, ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื, ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื™ืฉ ืœืฉืงื•ืœ ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ืœืฉืžื™ืจื” ืขืœ ื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื•ืชืš. ื–ื” ื‘ื˜ื•ื— ืœื ื”ื•ื’ ื‘ืงืžื‘ื•ื“ื™ื” ืื ืืชื” ืžืžืฉื™ืš ืœืฆื™ื™ืช ืœื—ื•ืงื™ื ื”ืืœื”. ืœื”ืœืŸ ืชื–ื›ื•ืจื•ืช ื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื•ืช ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช:

ืžื” ื›ื“ืื™ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœ ืชืื•ื ื•ืช?

ื›ืืฉืจ ืืชื” ืžืขื•ืจื‘ ื‘ื”ืชื ื’ืฉื•ืช, ืคื ื™ื™ื” ืœืžืฉื˜ืจื” ื”ื™ื ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืฆืจื™ืš ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื‘ื˜ื—ืชืš ื•ืฉืœื•ืžื• ืฉืœ ื”ื ื•ืกืข ืฉืœืš. ืชืŸ ืœื”ื ืืช ืžื™ืงื•ืžืš ื•ืืช ื”ืชื™ืื•ืจ ื”ืžืœื ืฉืœ ื”ื”ืชืจืกืงื•ืช. ื‘ืฉื•ื ืคื ื™ื ื•ืื•ืคืŸ ืœื ืชื•ื›ืœ ืœืงื—ืช ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ื”ืชืจืกืงื•ืช ืขื“ ืฉื”ืžืฉื˜ืจื” ืชื’ื™ืข ืœืžืงื•ื. ืชืŸ ืœืฉื•ื˜ืจ ืืช ื”ื“ื•"ื— ืฉืœืš ื‘ืฉืœื•ื•ื” ืืš ืžืคื•ืจื˜ืช.

ืœืขื•ืœื ืืœ ืชืขื–ื•ื‘ ืืช ื”ืžืงื•ื ืื ืžืชืจื—ืฉืช ืชืื•ื ื”. ืืชื” ื•ื”ื ื”ื’ ื”ืฉื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื—ื ื•ืช ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื™ืžื ืข ืžื”ืคืขืœืช ืคืงืง ืื ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืชืื•ื ื” ืงืœื”. ื”ื ื”ื’ ื”ืฉื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืื‘ืœ ืœื ื ื•ื˜ื”, ืื– ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืขื“ื™ืฃ ืœืคื ื•ืช ืœืžืฉื˜ืจื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœืชืงืŸ ืืช ื”ืžืฆื‘. ืื ื™ืฉ ื ืคื’ืขื™ื, ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื–ืขื™ืง ืืžื‘ื•ืœื ืก.

ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืขื‘ื™ืจื•ืช ืชืขื‘ื•ืจื”, ืงืžื‘ื•ื“ื™ื” ืžื—ืžื™ืจื”, ื•ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ื•ื™ื™ืžืฆื ืฉืืชื” ืืฉื, ืืชื” ืชื•ื—ื–ืง ื‘ืžืขืฆืจ ืขื“ ืฉืชื•ื›ืœ ืœืฉืœื ืืช ื”ืคื™ืฆื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืžืœื•ืื. ืœืคื™ื›ืš, ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืชืื•ื ื•ืช ืื™ื ืŸ ื•ื“ืื•ืช ืืš ืœื ื‘ืœืชื™ ืกื‘ื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ืงืžื‘ื•ื“ื™ื”, ื™ืฉ ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืจื›ื‘.

ืื™ืš ื›ื“ืื™ ืœืžื–ื’?

ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืชืžื–ื’, ื–ื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉืงื•ืฃ ื•ืžืื•ื‘ื˜ื—. ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื’ื™ืข ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืœื”ื™ื›ื ืก, ื”ื™ืฉืืจ ื‘ื ืชื™ื‘ ืฉืœืš, ื•ืื– ืคื ื” ื‘ื ืชื™ื‘ ื”ืฉื ื™ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœืชื ื•ืขื” ืœื–ืจื•ื ืขื ืžื›ื•ื ื™ื•ืช. ื•ื“ื ืฉื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืืชื” ืžื—ื›ื” ืœื”ื™ื›ื ืก ืœืคืงืงื™ื, ื™ืฉ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืกืคื™ืง ืžืงื•ื ื•ื–ืžืŸ.

ืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืœื ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ื™ืขืฆืจ ื‘ื›ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื ื”ืžื”ื™ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ืงืžื‘ื•ื“ื™ื” ื›ื™ ืžื›ื•ื ื™ืช ืื—ืจืช ื—ื•ื ื” ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืชืจืช ื‘ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืžืืœื”. ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืœื ืชื™ื‘ ื”ืืžืฆืขื™ ืื• ื”ื™ืžื ื™ ื•ืืคืฉืจ ืœืชื ื•ืขื” ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืžื”ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ. ื•ืื ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืžืคื ื” ืืช ืžืงื•ืžื• ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืขื•ืžืก ืชื ื•ืขื” ื›ื‘ื“ ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืชื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืชืžื–ื’ ื‘ื•, ืชืŸ ืœื• ื—ื™ื•ืš ืื• ื ืคื ื•ืฃ. ืฆื•ืจื” ื–ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืขืจื›ื” ืžืจืื” ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื•ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืขื•ืจืจ ืื•ืชื ื‘ืขืชื™ื“ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืื“ื™ื‘ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ. ื–ื” ื™ืื™ืจ ืœื”ื ืืช ื”ื™ื•ื, ืœืคื—ื•ืช.

ืืœ ืชื™ืชืคืก ื‘ื ืชื™ื‘ ืคืชื•ื—. ืื ืืชื” ืžืืžื™ืŸ ืฉืืชื” ื”ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืจื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืกื’ื™ืจืช ื”ื ืชื™ื‘ ื”ื ื’ื“ื™ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืืœืฅ ืืช ืืœื” ืฉืžืื—ื•ืจื™ืš ืœื”ืชืžื–ื’ ื›ืฉืืชื” ืขื•ืžื“ ื‘ืชื•ืจ ืœืกื’ื™ืจืช ื ืชื™ื‘, ืขืœื™ืš ืœืคืงื•ื— ืขื™ืŸ ืขืœ ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืžื™ื–ื•ื’ ื”ืจื•ื›ืกืŸ.

ืžื” ื–ื” ืœื ื”ื•ื’ ื‘ื—ื•ืจืฃ?

ืžื–ื’ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื”ื—ื•ืจืคื™ ื™ื’ืจื•ื ืœืกื™ื›ื•ื ื™ ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ืจื‘ื™ื. ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ืืงืœื™ื ื”ืžืชื•ืŸ ื™ื—ืกื™ืช, ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื ื”ื’ื™ื ื”ืงืžื‘ื•ื“ื™ื™ื ื—ื•ื•ื™ื ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื‘ืžื–ื’ ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื—ื•ืจืคื™. ืœื”ืœืŸ ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืžืœืฆื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื–ืจื• ืœืš ืœื˜ื•ืก ื‘ื‘ื˜ื—ื” ื‘ืชื ืื™ ื—ื•ืจืฃ:

  • ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืฉืจืฉืจืื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืฆืžื™ื’ื™ ืฉืœื’ ืื ืชื ืื™ ื”ื“ืจืš ื“ื•ืจืฉื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืื—ื™ื–ื”. ื”ืงืคื“ ืœืขื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืžื“ืจื™ืš ืœืžืฉืชืžืฉ ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืฆืจืŸ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืžื ื•ืข ืฉืœืš, ื”ืฆืžื™ื’ื™ื ื•ื”ืฉืจืฉืจื•ืช ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืจื›ื‘ืชื ืขืœ ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื™ืช ืฉืœืš ื•ื ื•ืกืขื™ื ืขืœ ื›ื‘ื™ืฉ ืžื”ื™ืจ.
  • ืžื—ื–ื™ืง ืืช ื”ื—ืœื•ื ื•ืช ืคืชื•ื—ื™ื. ื”ืกืจ ืฉืœื’ ื•ืงืจื— ืžื›ืœ ืžืฉื˜ื—ื™ ื”ืฉืžืฉื” ื”ืงื“ืžื™ืช ื‘ืขืช ื ืกื™ืขื” ื‘ืจื›ื‘ ืขืœ ื›ื‘ื™ืฉ ืžื”ื™ืจ
  • ื›ืฉืชืขืœื” ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืขืœ ื”ื›ื‘ื™ืฉ, ืงื‘ืœ "ืชื—ื•ืฉื”" ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ื›ื‘ื™ืฉ ื•ื”ืื ื–ื” ื‘ื˜ื•ื— ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช. ื‘ื“ื•ืง ื‘ืขื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ื‘ืœืžื™ื. ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ื• ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื™ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื’ื™ื‘ ืœืกื™ื‘ื•ื‘ ื”ื”ื’ื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ืงืœื™ื. ืœืขื•ืœื ืืœ ืชื—ื™ืœ ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื™ืช ืขืฆื™ืจื” ืžื”ื™ืจื”
  • ืฉืžืจื• ืขืœ ืžืจื—ืง ื”ื’ื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ื ื›ื ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ืœื™ ืจื›ื‘ ืื—ืจื™ื
  • ื”ืคื—ืชืช ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืขืงื‘ ื ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช
  • ืžืขืงื‘ ืื—ืจ ืกื™ื›ื•ื ื™ื ืื• ืชื ืื™ื ืžืฉืชื ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ื‘ื™ืฉ

ืชื ืื™ ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื‘ืงืžื‘ื•ื“ื™ื”

ื–ื” ืขืฉื•ื™ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื” ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื‘ืืจืฅ ื”ื•ืœื“ืชืš ืœื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื‘ืงืžื‘ื•ื“ื™ื”, ื•ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉื™ื™ื“ืจืฉ ืงืฆืช ืœื”ืชืจื’ืœ. ืœืคื™ ื”ืงืจื™ื˜ืจื™ื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช, ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืœื ื‘ื˜ื•ื— ื•ืžืกื•ื›ืŸ. ื›ืฉืืชื” ืžืชืงืจื‘ ืœืžื›ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉื ื•ืกืขื•ืช ืœื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืœืš, ื”ื™ื” ืชืžื™ื“ ืขืจื ื™. ืœืคื ื™ ืฉืืชื ืžื›ื™ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืชื ืื™ื ื‘ืขืจื™ื ืื• ื‘ืขื™ื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ื™ื ื•ื ื™ื•ืช, ืœื ืžืขื•ื“ื“ื™ื ืืชื›ื ืœื ืกื•ืข. ื”ื ื” ื›ืžื” ืžืžืฆื‘ื™ ื”ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื•ื”ื ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืงืžื‘ื•ื“ื™ื”, ื›ืš ืฉืชื“ืข ืœืžื” ืœืฆืคื•ืช ืœืคื ื™ ืฉืชืขืœื” ืขืœ ื”ื ืชื™ื‘.

ืกื˜ื˜ื™ืกื˜ื™ืงืช ืชืื•ื ื•ืช

ื‘ืขื™ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื‘ืžืžืœื›ืช ืงืžื‘ื•ื“ื™ื” ื”ื™ื ื”ืชื ื’ืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื›ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื. ื‘ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื ื ื”ืจื’ื™ื ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืื ืฉื™ื, ื•-100 ืื ืฉื™ื ื ื”ืจื’ื™ื. ื‘ื›ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื ื”ืžื”ื™ืจื™ื ื‘ืงืžื‘ื•ื“ื™ื” ื”ื ืคืฆื•ืขื™ื, ื•ื”ืžืกืคืจื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ื•ื’ื“ืœื™ื. ื™ืฉ ืœื›ืš ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืฉืœื™ืœื™ืช ืžืกื™ื‘ื™ืช ืขืœ ื”ืฆืžื™ื—ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืื–ื•ืจ. ื“ื•ื— ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ื ืง ืœืคื™ืชื•ื— ืืกื™ื” ื—ื™ืฉื‘ ื›ื™ ื”ื”ื•ืฆืื” ื”ืžื•ืขืจื›ืช ืฉืœ ืคืฆื™ืขื•ืช ื‘ื“ืจื›ื™ื ื”ื™ื 116 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื“ื•ืœืจ, ื”ืžื”ื•ื•ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž-3% ืžื”ืชืž"ื’ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”.

ืœืื™ืจื•ืขื™ ืชื ื•ืขื” ื‘ื›ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื ื™ืฉ ื”ืฉืคืขื” ื›ื‘ื“ื” ื’ื ืขืœ ืžื’ื–ืจ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ืฉืœ ืืจืฆื ื•. ื ืคื’ืขื™ ืชื ื•ืขื” ืžื”ื•ื•ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž-50 ืื—ื•ื– ืžื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื. ืœื›ืŸ, ื™ืฉ ืœื“ื•ืŸ ื‘ื‘ืขื™ื” ื–ื• ื‘ื“ื—ื™ืคื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ื ืœืคื•ืขืœ ืืช ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ืคืขื•ืœื” ืœื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื•ืช ื‘ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืฉื”ื•ื›ื ื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžืžืฉืœืช ืงืžื‘ื•ื“ื™ื” ื‘ืจืฆื™ื ื•ืช ื•ื‘ื™ืขื™ืœื•ืช.


ื”ืงืžืช ืžืขืจื›ืช ืœืื™ืกื•ืฃ ื ืชื•ื ื™ ื”ืชื ื’ืฉื•ืช ื‘ื›ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื ื”ื™ื ืื—ื“ ืžืกื“ืจ ื”ืขื“ื™ืคื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืคืขื•ืœื” ื–ื•. ื–ื” ื™ืงืœ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืืช ื”ืžืฆื‘ ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ ื•ืœืžื“ื•ื“ ืืช ื”ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ื•ื”ื™ืขื™ืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฆื‘.

ื›ืœื™ ืจื›ื‘ ื ืคื•ืฆื™ื

ื›ืœื™ ืจื›ื‘ ืกื˜ื ื“ืจื˜ื™ื™ื ืžืฉืžืฉื™ื ืœืจื•ื‘ ื‘ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ื›ืคืจื™ื™ื ื›ืžื• ื’ื ื‘ื›ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื ืจืืฉื™ื™ื. ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœ ืžืฉืื™ื•ืช ื›ื‘ื“ื•ืช ื•ืจื›ื‘ื™ ืฉื˜ื—, ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉืœืงืžื‘ื•ื“ื™ื” ื™ืฉ ื›ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื ืžืชื•ื—ื–ืงื™ื ื”ื™ื˜ื‘, ืกืขื• ื‘ื–ื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืžืฉืื™ื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช, ืœืขื•ืœื ืืœ ืชื ืกื• ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืื•ืชืŸ ื›ื™ ื–ื” ืžืกื•ื›ืŸ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช, ื•ืฉืžืจื• ืขืœ ืžืจื—ืง ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืžืžืฉืื™ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ืขืช.

ื›ื‘ื™ืฉื™ ืื’ืจื”

ื—ืœืงื™ื ืž-NH4 ื”ื™ื• ื™ื“ื•ืขื™ื ื›ื›ื‘ื™ืฉื™ ืื’ืจื”, ืขื ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืขืžื“ื•ืช ื˜ืขื™ื ื”. ืฉื ื™ ืชืื™ ื”ืื’ืจื” ื”ื•ืกืจื• ืžืื–, ืžื” ืฉื”ื•ืคืš ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืžืกืœื•ืœ ืœืœื ืชืฉืœื•ื ื›ืขืช. ื–ื” ื™ื“ื•ืข ื’ื ื‘ืชื•ืจ ื”ืžืกื•ื›ืŸ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืงืžื‘ื•ื“ื™ื” ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื›ื™ื—ื•ืช ืชืื•ื ื•ืช ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช ื•ืชื—ื–ื•ืงื” ืœื ืžืกืคืงืช ืฉืœ ื”ืจืฉื•ื™ื•ืช. ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ, ื”ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ืงื“ื—ืชื ื™ ื•ื˜ืขื•ืŸ ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ.

ืžืฆื‘ื™ ื›ื‘ื™ืฉ

ืชื ืื™ ื“ืจืš ื’ืจื•ืขื™ื, ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืžื•ืคืจื–ืช, ืชืฉื™ืฉื•ืช ื•ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื‘ืฉื›ืจื•ืช ื”ื ื”ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ื™ื ืœืชืื•ื ื•ืช ื“ืจื›ื™ื. ื›ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื ืžื”ื™ืจื™ื ื‘ืงืžื‘ื•ื“ื™ื” ื‘ืกื“ืจ ื’ืžื•ืจ, ืื‘ืœ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื™ืฉ ื›ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื ืžืฉื•ื‘ืฉื™ื ื•ืœื ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ื˜ื•ื‘. ืขืœื™ืš ืœื ืงื•ื˜ ืžืฉื ื” ื–ื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ื›ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื ืœื ืžื•ืืจื™ื, ืžืฉื•ื‘ืฉื™ื ื•ืชื—ืช ื‘ื ื™ื™ื”.

ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื ื”ื™ื’ื”

ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื‘ืฉื›ืจื•ืช ื‘ืงืžื‘ื•ื“ื™ื”, ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืขื ืื ืฉื™ื ืขืœ ืื•ืคื ื•ืขื™ื ื•ืžื›ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช, ื”ื™ื ื‘ืขื™ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื”. ืชืื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื•ืคื›ื•ืช ืชื›ื•ืคื•ืช ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขื ื”ืขืœื™ื™ื” ื‘ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื›ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื ื”ืžื”ื™ืจื™ื. ื›ืืฉืจ ืจื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ืงื˜ื ื•ืข ืื• ืื•ืคื ื™ื™ื, ืืœ ืชื ื”ื’ ื‘ืฉื›ืจื•ืช. ืื ื ื—ื‘ืฉื• ืงืกื“ื” ื•ื”ื™ื• ืขืจื ื™ื™ื ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื›ืืฉืจ ืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ื›ืœื™ ืจื›ื‘ ืขื ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืžื›ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืžืชืงืจื‘ื•ืช ืžื”ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ืฉื ื™, ื›ืฉื”ื ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ื ื•ืกืขื™ื ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ื‘ืืžืฆืข ื”ื›ื‘ื™ืฉ ื›ืฉื”ืคื ืกื™ื ื”ืงื“ืžื™ื™ื ืฉืœื”ื ื“ื•ืœืงื™ื.

ื˜ื™ืคื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื

ืœืขืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช, ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ืฉืœ ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช, ื”ืชื ื’ืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ืžืชืจื—ืฉื•ืช ืžืจืื•ืช ืœืงื•ื™ื” ื•ืขื“ ืกืœื™ืœืช ื›ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื ืžืกื•ื›ื ืช, ืื• ื ื”ื’ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ื—ืกืจื™ื ื–ื”ื™ืจื•ืช. ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื”ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืœื”ืชื ื’ืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืฉืชื ื•ืช, ื”ื”ืฉืœื›ื•ืช ืชืžื™ื“ ื–ื”ื•ืช, ื•ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื›ืš ื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ, ื”ื—ืœ ืžื ื–ืง ื•ืขื“ ืคื’ื™ืขื” ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืช ื‘ืžื›ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื•ื‘ืจื›ื•ืฉ. ืื—ื“ ื”ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ื”ืชื•ืจืžื™ื ื”ืฉื›ื™ื—ื™ื ื”ื•ื ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื˜ืœืคื•ืŸ ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื‘ืงืžื‘ื•ื“ื™ื”. ื—ืžื™ืฉื” ืžื”ื”ืกื‘ืจื™ื ื”ื ืคื•ืฆื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื”ืŸ ืœืžื›ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ืŸ ืœืจื›ื‘ื™ื ืžืกื—ืจื™ื™ื, ืœืชืื•ื ื•ืช ื“ืจื›ื™ื ื‘ืงืžื‘ื•ื“ื™ื” ืžื•ื‘ืื™ื ืœื”ืœืŸ.

ืœืžื” ืืกื•ืจ ืœื”ื’ื–ื™ื ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช?

ื‘ืงืžื‘ื•ื“ื™ื”, ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืžื•ืคืจื–ืช ื”ื™ื ื”ื’ื•ืจื ื”ืฉื ื™ ื‘ืฉื›ื™ื—ื•ืชื• ืœืคืฆื™ืขื•ืช ื‘ืชื ื•ืขื”. ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืชืื•ื ื•ืช ืžื›ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื•ืžืฉืื™ื•ืช ื”ื›ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืžื•ืคืจื–ืช ืžืชืจื—ืฉื•ืช ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ื™ื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื•ืช, ืคืฆื™ืขื•ืช ืงื˜ืœื ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื“ืจื›ื™ื ื”ืŸ ื’ื ื’ื•ืจื ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™.

ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื ื”ื’ื™ื, ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืžื•ืคืจื–ืช ืžืขืœ ื”ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืชืจืช ื”ื™ื ืชื•ืคืขื” ืฉื›ื™ื—ื”. ื–ื• ื’ื ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ืœื ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื” ืฉืžืขืœื” ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืช ืืช ื”ืกื‘ื™ืจื•ืช ืœืื™ื‘ื•ื“ ืฉื™ื•ื•ื™ ืžืฉืงืœ ืฉืœ ืจื›ื‘ ื•ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœืชืื•ื ื”. ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœ ืžื›ืฉื•ืœ, ื›ื›ืœ ืฉืžื›ื•ื ื™ืช ื ื•ืกืขืช ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื›ืš ื ื“ืจืฉ ืœื”ืื˜ ื™ื•ืชืจ.

ืืคื™ืœื• ืขืœื™ื™ื” ืงืœื” ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืชื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ ืœื”ืชื ื’ืฉื•ืช ืื• ืฆื•ืจื” ื›ืœืฉื”ื™ ืฉืœ ืชืื•ื ื”. ื›ื›ื–ื”, ื™ืฉ ืฆื•ืจืš ืœื ื”ื’ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ื“ืขื™ื ืœืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉื‘ื” ื”ื ื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื ื•ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ื”ืžื’ื‘ืœื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ืงื™ื•ืช.

ืœืžื” ืืกื•ืจ ืœื ื”ื•ื’ ื‘ืฉื›ืจื•ืช?

ืกื™ื‘ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื ื•ืกืคืช ืœืคืฆื™ืขื•ืช, ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ืกื•ืคื™ ืฉื‘ื•ืข ื•ื‘ื—ื’ื™ื, ื”ื™ื ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื‘ืฉื›ืจื•ืช. ื›ืืฉืจ ืื ืฉื™ื ื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื ืœืื—ืจ ืฆืจื™ื›ืช ืืœื›ื•ื”ื•ืœ, ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ืฉืœื”ื ื•ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื”ืจื™ื›ื•ื– ืฉืœื”ื ื‘ื›ื‘ื™ืฉ ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืคื—ืชื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™, ืžื” ืฉืžืขืœื” ืืช ื”ืกื‘ื™ืจื•ืช ืœืชืื•ื ื”.

ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื›ืžื•ืช ืงื˜ื ื” ืฉืœ ืืœื›ื•ื”ื•ืœ ืชืกืคื™ืง ืœืจื›ื‘ื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœืขืœื™ื™ื” ื ื™ื›ืจืช ื‘ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื”ืชืจืกืงื•ืช, ืคืฆื™ืขื•ืช ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื‘ืฉื›ืจื•ืช ื ื™ืชื ื•ืช ืœืžื ื™ืขื” ื‘ืงืœื•ืช. ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื›ืœ ืคืขื ืฉืืชื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื ื”ื•ื’ ืื• ืœืฆืืช ืœืœื ื ื”ื’ ื™ื™ืขื•ื“ื™ ืื ืืชื” ืžืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืœืฉืชื•ืช ืืœื›ื•ื”ื•ืœ, ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื”ื™ืžื ืข ืžืืœื›ื•ื”ื•ืœ.

ืœืžื” ืืกื•ืจ ืœื ื”ื•ื’ ื‘ืคื–ื™ื–ื•ืช?

ื›ืœ ื”ืกื™ืžื ื™ื ื”ืงืœืืกื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ืžืกื•ื›ื ืช ื›ื•ืœืœื™ื ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืžื•ืคืจื–ืช, ื”ืขื‘ืจืช ื ืชื™ื‘ื™ื ืžื‘ืœื™ ืœื”ืกืชื›ืœ, ื”ืฆืžื“ืช ืจื›ื‘ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ื•ื”ืชืขืœืžื•ืช ืžืชืžืจื•ืจื™ื. ื–ื”ื• ื”ืจื’ืœ ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ืืกื•ืจ ืฉื›ื™ื•ื ื”ื•ื ื”ื’ื•ืจื ื”ืฉื›ื™ื— ืฉืœ ืงืžื‘ื•ื“ื™ื” ืœืคืฆื™ืขื•ืช ืชื ื•ืขื”.

ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ, ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ืžืกื•ื›ื ืช ื“ื•ืจืฉืช ื ื”ื’ ืฉืœื ื“ื•ืื’ ืœื›ืœ ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ ื”ื“ืจืš ืžืืฉืจ ืœืขืฆืžื. ืœืจื•ื‘, ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ ืœ-DUI, ื–ื” ืžืชื‘ืฆืข ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื ื”ื’ ืฉื™ื›ื•ืจ ืฉืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœื™ืขื“ื•.

ืžื” ื›ื“ืื™ ืœืš ื‘ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื‘ืขื•ื ืช ื”ื’ืฉืžื™ื?

ืชืืžื™ื ื• ืื• ืœื, ื‘ืงืžื‘ื•ื“ื™ื”, ื’ืฉื ื”ื•ื ืื—ื“ ื”ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ื”ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื™ื ืœืชืื•ื ื•ืช ื“ืจื›ื™ื. ืžื›ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื™ืื‘ื“ื• ืืช ืื—ื™ื–ืชืŸ ื‘ื›ื‘ื™ืฉ ื•ื™ืชื’ืœื’ืœื• ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ื›ื‘ื™ืฉ ื›ืฉื”ื›ื‘ื™ืฉ ื”ื•ืคืš ื—ืœืงืœืง ืžื“ื™, ืžื” ืฉืžื’ื‘ื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ืœื ื”ื’ื™ื ื•ืžืขืœื” ืืช ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืœืชืื•ื ื”.

ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ืจื›ื‘ ื—ืœืฉ, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืฆืžื™ื’ื™ื ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื”ื ืื—ื™ื–ื” ืžืกืคื™ืง ืขืžื•ืงื” ืื• ืฉืื™ื ื ืžื ื•ืคื—ื™ื ื‘ืžืœื•ืื, ื’ื ืžื’ื‘ื™ืจื™ื ืืช ืกื™ื›ื•ื ื™ ื”ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื”ืงืฉื•ืจื™ื ืœื’ืฉื. ืœืขืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช, ื‘ืžื–ื’ ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื’ืฉื•ื, ื ื”ื’ ื—ืกืจ ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืขืœื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื›ื ืก ืœืคืื ื™ืงื”, ื•ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื›ืš ืœืื•ื‘ื“ืŸ ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ื‘ืจื›ื‘. ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ื“ืข ื•ืขืจื ื™ ืœืชื ืื™ ื”ื“ืจืš, ืžื’ื‘ืœื•ืช ื”ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื•ื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ื‘ืžื–ื’ ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื’ืฉื•ื ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ืกื›ื ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื•ืชื™ื•ืช ื”ื›ืจื•ื›ื•ืช ื‘ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื‘ื’ืฉื ื›ื‘ื“.

ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื‘ืงืžื‘ื•ื“ื™ื”

ืœืคื ื™ ืฉืืชื ื‘ื•ื“ืงื™ื ื—ื‘ื™ืœื•ืช ื˜ื™ื•ืœ ืœืงืžื‘ื•ื“ื™ื” ื•ืžื–ืžื™ื ื™ื ื›ืจื˜ื™ืกื™ื, ื›ืขืช ืขืœื™ื›ื ืœืขืจื•ืš ืžื—ืงืจ ืจืงืข ืžืชืื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืื–ื•ืจ. ื”ืžื“ืจื™ืš ื”ืกื•ืคื™ ื”ื–ื” ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื‘ืงืžื‘ื•ื“ื™ื” ื™ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืฉืืœื•ืช ื•ื”ืฉืืœื•ืช ืฉืœืš ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืืจืฅ ื”ื™ืคื” ื”ื–ื•.

ื”ื ื” ื›ืžื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื›ื“ืื™ ืœื“ืขืช ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืงืžื‘ื•ื“ื™ื” ืื ืจืฆื™ืช ืœื”ืืจื™ืš ืืช ื”ืฉื”ื•ืช ื•ืœื˜ื™ื™ืœ ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ. ื›ืืฉืจ ืืชื” ืžืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช, ื”ื—ื•ืงื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื—ืœื™ื ืื—ืจืช, ืื– ื˜ื•ื‘ ืœื“ืขืช ืžื” ื”ื.

ืกืข ื‘ืชื•ืจ ืชื™ื™ืจ

ืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื ื”ื•ื’ ื›ืžื‘ืงืจ ื‘ืงืžื‘ื•ื“ื™ื” ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ืจื™ืฉื™ื•ืŸ ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ืชืงืฃ ื•-IDP. ืื ืืชื ืžืชื›ื•ื•ื ื™ื ืœื”ื™ืฉืืจ ื‘ืงืžื‘ื•ื“ื™ื”, ื›ื“ืื™ ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืื™ืš ืœื ื”ื•ื’ ืื• ืœืงื—ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ื ื”ื™ื’ื”. ืื•ืœื ื›ืชื™ื™ืจ, ื”ื—ื–ืงืช ืื™ืฉื•ืจ ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ ืžื•ืขื™ืœ ืœืขืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœ ืœื ื”ื•ื’ ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืืจืฅ ืื ืชืขืžื•ื“ ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืจื™ืฉื•ืช ื”ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื•ื™ืฉ ืœืš ืืช ื”ื›ื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ื”ื ื“ืจืฉื™ื.

ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื›ื ื”ื’

ืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ื›ื ื”ื’, ืืš ืขืœื™ืš ืœืขืžื•ื“ ื‘ื“ืจื™ืฉื•ืช. ื–ืจื™ื ื”ืžืชื’ื•ืจืจื™ื ื“ืจืš ืงื‘ืข ื‘ืงืžื‘ื•ื“ื™ื” ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื”ื™ืจืฉื ืœืจื™ืฉื™ื•ืŸ ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ืžืกื•ื’ "ืกื•ื’ A" ืื• "ืกื•ื’ B" ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืจื›ื™ืฉืช ื•ื™ื–ื” ืœืงืžื‘ื•ื“ื™ื”. ืจื™ืฉื™ื•ืŸ ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื”ื—ืœ ืขืœ ื–ืจื™ื ืžืงืžื‘ื•ื“ื™ื” ืชืงืฃ ืœืฉื ื”. ื•ืจื™ืฉื™ื•ืŸ ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ืงืžื‘ื•ื“ื™ ืžื•ื›ืจ ื›ื—ื•ืง ื‘ืžืœื–ื™ื” ื•ื‘ืชืื™ืœื ื“ ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ื”ืกื›ื ืžืฉื ืช 1985 ืขืœ ืงื‘ืœืช ืจื™ืฉื™ื•ืŸ ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ืžืงื•ืžื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ืคืง ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ASEAN.

ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื›ืžื“ืจื™ืš ื˜ื™ื•ืœื™ื

ืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืฉืžืฉ ื›ืžื“ืจื™ืš ื˜ื™ื•ืœื™ื ื‘ืงืžื‘ื•ื“ื™ื”, ืืš ืขืœื™ืš ืœืขืžื•ื“ ื‘ืชื ืื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื—ื•ืงื™. ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืžื—ืœื™ื˜ื™ื ืื ืžื˜ื•ืคืœื™ื ืœืฉืขื‘ืจ ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ื•ื™ื–ืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืœืงืžื‘ื•ื“ื™ื”. ืชื“ืจื•ืฉ ืื—ื“ ืื ื•ืจืง ืื ื™ืขืžื“ื• ื‘ื“ืจื™ืฉื•ืช ื”ื‘ืื•ืช:

  • ืขื‘ื“ืช ื›ืฉื”ื™ื™ืช ื‘ืืจืฆืš
  • ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืงื™ื™ื ื›ืืฉืจ ืืชื” ื‘ืงืžื‘ื•ื“ื™ื” ืขืœ ืกื™ื•ืจ ืื• ื•ื™ื–ืช ืชื™ื™ืจ
  • ื›ื‘ืจ ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื ื•ื›ื—ื•ืช ื‘ืงืžื‘ื•ื“ื™ื” ื•ืืชื” ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ืจื—ื™ื‘ ืืช ื”ืคืขื™ืœื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœืš

ื”ื’ืฉ ื‘ืงืฉื” ืœืชื•ืฉื‘ื•ืช

ื™ืฉ ืœื‘ืฆืข ืืช ื”ื”ืกืžื›ื” ื”ืกื˜ื ื“ืจื˜ื™ืช ืœืชื•ืฉื‘ื•ืช. ืื“ื ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื—ื™ื•ืช ืœืคื—ื•ืช ื—ืžืฉ ืฉื ื™ื ื‘ืงืžื‘ื•ื“ื™ื”. ืžื”ื’ืจ ืฉืžืชื—ืชืŸ ืขื ืžืงื•ืžื™ ื›ืฉื™ืจ ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ืช ืœืงื‘ืœ ืื–ืจื—ื•ืช ืขืœ ืคื™ ื‘ืงืฉื”. ืื–ืจื—ื•ืช ื›ืคื•ืœื” ืžื•ื›ืจืช, ืื‘ืœ ื›ืฉืืชื” ื”ื•ืคืš ืœืื–ืจื— ืงืžื‘ื•ื“ื™ื”, ืืชื” ืœื ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื•ื•ืชืจ ืขืœ ื”ืื–ืจื—ื•ืช ื”ืงื•ื“ืžืช ืฉืœืš.

ืœื—ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืงืžื‘ื•ื“ื™ื” ื”ื™ื ืื—ืช ื”ื“ืจื›ื™ื ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืžื”ื’ืจ ืœื”ืชืคืจื ืก. ืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื ืกื•ืข ืขื ืืฉืจืช ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจ ื–ืžื ื™ืช ื•ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ืœื”ื’ื™ืฉ ื‘ืงืฉื” ืœื•ื•ื™ื–ืช ืชื•ืฉื‘ ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื”ืชืžืงืžืช. ื—ืžืจ ื”ื™ื ื”ืฉืคื” ื”ื ืคื•ืฆื” ื‘ืขืจื™ื; ืื ืืชื” ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืข ืืช ื–ื”, ืœื ืชื•ื›ืœ ืœืงื‘ืœ ืงืจื™ื™ืจื” ื‘ืงืžื‘ื•ื“ื™ื” ื›ื™ ืืชื” ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืชืงืฉืจ.

ื˜ื™ืคื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื

ื‘ืงืžื‘ื•ื“ื™ื”, ื‘ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ ื•ื”ืชื—ื‘ื•ืจื” ืœื˜ืคืœ ื•ืœื”ื ืคื™ืง ืืช ื”ื‘ืงืฉื” ืœืจื™ืฉื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื”ืงืžื‘ื•ื“ื™. ื”ื”ืœื™ืš ืžืชืจื—ืฉ ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืžื˜ื” ืฉืœื”ื ื‘ืคื ื•ื ืคืŸ ื‘ืงื ื™ื•ืŸ Aeon Mall I ื•-Aeon Mall II ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืฉืจื“ื™ ื”ืกื•ื›ื ื•ืช ื”ืื–ื•ืจื™ืช ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื•ืช ื•ืชื—ื‘ื•ืจื”. ื”ื ื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืฉืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื‘ืงืžื‘ื•ื“ื™ื”.

ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ื’ื™ืฉ ื‘ืงืฉื” ืœืจื™ืฉื™ื•ืŸ ืงืžื‘ื•ื“ื™?

ืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื’ื™ืฉ ื‘ืงืฉื” ืœืžืฉืจื“ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ ื•ื”ืชื—ื‘ื•ืจื” ืœืงื‘ืœืช ืจื™ืฉื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ืฉืœืš ื‘ืงืžื‘ื•ื“ื™ื”. ืื ืชื’ื™ืฉ ื‘ืงืฉื” ื™ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืœืžืฉืจื“, ื”ืจื™ืฉื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœืš ื™ื”ื™ื” ืชืงืฃ ืœืฉื ื” ืื—ืช (ื”ื™ืชืจื™ื ืœื—ืžืฉ ืฉื ื™ื ืื™ื ื ื–ืžื™ื ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื–ืจื™ื) ื•ื™ืขืœื” 35 ื“ื•ืœืจ ืืจื”"ื‘. ื ืจืื” ื›ื™ ืจื™ืฉื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ืžืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืžื”ืจ ืœื”ืคืœื™ื, ื•ืœืžื—ืจืช ืชื•ื›ืœ ืœืงื‘ืœ ืจื™ืฉื™ื•ืŸ ื–ืžื ื™. ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ, ืชื•ื›ืœ ืœืงื•ื•ืช ืœืงื‘ืœ ืืช ื”ืจื™ืฉื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืžืชืื™ื ืฉืœืš.

ืขืœื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ื›ืŸ ืœื‘ืงืฉ ืืช ื”ื“ืจื›ื•ืŸ ืฉืœืš ืขื ื•ื™ื–ื” ืชืงืคื”, ื—ืžื™ืฉื” ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ืคืกืคื•ืจื˜ ื•ืจื™ืฉื™ื•ืŸ ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ืชืงืฃ ืžืžื“ื™ื ืช ื”ื•ืœื“ืชืš ื›ื“ื™ ืœื–ื›ื•ืช ื‘ืจื™ืฉื™ื•ืŸ ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ืงืžื‘ื•ื“ื™. ืื ืื™ืŸ ืœืš ืืช ื”ืจื™ืฉื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ ืฉืœืš ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืื• ื‘ืฆืจืคืชื™ืช, ืชืฆื˜ืจืš ืœื‘ืงืฉ ืขื•ืชืง ืžืชื•ืจื’ื ืฉื”ืฉื’ืจื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœืš ืื™ืฉืจื” ื ื•ื˜ืจื™ื•ืŸ. ืื ืœื ืชืงื‘ืœ ืจื™ืฉื™ื•ืŸ ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื›ืœืœ, ืžืฆื•ืคื” ืžืžืš ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืกื“ืจื” ืฉืœ ื‘ื—ื™ื ื•ืช ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื” ืžืžื•ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืช ื•ื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ืžืขืฉื™ืช ืœืื—ืจ ืฉืœืงื—ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืžื™ื“ืช ื”ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ืกืคืจ ืœื ื”ื™ื’ื” ืกืžื•ืš.

ื”ืื ืื ื™ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ืžื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืจื™ืฉื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื™ ื‘ืงืžื‘ื•ื“ื™ื”?

ื‘ืงืžื‘ื•ื“ื™ื”, ืจื™ืฉื™ื•ืŸ ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ ืื™ื ื• ืžื•ื›ืจ ืœืื—ืจ ืคืงื™ืขืช ืชื•ืงืคื•, ื•ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ืื• ื”ื ืกื™ืขื•ืช ืฉืœืš ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืชืžื•ืš ื‘ืชื‘ื™ืขืชืš ืื ืขื‘ืจืช ืชืื•ื ื” ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ืœืœื ืื™ืฉื•ืจ ืงืžื‘ื•ื“ื™ ืžืชืื™ื. ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉืืชื” ื ืขืฆืจ, ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉืชื‘ื—ืจ ืœืฉืœื (ืื• ืœื”ื™ืžื ืข) ืจืง ืืช ื”ืื’ืจื” ื”ืงื˜ื ื” ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ืœืœื ืจื™ืฉื™ื•ืŸ, ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉื›ื›ืœ ืฉื”ื–ืžืŸ ื™ืขื‘ื•ืจ, ื”ืงื ืกื•ืช ื™ื”ืคื›ื• ื—ืžื•ืจื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื•ืจื™ืฉื™ื•ืŸ ืงืžื‘ื•ื“ื™ ื™ื—ืกื•ืš ืœืš ื˜ืจื—ื” ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ื”ื“ืจืš.

ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉื’ืจื•ืฉื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœืงื—ืช ืืช ื”ื”ื™ืžื•ืจ ืฉืœ ืื™ืŸ ืœื”ื ืจื™ืฉื™ื•ืŸ ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ืžืงืžื‘ื•ื“ื™ื”, ื–ื” ืœื ืžืื•ื“ ืงืฉื” ืœื”ืฉื™ื’. ืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืขืœ ืจื™ืฉื™ื•ืŸ A2 ืœืื•ืคื ื•ืขื™ื ืžืขืœ 125 ืกืž"ืง, ืื• ืจื™ืฉื™ื•ืŸ B ืœื›ืœื™ ืจื›ื‘ ื”ืžื›ื™ืœื™ื ืคื—ื•ืช ืžืชืฉืขื” ืื ืฉื™ื ืœื ื”ื•ื’ ื‘ืงืžื‘ื•ื“ื™ื”. ืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื ื”ื•ื’ ืขืœ ืื•ืคื ื•ืขื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื ืž-125 ืกืž"ืง ืขื ืจื™ืฉื™ื•ืŸ B, ืื‘ืœ ืื ืืชื” ืžืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืœื ื”ื•ื’ ื’ื ืขืœ ืื•ืคื ื•ืข ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืชืฆื˜ืจืš ื’ื ืจื™ืฉื™ื•ืŸ A2

ืฉื™ืžื• ืœื‘ ืฉืืชื ืœื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืจื™ืฉื™ื•ืŸ ืขืœ ืคื™ ื—ื•ืง ืื ืืชื ืžืชื›ื•ื•ื ื™ื ืœื ื”ื•ื’ ืขืœ ืื•ืคื ื•ืข ืื• ืงื˜ื ื•ืข ืฉื ืคื—ื• ืคื—ื•ืช ืž-125 ืกืž"ืง, ืื‘ืœ ืœืจื•ื‘ ื”ื—ื•ืงื™ื ืงืฆืช ืžื˜ื•ืฉื˜ืฉื™ื ื›ืฉืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื–ืจื™ื, ืื– ืื•ืœื™ ื›ื“ืื™ ื‘ื›ืœ ื–ืืช ืœื”ื’ื™ืฉ ื‘ืงืฉื” ืœืจื™ืฉื™ื•ืŸ.

ื”ื™ืขื“ื™ื ื”ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื™ื ื‘ืงืžื‘ื•ื“ื™ื”

ืื ืืชื” ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืคื ืง ืืช ืขืฆืžืš ื‘ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื•ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืื• ืกืชื ืœื‘ืจื•ื— ืžื—ื™ื™ ื”ืขื™ืจ ื”ืขืžื•ืกื™ื, ื–ื” ื›ื‘ืจ ื™ื™ืชืŸ ืœืš ื”ืจื‘ื” ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช ืœื’ืœื•ืช ืืช ื™ืขื“ื™ ื”ื˜ื™ื•ืœ ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืงืžื‘ื•ื“ื™ื”.

ืฆื™ืœื•ื ืื ื’ืงื•ืจ ื•ื•ืื˜ ืžืืช ืคื•ืœ ืกื‘ืฆ'ื™ืง

ืื ื’ืงื•ืจ ื•ื•ืื˜

ื ืงื•ื“ืช ื”ืžืฉื™ื›ื” ืžืกืคืจ ืื—ืช ืฉืœ ืงืžื‘ื•ื“ื™ื” ื”ื™ื ืขื™ื™ืจืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉื™ื ื”ื–ื•. ื”ืžืงื“ืฉื™ื ืฉืœ ืขื™ื“ืŸ ืื ื’ืงื•ืจ, ื”ื ื’ื™ืฉื™ื ืžื”ืขื™ื™ืจื” ืกื™ืื ืจื™ืค, ื”ื ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืฉืืคืชื ื™ื™ื ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœื ื•ื‘ื™ื•ืคื™ ื”ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ืฉืœื”ื, ืขื“ ืฉืื ื’ืงื•ืจ ื•ื•ืื˜ ืžื“ื•ืจื’ ื›ืื—ื“ ืžื”ืืชืจื™ื ื”ืขืชื™ืงื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืฉื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื‘ืงืจ ื‘ื”ื.

ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื™ืžื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื, ื”ื™ื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ืขื™ืจ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื•ืžืจื›ื– ื”ื›ื•ื— ื”ืขืฆื•ื ืฉืœ ืฉืœื™ื˜ื™ ื”ื—ืžืจ, ืฉื ื‘ื ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื ื™ื 802 ืœ-1432 ืœืกืคื™ืจื”, ืฉื‘ื™ืงืฉื• ืœืขืœื•ืช ืขืœ ืžืงื‘ื™ืœื™ื”ื ื‘ืชืคืืจืช ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืœื”ื. ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื‘ืชื™ ื”ืขืฅ ืฉืœ ื”ืขื™ืจ ื”ื•ื›ืจืขื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื™ืขืจ ืฉืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื•ืื– ื ืจืงื‘ื•, ืžื” ืฉื ื•ืชืจ ื”ื™ื•ื ื”ื ืจืง ืื•ืชื ืžืงื“ืฉื™ื ืื“ื™ืจื™ื.

ื”ื•ืจืื•ืช ื ืกื™ืขื”:

  1. ืžื ืžืœ ื”ืชืขื•ืคื” ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ ืฉืœ ืคื ื•ื ืคืŸ, ืฆืื• ืœื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื“ืจื•ื ืžืขืจื‘.
  2. ืคื•ื ื” ืฉืžืืœื”.
  3. ื‘ื›ื™ื›ืจ, ืฆืื• ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”.
  4. ืคื ื™ื” ื—ื“ื” ืฉืžืืœื” ืืœ ืื™ื™ืจืคื•ืจื˜ ืจื•ืื“.
  5. ื”ืžืฉื™ื›ื• ืืœ ื›ื‘ื™ืฉ ื”ืชืขื•ืคื”.
  6. ืœืœื›ืช ื™ืฉืจ.

ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช

ืื ืืชื” ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื—ืงื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืื–ื•ืจ, ื”ื ื” ืจืฉื™ืžื” ืฉืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ื–ืžื™ื ื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื‘ืžืงื•ื.

  1. ืงื— ืงืคื™ืฆื” ืœืžืงื“ืฉ

    ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ ืฉืœ ืื ื’ืงื•ืจ ื•ื•ืื˜ ืขืฆืžื•, ื”ืžื‘ื ื” ื”ื“ืชื™ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ืขื•ืœื, ื”ื•ื ืจืง ื—ืœืง ืื—ื“ ืžื”ืืชืจ ื‘ืกืš ื”ื›ืœ, ื•ืื ืชืจืฆื• ืœื”ืขืจื™ืš ืืช ืงื ื” ื”ืžื™ื“ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื”ื™ืฉื’ื™ื ื”ืืจื›ื™ื˜ืงื˜ื•ื ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืชืงื•ืคืช ืื ื’ืงื•ืจ, ืžืขื’ืœ ื”ืžืงื“ืฉื™ื ืจื—ื‘ ื”ื™ื“ื™ื™ื ืจืื•ื™ ืœืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื™ืžื™ื ืœื‘ืงืจ.
  2. ืœืš ืœื‘ื™ืช ืงืคื”

    ื ื˜ื•ืฉื” ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ ืœืื—ืจ ื”ื›ืื•ืก ืฉืœ ื”ื—ืžืจ ืจื•ื–' ื•ื ืฉืืจื” ืœืงืžื•ืœ ื•ืœืžื•ืช, ืคื ื•ื ืคืŸ ื—ื–ืจื” ืœืžืขืžื“ื” ื•ื”ืคื›ื” ืœืื—ืช ื”ืขืจื™ื ื”ืชื•ืกืกื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื“ืจื•ื ืžื–ืจื— ืืกื™ื”. ื–ื”ื• ื”ื™ืขื“ ื”ืงื•ืกืžื•ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืงืžื‘ื•ื“ื™ื” ืœืชื™ื™ืจื™ื, ืขื ืกืฆื ืช ื‘ืชื™ ืงืคื” ื•ืžืกืขื“ื•ืช ืœืœื ืชื—ืจื•ืช ื‘ืฉืืจ ื”ืขื•ืœื.
  3. ื‘ืงืจ ื‘ืžื•ื–ื™ืื•ื ื™ื

    ื‘ืžื•ื–ื™ืื•ืŸ ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ ืฉื•ื›ืŸ ื•ื™ื–'ื•ืืœ ืžื“ื”ื™ื ืฉืœ ืคืกืœ ื—ืžืจ ื”ืขื•ืงื‘ ืื—ืจ ืขื‘ืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืžื”ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ื˜ืจื•ื-ืื ื’ืงื•ืจื™ืื ื™ืช ื•ืขื“ ืœืชืคืืจืช ื”ืคื ื•ืžื ืœื™ืช ืฉืœ ืžืœื›ื™ ื”ืืœื™ื ืฉืœ ืื ื’ืงื•ืจ. ื”ืืจืžื•ืŸ ื”ืžืœื›ื•ืชื™ ืžืฆื™ืข ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช ื ื”ื“ืจื•ืช ืœืื•ืžื ื•ืช ืžืกื•ืจืชื™ืช, ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉืžื•ื–ื™ืื•ืŸ Tuol Sleng ื•ืฉื“ื•ืช ื”ื”ืจื’ ืฉืœ ืฆ'ื•ืื•ื ื’ ืืง ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื˜ืจื•ืจ ื•ื”ืืœื™ืžื•ืช ืฉืกื‘ืœื• ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ ื”ืืจืฅ ื”ื–ื• ืชื—ืช ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื”ื—ืžืจ ืจื•ื–'.
ืžื—ื•ื– Ratanakiri ืงืžื‘ื•ื“ื™ื” ืชืžื•ื ื” ืžืืช Bram Wouters

Ratanakiri

ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืืื•ื˜ื‘ืง ืงืžื‘ื•ื“ื™ื”, ื•ืžืกืœื•ืœื™ ื”ืขืคืจ ื”ืื“ื•ืžื™ื ื”ืื™ื ืกื•ืคื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืื–ื•ืจ, ื”ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื™ื ืœื›ืคืจื™ ืžื™ืขื•ื˜ื™ื ืืชื ื™ื™ื, ื”ื ื”ืฉืžื—ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืจืคืชืงืŸ ื—ืกืจ ืคื—ื“. ืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืฆืืช ืœื˜ื™ื•ืœื™ื ื‘ืคืืจืง ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ ื•ื™ืจืฆ'ื™, ื‘ื™ืชื ืฉืœ ืคื™ืœื™ื, ืืจื™ื•ืช ื•ื“ื•ื‘ื™ ืฉืžืฉ. ื™ืฉ ื’ื ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช ืžืจื’ื™ืขื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืžื›ื™ืจื”. ื ืงื•ื“ืช ืฉื—ื™ื™ื” ืฉืœื•ื•ื” ื”ื™ื ืžื™ ื”ืื–ืžืจื’ื“ ืฉืœ ืื’ื ืžื›ืชืฉ Yeak Lom ืžืžืฉ ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœืขื™ืจ ื‘ืืŸ ืœื•ื ื’, ื‘ืขื•ื“ ื”ืžืคืœื™ื ืฉืœ Chaa Ong ื•-Ka Tieng ื”ื ื”ืกื—ื•ืช ื“ืขืช ืžื”ื ื•ืช ื”ืžืกืคืงื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืจื˜ื‘ื”.

ื”ื•ืจืื•ืช ื ืกื™ืขื”:

  1. ืžื ืžืœ ื”ืชืขื•ืคื” ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ ืฉืœ ืคื ื•ื ืคืŸ, ืฆืื• ื“ืจื•ืžื”.
  2. ืคื•ื ื” ืฉืžืืœื”.
  3. ื”ืžืฉืš ื™ืฉืจ.
  4. ื‘ื›ื™ื›ืจ, ืฆืื• ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื•ื”ื™ืฉืืจื• ืขืœ NR64.
  5. ืคื ื” ืฉืžืืœื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื™ืฉืืจ ืขืœ NR78A.
  6. ืคื ื™ื” ืงืœื” ื™ืžื™ื ื” ืืœ Pr 3 RK 2.
  7. ืคื ื” ื™ืžื™ื ื”.

ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช

ืื ืืชื” ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื—ืงื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืื–ื•ืจ, ื”ื ื” ืจืฉื™ืžื” ืฉืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ื–ืžื™ื ื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื‘ืžืงื•ื.

  1. ืœืœื›ืช ืœื˜ื™ื•ืœ ืจื’ืœื™

    ื”ืžื—ื•ื– ื”ื•ื ืื—ื“ ื”ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื˜ืจืงื™ื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื›ืœ ืžื™ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื• ืจืฆืฃ ื”ืจืคืชืงื ื™ ื‘ืงืžื‘ื•ื“ื™ื”. ืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื ืกื•ืช ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ื’ื™ื‘ื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ืฉื™ืžื•ืจ ื•ื•ืŸ ืกืื™-ืกื™ืื ืคืื ื’, ืฉื ื˜ื™ื•ืœื™ ืœื™ืœื” ื›ืจื•ื›ื™ื ื‘ืฉื”ื™ื™ื” ื‘ืขืจืกืœื™ื ื•ืขืœื™ื™ื” ืžื•ืงื“ืžืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขืงื•ื‘ ืื—ืจ ื’ื™ื‘ื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ืœื—ื™ื™ื.
  2. ืกึดื™ื•ึผืจ

    ื™ื•ืฉื‘ ืขืœ ืจืืฉ ื”ืจื™ ื“ื ื’ืจืง, Prasat Preah Vihear ื”ื•ื ืžืชื—ื ืžืงื“ืฉื™ื ืื“ื™ืจ ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืชื ื™ื ืžื’ื•ืœืคื™ื ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ืช ื”ืžื—ื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื›ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื ืืจื•ื›ื™ื, ืฉื ื‘ื ื• ื‘ืžืงื•ืจ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื›ื‘ื“ ืืช ื”ืืœ, ืฉื™ื•ื•ื”, ืขืœ ืžืชืœื•ืœ ืขื ื ื•ืคื™ื ืžืกื—ืจืจื™ื ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ืžื™ืฉื•ืจื™ ื”ื”ืฆืคื” ื‘ืงืžื‘ื•ื“ื™ื”.
  3. ืฆื ืœื˜ื™ื•ืœ ื™ื•ื

    ืขื ื–ืืช, ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ื”ืจืคืชืงื ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื–ื”ื• ื’ื ื‘ืกื™ืก ืžืฆื•ื™ืŸ ืœื—ืงื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืžืจืื•ืช ืฉืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืฉืœ ื”ื“ืจื•ื. ื—ื•ืคืฉืช ื”ืงื™ืฅ ื”ืฆืจืคืชื™ืช ื”ื™ืฉื ื” ืžืชื—ื ืช ื‘ื•ืงื•ืจ ื”ื™ืœ, ืขื ื”ื›ื ืกื™ื™ื” ื”ื ื˜ื•ืฉื” ื•ื”ืงื•ื ื›ื™ื™ื” ื”ืคืจื•ืขื” ื•ื”ืจื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ืžืœื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื™ื” ืคืขื ื ื”ื“ืจ, ื”ื™ื ื˜ื™ื•ืœ ื™ื•ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืžื”ืื–ื•ืจ, ื›ืžื• ื’ื ืžืขืจื•ืช ื”ื’ื™ืจ ืฉืœ ืคื ื•ื ืฆ'ื ื•ืจืง ื•ืคื ื•ื ืกื•ืจื™ื”, ืฉืชื™ื”ืŸ. ื™ืฉ ืžืงื“ืฉื™ื ืขืชื™ืงื™ื ื‘ืคื ื™ื.
ืžื—ื•ื– Kratie ืงืžื‘ื•ื“ื™ื” ืชืžื•ื ื” ืžืืช Britt Gaiser

ืงืจืื˜ื™

ื‘ื—ืจืช ืืช ื”ื™ืขื“ ื”ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืื ืืชื” ื›ืืŸ ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื—ื•ื•ื™ืช ื”ืžืงื•ื ื’ ื”ืžืœืื”. ื”ืžืฉืชืจืขืช ืœืื•ืจืš ื’ื“ื•ืช ื”ืžืงื•ื ื’ ื”ืื“ื™ืจื”, ืงืจืื˜ื™, ื”ื•ื“ื•ืช ืœืกื™ื•ืจื™ ื”ืฆืคื™ื™ื” ื‘ื“ื•ืœืคื™ื ื™ื, ื”ืคื›ื” ืœื™ืขื“ ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ืœืžื˜ื™ื™ืœื™ื. ื”ื“ื•ืœืคื™ื ื™ื ื‘ืกื›ื ืช ื”ื›ื—ื“ื” ืฉืœ ืื™ืจื•ื•ืื“ื™ ื”ื ื™ืœื™ื“ื™ ื”ืžืงื•ื ื’, ื•ื›ื‘ืจ ื”ื•ืฆื‘ื• ื™ื•ื–ืžื•ืช ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื™ื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœื ืกื•ืช ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœืžืกืคืจื ืœืจื“ืช.

ื”ื•ืจืื•ืช ื ืกื™ืขื”:

  1. ืžื ืžืœ ื”ืชืขื•ืคื” ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ ืฉืœ ืคื ื•ื ืคืŸ, ืฆืื• ืœื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืžื–ืจื—.
  2. ื‘ื›ื™ื›ืจ, ืฆืื• ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืื” ื”-3 ืืœ NR78A.
  3. ืคื ื” ื™ืžื™ื ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื™ืฉืืจ ืขืœ NR78A.
  4. ื”ืžืฉืš ืืœ 23.
  5. ืคื ื™ื™ื” ืงืœื” ืฉืžืืœื” ืืœ AH11/NR7.
  6. ืขืฉื” ืคื ื™ื™ื” ื™ืžื™ื ื”.
  7. ืคื•ื ื” ืฉืžืืœื”.

ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช

ืื ืืชื” ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื—ืงื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืื–ื•ืจ, ื”ื ื” ืจืฉื™ืžื” ืฉืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ื–ืžื™ื ื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื‘ืžืงื•ื.

  1. ืฆืคื• ื‘ื“ื•ืœืคื™ื ื™ื

    ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžืชืŸ ื›ืœื›ืœื” ื—ืœื•ืคื™ืช ืœื“ื™ื’, ืœืชื™ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ื™ื” ื—ืœืง ื˜ื•ื‘ ื‘ืกื™ื•ืข ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืจ ื”ื“ื•ืœืคื™ื ื™ื. ืœื›ื• ืœืงืžืคื™, ืžืžืฉ ืฆืคื•ื ื™ืช ืœืงืจืื˜ื™, ื›ื“ื™ ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ื“ื•ืœืคื™ื ื™ื, ืฉื ื™ืฉ ืฉืคืข ืฉืœ ืกื™ื•ืจื™ ืกื™ืจื” ื–ืžื™ื ื™ื.
  2. ืงื‘ืœื• ื”ืฆืฆื” ืœืืจื›ื™ื˜ืงื˜ื•ืจื” ืฉืœื•

    ื‘ืขื™ื™ืจืช ื”ื ื”ืจ ื”ืฉืœื•ื•ื” ืฉืœ ืงืจืื˜ื™ ื™ืฉ ื”ืžื•ืŸ ืื•ื•ื™ืจื” ืžื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ื™ืฉืŸ. ื–ื” ืชืขื ื•ื’ ืœืฉื•ื˜ื˜ ื‘ืจื•ื‘ืข ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ื”ืงื•ืžืคืงื˜ื™, ื”ืžืœื ื‘ืืจื›ื™ื˜ืงื˜ื•ืจืช ื—ื ื•ื™ื•ืช-ื‘ื™ืช ืฉื ื•ืชืจื”, ืฉื—ืœืงื ืฉื•ืคืฆื• ื‘ืงืคื™ื“ื”. ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื• ื”ืžืฆื•ื ื ืช ืžืื•ื“, ืงืกืžื• ืฉืœ ืงืžืคื•ื˜ ื˜ืžื•ืŸ, ื•ืžื˜ื™ื™ืœื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืžื•ืฆืื™ื ืืช ืขืฆืžื ืžื•ื ื—ื™ื ื›ืืŸ ื–ืžืŸ ืจื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืžื” ืฉืชื›ื ื ื•, ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื ื›ื ืข ืœืงืฆื‘ ื”ื ื•ื— ืฉืœื•.
  3. ืœืœื›ืช ืœืฉื—ื•ืช

    ื–ื”ื• ืื—ื“ ื”ืื™ื™ื ื”ื ื•ืคื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ืœ ื”ืื™ื™ื, ืขื ืชืจื™ืกืจ ืืชืจื™ ื ื•ืคืฉ ื‘ืงืชื•ืช ื—ื•ืฃ ื‘ืžืคืจืฅ ืกืจืืกืŸ ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ ื•ื”ืืจื•ืš ื”ืžืกืคืงื™ื ื”ืคื•ื’ื” ืžื‘ื•ืจื›ืช ืžื”ืขื•ืœื. ื–ื” ื‘ืืžืช ื”ื›ืœ ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ื–ืžืŸ ืขืจืกืœ ื›ืืŸ, ืื‘ืœ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืชื™ื™ืจื™ื ื”ื”ืจืคืชืงื ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื™ืฉ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื—ื•ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฆืœื™ืœื” ื‘ืžื›ื™ืจื”.

ืงื‘ืœ ืืช ืจื™ืฉื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ ืฉืœืš ืชื•ืš ืฉืขืชื™ื™ื

ืื™ืฉื•ืจ ืžื™ื™ื“ื™

ืชืงืฃ ืœ-1-3 ืฉื ื™ื

ืžืฉืœื•ื— ืืงืกืคืจืก ืœื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื

ื—ื–ืจื” ืœืžืขืœื”