ืžื”ื™ืจ, ืงืœ ื•ื‘ืžื—ื™ืจ ืกื‘ื™ืจ: ื”ื’ืฉ ื‘ืงืฉื” ืœืจื™ืฉื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ ืฉืœืš ืขื•ื“ ื”ื™ื•ื!โž”
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ืžื“ืจื™ืš ื”ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ืฉืœ ืงื•ืžื•ืจื•

ืงื•ืžื•ืจื• ื”ื™ื ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื™ืคื”ืคื™ื™ื” ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ืช. ื—ืงื•ืจ ืืช ื›ืœ ื–ื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื›ืืฉืจ ืืชื” ืžืงื‘ืœ ืืช ื”ื™ืชืจ ื”ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ ืฉืœืš.

2021-04-09 ยท 9 ืงืจื™ืื” ื“ืงื”

ืื ืืชื ืžื—ืคืฉื™ื ืžืงื•ื ืžื•ืฉืœื ื‘ื• ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœื’ืœื•ืช ื—ื•ืคื™ื ื—ืœื•ืžื™ื™ื, ื—ื•ืคื™ ื—ื•ืœ ื•ื™ืžื™ื ื ืคืœืื™ื ื‘ื™ื, ืื– ืงื•ืžื•ืจื• ื”ื™ื ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื”ืžื•ืฉืœืžืช ืœื‘ื™ืงื•ืจ. ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ืช ืžืืจื‘ืขื” ืื™ื™ื ื’ืขืฉื™ื™ื ืขื ืงื• ื—ื•ืฃ ื›ื•ืœืœ ืฉืœ ื› -225 ืง"ืž. ื™ืฉ ืœื” ื’ื ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื•ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ืขืฉื™ืจื™ื, ื•ื™ืฉ ื ื•ื›ื—ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืืงื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื•ืžืฉืื‘ื™ ื˜ื‘ืข ืžื’ื•ื•ื ื™ื. ืขืจื›ื• ืืช ื”ืžื™ืœื•ื˜ ื”ื˜ืจื•ืคื™ ื‘ืงื•ืžื•ืจื•!

ืฆืœืœ ืืœ ืขื•ืœื ื”ื”ืจืคืชืงืื•ืช ื”ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ืืจื›ื™ืคืœื’ ืงื•ืžื•ืจื•ืก ื–ื” ื”ืžืžื•ืงื ื‘ืื•ืงื™ืื ื•ืก ื”ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื‘ื—ืœืง ื”ืฆืคื•ื ื™ ืฉืœ ืขืจื•ืฅ ืžื•ื–ืžื‘ื™ืง. ืœื—ืงื•ืจ ืืช ื”ื™ืขื“ื™ื ื”ื™ืคื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื ื•ื— ื™ื•ืชืจ ืื ืฉื•ื›ืจื™ื ืจื›ื‘. ืจืง ื•ื•ื“ื ืฉื™ืฉ ืœืš ืืช ืจื™ืฉื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ ืฉืœืš ื•ืืช ื”ื™ืชืจ ื”ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ ืฉืœืš ืœืคื ื™ ืฉืืชื” ื ื•ื”ื’ ื‘ืงื•ืžื•ืจื•.

ืื™ืš ื”ืžื“ืจื™ืš ื”ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœืš?

ืœืคื ื™ ืฉืืชื” ื ื•ืกืข ืœืื™ื™ ืงื•ืžื•ืจื•, ืขืœื™ืš ืœื“ืขืช ืืช ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ื”ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ ืฉืœื•, ื—ื•ืงื™ ื”ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื•ื›ืœืœื™ ื”ื ื”ื™ื’ื”, ืžืฆื‘ื™ ื”ื“ืจืš ื•ื”ื™ืขื“ื™ื ื”ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื™ื ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื”. ืžื“ืจื™ืš ืžืงื™ืฃ ื–ื” ื‘ื•ื•ื“ืื™ ื™ืขื–ื•ืจ ืœืžื‘ืงืจื™ื ื–ืจื™ื ื›ืžื•ืš ื‘ืงื‘ืœืช ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช ืžื•ืฉื›ืœื•ืช ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ื ืกื™ืขื•ืช ืฉืœืš. ืืกื•ืจ ืœื ื”ื•ื’ ื‘ืงื•ืžื•ืจื•ืก ืœืœื ื•ื™ื–ื” ื•ืื™ืฉื•ืจ ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™. ื•ื“ื ืฉื™ืฉ ืœืš ืืช ื”ืžืกืžื›ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืœืคื ื™ ืฉืืชื” ืขื•ืฉื” ื”ืจืคืชืงืื•ืช ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ื•ืช ื•ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ืฉื›ื—ื•ืช.

ืžื™ื“ืข ื›ืœืœื™

ืงื•ืžื•ืจื•, ืžื“ื™ื ืช ืื™ ืจื™ื‘ื•ื ื™ืช, ื™ื“ื•ืขื” ืจืฉืžื™ืช ื›ืื™ื—ื•ื“ ืงื•ืžื•ืจื•. ื”ืฉื ืงื•ืžื•ืจื• ื”ื’ื™ืข ืžื”ืžื™ืœื” ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ืช "ืงืืžืจ", ืฉืคื™ืจื•ืฉื” "ื™ืจื—". ื”ืื™ื™ื ืžื•ืฉื›ื™ื ืืœื™ื”ื ืชื™ื™ืจื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ื ื•ืฃ ื”ื™ืคื” ื•ื”ื™ื, ืฉื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœืžื•ื’ื™ื ื”ืžืจื”ื™ื‘ื•ืช ื•ื—ื•ืคื™ ื—ื•ืœ ืœื‘ื ื™ื ื•ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžืจืชืงืช. ืžืฆื ื›ืืŸ ืขื•ื“ ืžื™ื“ืข ืขืœ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื•ื”ืขืจืš ืืช ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื• ื•ื ืคืœืื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™.

ืžื™ืงื•ื ื’ื™ืื•ื’ืจืคื™

ืงื•ืžื•ืจื• ื”ื™ื ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ืื™ื™ื ื”ื ืžืฆืืช ื› -180 ืžื™ื™ืœ ืžื”ื—ื•ืฃ ื”ืžื–ืจื—ื™ ืฉืœ ืืคืจื™ืงื”. ื–ื” ื‘ืงืฆื” ื”ืฆืคื•ื ื™ ืฉืœ ืขืจื•ืฅ ืžื•ื–ืžื‘ื™ืง ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ืงื™ืื ื•ืก ื”ื”ื•ื“ื™. ื™ืฉื ื ืืจื‘ืขื” ืื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืืจื›ื™ืคืœื’ ื”ืงื•ืžื•ืจื™, ืžืฆืคื•ืŸ-ืžืขืจื‘ ืœื“ืจื•ื-ืžื–ืจื— ื›ื•ืœืœื™ื ืืช ื’ืจื ื“ื” ืงื•ืžื•ืจ (N'gazidja), Mohรฉli (Mwali), Anjouan (Ndzuwani) ื•- Mayotte (Mahore). ืฆืจืคืช ืžื ื”ืœืช ืืช ื”ืื™ ื”ืจื‘ื™ืขื™, ืžื™ื•ื˜, ืืš ืงื•ืžื•ืจื• ื˜ื•ืขื ืช ื–ืืช. ื”ืฉื˜ื— ื”ืžืฉื•ืœื‘ ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื˜ื— ื”ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ ืฉืœ ืืจื‘ืขืช ื”ืื™ื™ื ื”ื•ื 2,235 ืงืž"ืจ, ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืขื˜ ืงื˜ืŸ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืžื“ื™ื ืช ืจื•ื“ ืื™ื™ืœื ื“ ื‘ืืจื”"ื‘.

ืฉืคื•ืช ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจื•ืช

ื”ืฉืคื•ืช ื”ืจืฉืžื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืงื•ืžื•ืจื• ื”ืŸ ืงื•ืžื•ืจื™ืช, ืขืจื‘ื™ืช ื•ืฆืจืคืชื™ืช. ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืื™ื™ื ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื–ื ื™ื ืงื•ืžื•ืจื™ื™ื ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ื™ื ืœืื™ (Shikomoro), ืฉืคืช ื‘ื ื˜ื• ื”ืงืฉื•ืจื” ืœืกื•ื•ืืœื™ื”ื™ ื•ื›ืชื•ื‘ื” ื‘ื›ืชื‘ ืขืจื‘ื™. ืฆืจืคืชื™ืช ื”ื™ื ืฉืคืช ื”ืžืžืฉืœ, ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจืช ื’ื ืขืจื‘ื™ืช, ื”ืžืฉืงืคืช ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื” ืฉืžืงื•ืจื” ื‘ืกื•ื—ืจื™ื ืขืจื‘ื™ื, ืขืžื™ื ืืคืจื™ืงืื™ื ื•ืžื”ื’ืจื™ื ืžืœืื™ื.

ืฉื˜ื— ืื“ืžื”

ืงื•ืžื•ืจื• ื”ื•ื ืืจื›ื™ืคืœื’ ื‘ืŸ ืืจื‘ืขื” ืื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื™ื‘ืฉืช ืืคืจื™ืงื” ืœืงืฆื” ื”ืฆืคื•ื ื™ ืฉืœ ืžื“ื’ืกืงืจ ื‘ืชืขืœืช ืžื•ื–ืžื‘ื™ืง. ืขื ื–ืืช, ื”ืื™ ื”ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ ืžืื™ื•ื˜, ื”ื•ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืชืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฆืจืคืช. ื”ืฉื˜ื— ื”ืžืฉื•ืœื‘ ืฉืœ ืืจื‘ืขืช ื”ืื™ื™ื ื”ื•ื 2,235 ืงืž"ืจ, ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืขื˜ ืงื˜ืŸ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืžื“ื™ื ืช ืจื•ื“ ืื™ื™ืœื ื“ ื‘ืืจื”"ื‘. ืงื• ื”ื—ื•ืฃ ื”ื›ื•ืœืœ ืฉืœ ื”ืื™ ื”ื•ื 340 ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื.

ื”ึดื™ืกื˜ื•ึนืจึดื™ึธื”

ื‘ืฉื ืช 1843, ืฆืจืคืช ื”ืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ื” ื‘ืื—ื“ ืžืื™ื™ ืงื•ืžื•ืจื•, ืฉื”ื ืžื™ื•ื˜. ื‘- 1904 ืฆืจืคืช ืฆืจืคื” ืืช ืฉืืจื™ืช ื”ืืจื›ื™ืคืœื’. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1974, ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื” ื”ืฆื‘ื™ืขื” ื‘ืขื“ ืขืฆืžืื•ืช. ื”ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื ื•ืฆืจื™ ืฉืœ ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ ืžื™ื•ื˜ ื”ืฆื‘ื™ืข ื ื’ื“ ื”ืฆื˜ืจืคื•ืช ืœืฉืœื•ืฉืช ื”ืื™ื™ื ื”ืื™ืกืœืืžื™ื™ื. ืงื•ืžื•ืจื• ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืžื•ืฉื‘ื” ืฆืจืคืชื™ืช ืขื“ ืœืขืฆืžืื•ืชื” ื‘- 6 ื‘ื™ื•ืœื™ 1975. ืืš ืฆืจืคืช ื‘ื—ืจื” ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ื”ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ื‘ืžื™ื•ื˜, ื”ืื™ ื”ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ ื‘ืืจื›ื™ืคืœื’ ืงื•ืžื•ืจื•, ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ื‘ืกื™ืก ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ.

ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื—ื•ืกืจ ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืช ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืงื™ื‘ืœื” ืขืฆืžืื•ืช, ื•ืกื‘ืœื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž -20 ื”ืคื™ื›ื•ืช ื•ื›ืžื” ื ื™ืกื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืคืจื™ื“ื”. ื”ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื™ื ืจืฆื• ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ืœืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื”ืฆืจืคืชื™ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืจ ืจื•ื•ื—ื™ื ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื™ื ื•ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื™ื. ืœืžืจื•ืช ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ืœืื™ื—ื•ื“ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”, ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ืœื ื™ื›ืœื” ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืชื—ื•ืฉืช ื–ื”ื•ืช ืœืื•ืžื™ืช ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช. ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืฉื™ื—ื•ืช ืฉืœื•ื ื‘ื•ื˜ืœื•, ื—ื•ืงื” ื—ื“ืฉื” ืฉืื•ืฉืจื” ื‘ืžืจืฅ 2002 ื’ืจืžื” ืœืื™ื—ื•ื“ ืฉืœื•ืฉืช ื”ืื™ื™ื.

ืžึถืžึฐืฉืึธืœึธื”

ืงื•ืžื•ืจื• ื”ื™ื ืจืคื•ื‘ืœื™ืงื” ื ืฉื™ืื•ืชื™ืช ืคื“ืจืœื™ืช, ืžื” ืฉืื•ืžืจ ืฉื”ื ืฉื™ื ื”ื•ื ื’ื ืจืืฉ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื•ื’ื ื”ืžืžืฉืœื”. ื”ื ืฉื™ื ื ื‘ื—ืจ ื™ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืืจืฆื™ื•ืช ืœื›ื”ื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ื—ืžืฉ ืฉื ื™ื. ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืกื’ื ื™ ื ืฉื™ื ื”ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ื™ื ืืช ืื—ื“ ืžืฉืœื•ืฉืช ื”ืื™ื™ื ืžืกื™ื™ืขื™ื ืœื ืฉื™ื. ืงื•ืžื•ืจื• ื”ื™ื ืžืฉืชืชืคืช ืคืขื™ืœื” ื‘ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ื ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื, ื›ื•ืœืœ ื”ืœื™ื’ื” ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ืช ื•ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ื”ืคืขื•ืœื” ื”ืืกืœืืžื™.

ืชื™ื™ืจื•ืช

ืื™ื—ื•ื“ ืงื•ืžื•ืจื• ื”ื•ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืงื˜ื ื•ืช ื•ื”ืขื ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืขื•ืœื. ืžื’ื–ืจ ื”ืชื™ื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ืืจืฅ ืื™ื ื• ืžืคื•ืชื—, ืืš ื™ืฉ ืœื• ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœ ื’ื‘ื•ื” ืœืฆืžื•ื—. ื”ืื˜ืจืงืฆื™ื•ืช ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ื•ืช ื•ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืžื›ื™ืจื” ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืงื•ืžื•ืจื•ืก ื”ืŸ ื ื•ืคื™ ื”ื”ืจื™ื, ื”ื—ื•ืคื™ื, ื”ืจื™ ื”ื’ืขืฉ ื”ืคืขื™ืœื™ื ื•ื”ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ื”ืžื“ื”ื™ื ืฉืœื”. ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉืงื•ืžื•ืจื• ื”ื™ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืžืชืคืชื—ืช, ื™ืฉ ืœื” ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืœื˜ืคื— ืืช ื”ื™ืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื™ื, ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื™ื ื•ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื’ื–ืจ ื”ืชื™ื™ืจื•ืช. ืžืกืคืจ ื›ื ื™ืกื•ืช ื”ืชื™ื™ืจื™ื ื‘-2017 ื”ื•ื 27,952 ืชื™ื™ืจื™ื, ืืฉืจ ื’ื“ืœ ืœ-35,9500 ื‘-2018.

ืืชื” ื’ื ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืฉื“ืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื”ื™ื ื”ืื™ืกืœืื, ื•ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืงื•ืžื•ืจืื™ื ื”ื ืžื•ืกืœืžื™ื ืกื•ื ื™ื. ื‘ืชื•ืจ ื—ืกื™ื“ื™ื ื—ื–ืงื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืื™ืกืœืื, ืื ืฉื™ื ืฆืคื• ื‘ื—ื’ื™ื’ื•ืช ื“ืชื™ื•ืช ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื”. ื™ืฉ ื’ื ืžื™ืขื•ื˜ ืจื•ืžืื™-ืงืชื•ืœื™. ื™ืฉ ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื‘ืฉืœ ืกื•ื—ืจื™ื ืขืจื‘ื™ื ื•ืคืจืกื™ื ื•ืื ืฉื™ื ืืคืจื™ืงืื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื. ื”ื•ื“ื’'ืคื•ื“ื’', ืื—ืช ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ื•ืช, ืžื•ืฉืคืขืช ืžื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ืช, ื”ืืคืจื™ืงืื™ืช ื•ื”ืฆืจืคืชื™ืช.

ืฉืืœื•ืช ื ืคื•ืฆื•ืช ืฉืœ IDP

ื›ื‘ืจ ืชื›ื ื ืชื ืืช ื”ื—ื•ืคืฉื” ืฉืœื›ื ื‘ืงื•ืžื•ืจื•? ื™ืฉ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ืขื“ื™ ื—ื•ื‘ื” ื‘ืืจืฅ. ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื‘ืงื•ืžื•ืจื• ื”ื™ื ืื—ืช ื”ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืœื—ืงื•ืจ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื—ื•ืคื™ื, ื”ืขื™ื™ืจื•ืช, ื”ื›ืคืจื™ื ื•ืืชืจื™ ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืœืœื•, ืขื ื—ื•ืœ ืœื‘ืŸ. ืจืง ื•ื“ื ืฉื™ืฉ ืœืš ืืช ืื™ืฉื•ืจ ื”ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ ืฉืœืš (IDP). ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื‘ืงื•ืžื•ืจื•ืก ื—ื•ืงื™ืช ืจืง ืœืžื˜ื™ื™ืœื™ื ื–ืจื™ื ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ืจื™ืฉื™ื•ืŸ ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ืžืงื•ืžื™ ื•ืื™ืฉื•ืจ ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ (IDP).

IDP ื”ื•ื ืžืกืžืš ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ ื”ืžื•ืกื“ืจ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืื•"ื. ื–ื” ืžืืคืฉืจ ืœืš ืœื ื”ื•ื’ ื‘ืงื•ืžื•ืจื• ื•ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื–ืจื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช ืฉืžืงื‘ืœื•ืช IDP. ืขืœื™ืš ืœืฉืืช ืืช ืฉื ื™ ื”ืžืกืžื›ื™ื ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื™ื ื•ื”ืจืฉืžื™ื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ื‘ื›ืœ ืขืช ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืœื ืชืกืชื‘ืš ืขื ื”ืจืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ื•ืช. ื”ื ื” ืžื“ืจื™ืš ืฉื™ืขื–ื•ืจ ืœืš ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืืช ื”ื˜ื™ื•ืœ ืฉืœืš ืœื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื ื•ื—.

ื”ืื ืื ื™ ืฆืจื™ืš IDP?

ื›ืŸ, ืืชื” ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืขืœ IDP ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ื™ืฉ ืœืš ืืช ืจื™ืฉื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ ืฉืœืš. ืฉื ื™ ื”ืžืกืžื›ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื‘ื•ื ื™ื“ ื‘ื™ื“ ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืจืฉื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื”ืืœื” ื›ื•ืœืœื™ื ืืช ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ื”ืื™ืฉื™ ืฉืœืš, ื•ื”ื ืžืืฉืจื™ื ื‘ืื™ืœื• ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื›ืœื™ ืจื›ื‘ ืžื ื•ืข ืืชื” ืžื•ืจืฉื” ืœื ื”ื•ื’. ืขื IDP, ื”ืจืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ื•ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ืื•ืชืš ื›ื ื”ื’ ื—ื•ืงื™ ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ืช ืžื’ื•ืจื™ืš. ื–ื” ืœื ื—ื•ืงื™ ืœื ื”ื•ื’ ื‘ืงื•ืžื•ืจื• ืœืœื IDP.

ื›ืœ ืžื™ ื‘ื’ื™ืœ ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื—ื•ืงื™ ืฉืจื•ืฆื” ืœื ื”ื•ื’ ื‘ืžื›ื•ื ื™ืช ื‘ืงื•ืžื•ืจื•ืก ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืขืœ IDP. ืจืง ื•ื“ื ืฉืœืคื ื™ ืงื‘ืœืช IDP, ืืชื” ื›ื‘ืจ ืžื‘ื˜ื™ื— ืืช ืจื™ืฉื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ ืฉืœืš. ื–ืจื™ื ืขื ืื™ืฉื•ืจ ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื ื”ื•ื’ ื‘ืงื•ืžื•ืจื• ืขื“ ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื.

ืื™ืŸ ื”ื’ื‘ืœื” ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืžืชื™ ืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื’ื™ืฉ ื‘ืงืฉื” ืœ- IDP. ื–ื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ืคื—ื•ืช ื˜ืจื—ื” ืื ืชืžืœื ืืช ื”ื‘ืงืฉื” ืฉืœืš ืœืคื ื™ ื”ื ืกื™ืขื” ืฉืœืš, ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืœืžื”ืจ ืขื ื”ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื›ืฉืืชื” ืžื’ื™ืข ืœืืจืฅ.

ื›ืžื” ื–ืžืŸ ืžื—ื–ื™ืงื™ื ืื™ืฉื•ืจื™ ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ื™ื?

ื›ืคื™ ืฉื ืืžืจ ื‘ืืžื ืช ื”ืื•"ื ื”ืžืชื•ืงื ืช ืžืฉื ืช 1968 ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ืชื ื•ืขื” ื‘ื“ืจื›ื™ื, ืจื™ืฉื™ื•ืŸ ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืชื•ืงืฃ ืœืฉืœื•ืฉ ืฉื ื™ื ืื• ืคื—ื•ืช. ืื ืชืคื ื• ืœืื™ื’ื•ื“ ื”ื ื”ื’ื™ื ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™, ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ ื‘ื—ื‘ื™ืœืช IDP ื‘ืชื•ืงืฃ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื ื” ืœืฉืœื•ืฉ ืฉื ื™ื, ืชืœื•ื™ ื‘ืžื” ืฉืชืจืฆื•. ืจืง ื”ืงืคื“ ืœืขืงื•ื‘ ืื—ืจ ืชืืจื™ืš ื”ืชืคื•ื’ื” ืฉืœ ื”-IDP ืฉืœืš, ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืœื ืชืกืชื‘ืš ื‘ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ืงื•ืžื•ืจื•.

ืื ืืชื ืžืชื›ื ื ื™ื ืœื ืกื•ืข ืฉื•ื‘ ืœืงื•ืžื•ืจื• ื‘ืฉืœื•ืฉ ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช, ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœื”ื’ื™ืฉ ื‘ืงืฉื” ืœ- IDP ื‘ืชื•ืงืฃ ืœืฉืœื•ืฉ ืฉื ื™ื. ืขื ื–ืืช, ืื ืืชื ืžืชื›ื ื ื™ื ืœื ืกื•ืข ืœืงื•ืžื•ืจื•ืก ืœืžืฉืš ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช, ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ืžืขืฉื™ืช ืœืงื‘ืœ IDP ืฉืชื•ืงืคื• ืœืฉื ื” ืžืชืืจื™ืš ื”ื”ื ืคืงื”. ืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœืžืฉืš ื”ืฉื”ื•ืช ืฉืœืš ื‘ืงื•ืžื•ืจื•. ืจืง ื•ื“ื ืฉื”-IDP ืฉืœืš ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื ืคื’. ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื”-IDP ืฉืœืš ื™ืคื•ื’, ืืชื” ืชืžื™ื“ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื’ื™ืฉ ื‘ืงืฉื” ืžื—ื“ืฉ ื•ืœืคืขื•ืœ ืœืคื™ ื”ื ื”ืœื™ื.

ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ื’ื™ืฉ ื‘ืงืฉื” ืœ-IDP?

ื”ื™ื–ื”ืจื• ืžืื•ืชื ืืชืจื™ื ืžืงื•ื•ื ื™ื ื”ืžืฆื™ื’ื™ื ืจื™ืฉื™ื•ืŸ ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ ืžื–ื•ื™ืฃ. ืื ืืชื” ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืงื‘ืœ IDP ื—ื•ืงื™, ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื‘ืงืจ ื‘ื“ืฃ ื”ื™ื™ืฉื•ื ืฉืœื ื•. ืื ืชื‘ื“ืงื• ืืช ื“ืฃ ื”ื‘ืงืฉื” ืฉืœ IDA, ื”ื”ื•ืจืื” ืœืงื‘ืœ IDP ื”ื™ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ื” ื•ื™ืฉื™ืจื”. ื‘ื—ืจ ื—ื‘ื™ืœืช IDP ื”ืžืชืื™ืžื” ืœืš. ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช IDP ืฉืชื•ืงืคื• ืฉืœ ืฉื ื” ืขื“ ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืฉื ื™ื. ื”ื“ืจื™ืฉื•ืช ื”ื‘ืื•ืช ื ื“ืจืฉื•ืช ืœืขื™ื‘ื•ื“ ื‘ืงืฉืชืš:

  • ืจื™ืฉื™ื•ืŸ ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื‘ืชื•ืงืฃ ืžืžืฉืœืชื™
  • ื‘ืงืฉื” ืœืจื™ืฉื™ื•ืŸ ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™
  • ืฉื ื™ ืชืžื•ื ื” ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœ ื“ืจื›ื•ื ื™ื
  • ืขื•ืชืง ื“ืจื›ื•ืŸ (ื‘ืžื™ื“ืช ื”ืฆื•ืจืš)
  • ื“ืžื™ ืจื™ืฉื•ื

ื”ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืŸ ืฉืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืงื‘ืœ ืืช ื”-IDP ืฉืœืš ืชื•ืš ืžืกืคืจ ืฉืขื•ืช ื‘ืœื‘ื“ ืœืื—ืจ ื”ื™ื™ืฉื•ื. ืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืงื‘ืœ ืืช ื”ืขื•ืชืง ื”ื“ื™ื’ื™ื˜ืœื™ ืฉืœ ื”-IDP ืฉืœืš ืชื•ืš ืฉืขืชื™ื™ื. ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืชืง ื”ืžื•ื“ืคืก, ืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืชื•ืš 24 ืฉืขื•ืช ืื ืืชื” ื’ืจ ื‘ืชื•ืš ืืจื”"ื‘, ืื• ืœืงื‘ืœ ืื•ืชื• ืชื•ืš 30 ื™ื•ื ืื ืืชื” ื’ืจ ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื™ื. ื”ื—ื•ื–ืง ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ ืฉืœ IDP ื”ื•ื ื‘ื›ืš ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืชืจื’ื ืืช ืจื™ืฉื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ ืฉืœืš ืœืœืžืขืœื” ืž-12 ืฉืคื•ืช. ื–ื” ืชืงืฃ ื’ื ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช ื”ื—ืชื•ืžื•ืช ืขืœ ืืžื ืช 1968.

ื”ืฉื›ืจืช ืจื›ื‘ ื‘ืงื•ืžื•ืจื•

ื”ืฉื›ืจืช ืจื›ื‘ ื•ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื‘ืงื•ืžื•ืจื• ื”ื™ื ื”ืื•ืคืฆื™ื” ื”ื–ื•ืœื”, ื”ื ื•ื—ื” ื•ื”ื ื•ื—ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืขืช ื ืกื™ืขื”. ืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื—ื•ื•ืช ื”ืจื‘ื” ื”ืจืคืชืงืื•ืช ื•ื—ื•ื•ื™ื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉืืชื” ื”ื•ืœืš ืœื™ืขื“ื™ื ื”ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื™ื ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื”. ืžืฆื™ืืช ืจื›ื‘ ืฉื›ื•ืจ ื”ื™ื ื’ื ืงืœื” ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืฉ ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ ื”ืฉื›ืจืช ืจื›ื‘ ื‘ืฉื“ื•ืช ืชืขื•ืคื”, ื‘ืขืจื™ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ื•ื‘ืขื™ื™ืจื•ืช. ื›ื“ืื™ ืœืฉืงื•ืœ ืœืฉื›ื•ืจ ืจื›ื‘ ืื ื‘ืจืฆื•ื ื›ื ืœื ืกื•ืข ื’ืžื™ืฉ ื•ื—ืœืง ื‘ื›ืœ ืื™ื™ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”. ืกืข ื”ื™ื•ื ื‘ืงื•ืžื•ืจื•.

ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืœื”ืฉื›ืจืช ืจื›ื‘

ื™ืฉื ืŸ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ืฉื›ืจืช ืจื›ื‘ ืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืฉื“ื” ื”ืชืขื•ืคื” ืฉืœ ืงื•ืžื•ืจื•ืก. ืกืจื•ืง ืืช ื›ืœ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ืฉื›ืจืช ื”ืจื›ื‘ ื‘ืฉื“ื•ืช ื”ืชืขื•ืคื” ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืชื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืืช ื”ืขืกืงื” ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ. ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉืืชื” ื›ื‘ืจ ืฉื•ื›ืจ ืืช ื”ืจื›ื‘ ืฉืœืš, ืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื ืกื•ืข ื‘ืฉื“ื” ื”ืชืขื•ืคื” ืฉืœ ืงื•ืžื•ืจื• ืœื›ืœ ื™ืขื“ ืฉืชืจืฆื”. ืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ื’ื ืœื”ื–ืžื™ืŸ ืจื›ื‘ ื‘ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜, ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื‘ื—ืจ ืžืงื•ื ื•ืชืืจื™ืš ื‘ื˜ื•ืคืก ื”ื”ื–ืžื ื”, ื•ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ื‘ื—ืจ ืจื›ื‘, ื•ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ, ื‘ื“ื•ืง ืืช ืžื™ืงื•ืžื™ ื”ืื™ืกื•ืฃ ื•ื”ื”ื—ื–ืจื”. ื”ื–ืžื™ื ื• ืจื›ื‘ ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื•ืชื”ื ื• ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื‘ืงื•ืžื•ืจื•.

ื™ืฉ ืœื›ื ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืจื—ื‘ ืฉืœ ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช ืœื”ืฉื›ืจืช ืจื›ื‘ ื‘ืงื•ืžื•ืจื• ืฉื™ืขื ื™ืงื• ืœื›ื ืจื›ื‘ ืื™ื›ื•ืชื™ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืžื—ื™ืจื™ื ืชื—ืจื•ืชื™ื™ื ื›ื•ืœืœื™ื. ื”ืฉื›ืจืช ื”ืจื›ื‘ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื‘ืงื•ืžื•ืจื• ื”ื™ื:

  • ื”ืจืฅ
  • ืžึดืคึฐืขึธืœ
  • ื™ื•ืจื•ืคืงืืจ
  • ืฉืื•ึผืขึธืœ
  • ืœืื•ืžื™
  • ื ืื ื™ืงื•
  • ืฉื™ืฉ

ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ ื”ืฉื›ืจืช ืจื›ื‘ ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืœื”ืฉืชื ื•ืช ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ืจื›ื‘, ืืš ืœื”ืœืŸ ื”ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ื”ื›ืœืœื™ื™ื:

  1. ื‘ื—ืจ ืืช ื—ื‘ืจืช ื”ืฉื›ืจืช ื”ืจื›ื‘ ืฉืœืš, ื‘ื—ืจ ืืช ืžื™ืงื•ื ื”ืื™ืกื•ืฃ ืฉืœืš, ืชืืจื™ื›ื™ ื”ื—ื–ืจื”, ืกื•ื’ ื”ืจื›ื‘ ื”ืžื•ืขื“ืฃ ื•ืฆื™ื™ืŸ ืืช ื‘ืงืฉืชืš
  2. ื‘ื“ื•ืง ืืช ืชื ืื™ ื”ื”ืฉื›ืจื”, ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ืชื ืื™ื
  3. ืกื™ื™ื ืืช ื”ื”ื–ืžื ื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžืกื™ืจืช ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ื”ืื™ืฉื™ ืฉืœืš ื•ื”ื–ื ืช ืคืจื˜ื™ ื›ืจื˜ื™ืก ื”ืืฉืจืื™ ืฉืœืš. ืืชื” ืฆืจื™ืš ื›ืจื˜ื™ืก ืืฉืจืื™ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืชืฉืœื•ื ืžืจืืฉ ื•ืคื™ืงื“ื•ืŸ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืจื›ื‘
  4. ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืฉืœืžืช ื”ื”ื–ืžื ื”, ืชืงื‘ืœ ืื™ืžื™ื™ืœ ืื™ืฉื•ืจ. ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืื™ืฉื•ืจ, ืชืงื‘ืœ ื”ื ื—ื™ื•ืช ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืœืืกื•ืฃ ืืช ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื™ืช

ืžืกืžื›ื™ื ื“ืจื•ืฉื™ื

ืขืœื™ืš ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืง ืžืกืžื›ื™ื ืžืœืื™ื ืœืคื ื™ ืฉืชื•ื›ืœ ืœืฉื›ื•ืจ ืจื›ื‘. ืœื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ืฉื›ืจืช ืจื›ื‘ ื™ืฉ ื“ืจื™ืฉื•ืช, ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื•ืชื ืื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ืœื”ืฉื›ืจืช ืจื›ื‘, ืœื›ืŸ ื•ื•ื“ืื• ืฉืืชื ืžื›ื™ืจื™ื ืืช ื—ื‘ืจืช ื”ืจื›ื‘ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื™ืžื ืข ืžื˜ืจื—ื” ื•ืžืฆื‘ื™ื ืœื ื ืขื™ืžื™ื. ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉื›ื•ืจ ืจื›ื‘, ืขืœื™ืš ืœืกืคืง ืืช ื”ืžืกืžื›ื™ื ื”ื‘ืื™ื:

  • ื“ึทืจื›ึผื•ึนืŸ
  • ืจื™ืฉื™ื•ืŸ ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ืžืงื•ืžื™
  • ืื™ืฉื•ืจ ื ื”ื’ ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™
  • ื›ืจื˜ื™ืก ื‘ื ืง ืฉืœ ื•ื™ื–ื” ืื• ืžืขืจื›ืช ืชืฉืœื•ื ืžืืกื˜ืจืงืืจื“

ืืชื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืขืœ IDP ืœืคื ื™ ืฉืชื•ื›ืœ ืœืฉื›ื•ืจ ืจื›ื‘ ื‘ืงื•ืžื•ืจื•. ืชืคืงื™ื“ื• ืฉืœ IDP ื”ื•ื ืœื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื— ืฉืจืฉื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ ืฉืœืš ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ื‘ืงืœื•ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืคืงื™ื“ื™ื ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื”ื–ืจื”. IDP ื’ื ืžืืฉืจ ื›ื™ ื™ืฉ ืœืš ืจื™ืฉื™ื•ืŸ ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื‘ืชื•ืงืฃ ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื”ื•ืœื“ืชืš. ืœืœื ืฉื ื™ ื”ืžืกืžื›ื™ื ื”ืœืœื•, ืื™ื ืš ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืฉื›ื•ืจ ืจื›ื‘ ื‘ืงื•ืžื•ืจื•.

ืกื•ื’ื™ ืจื›ื‘

ื™ืฉื ืŸ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ืฉื›ืจื” ืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืงื•ืžื•ืจื• ื”ืขื•ื ื•ืช ืขืœ ื›ืœ ืฆืจื›ื™ ื”ืจื›ื‘ ืฉืœืš ื•ืžืฆื™ืขื•ืช ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืจื—ื‘ ืฉืœ ืžื›ื•ื ื™ื•ืช, ื›ื•ืœืœ ืžื›ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื—ืกื›ื•ื ื™ื•ืช, ื‘ื™ื ื•ื ื™ื•ืช, ื’ื•ื“ืœ ืžืœื, ื˜ื ื“ืจื™ื ื•ื™ื•ืงืจื”. ืื ืืชื” ื–ืงื•ืง ื’ื ืœืฆื™ื•ื“ ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื›ืžื• ืžื•ืฉื‘ ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืื• ืžืชืœื” ืกืงื™, ืชื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื‘ืงืฉืชืš ืœื—ื‘ืจืช ื”ืฉื›ืจืช ื”ืจื›ื‘. ืœื”ืœืŸ ืกื•ื’ื™ ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœื›ืžื” ืืชื ืœื˜ื™ื•ืœ ื•ืœืžื˜ืจื” ืฉืœื›ื.

  • ืžื›ื•ื ื™ืช ื›ืœื›ืœื” - ื™ืฉ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื”ืฉื›ืจืช ืจื›ื‘ ื”ืžืฆื™ืขื” ืžื›ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื—ืกื›ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืžื—ื™ืจื™ื ืžืฆื•ื™ื ื™ื. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ืชืงืฆื™ื‘ ื”ื“ื•ืง ื•ืืชื” ื ื•ืกืข ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืฉืœ ืคื—ื•ืช ืžืืจื‘ืขื” ืื ืฉื™ื, ืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ ืกื•ื’ ื–ื” ืฉืœ ืžื›ื•ื ื™ืช
  • ืจื›ื‘ ืฉื˜ื— - ืžื›ื•ื ื™ืช ื–ื• ืžื•ืฉืœืžืช ืœื ืกื™ืขื•ืช ืืจื•ื›ื•ืช ื•ื‘ื ื•ื™ื” ืœืชืคื•ืก ื›ืœ ืฉื˜ื— ื‘ืงื•ืžื•ืจื•. ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืœืขืงื•ืฃ ืืช ื”ืจื›ื‘ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื”ื–ื” ืขื ืงื™ื‘ื•ืœืช ืฉืœ ืฉื‘ืขื” ืขื“ ืฉืžื•ื ื” ื ื•ืกืขื™ื
  • ื˜ื ื“ืจ - ื˜ื ื“ืจ ื”ื•ื ื”ื ื›ื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขื‘ื•ืจืš ืื ืืชื” ื ื•ืกืข ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื”ืžื•ื ื” ื›- 12 ืขื“ 15 ื ื•ืกืขื™ื. ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื™ืฉ ืžืกืคื™ืง ืžืงื•ื ืœืžื˜ืขืŸ. ืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื ืกื•ืข ื‘ืœื™ ืœื”ืจื’ื™ืฉ ื’ื ืืจื•ื– ืœื”ื™ื•ื
  • ืžื›ื•ื ื™ืช ื™ื•ืงืจื” - ืื ื”ืฉื›ืจืช ืจื›ื‘ ื‘ืžื—ื™ืจ ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื”ื™ื ื‘ื”ื™ืฉื’ ื™ื“ื›ื ื•ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืชืงืฆื™ื‘ ืฉืœื›ื, ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ ืืช ืžื›ื•ื ื™ืช ื—ืœื•ืžื•ืชื™ื›ื. ื–ื• ืชื”ื™ื” ื”ืชื—ื•ืฉื” ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืจื“ืช ื‘ื›ื‘ื™ืฉ ืžื”ื™ืจ ื‘ืจื›ื‘ ืื™ื›ื•ืชื™

ืื– ืœืžื” ืืชื ืžื—ื›ื™ื ืขื›ืฉื™ื•? ืกืข ื”ื™ื•ื ื‘ืงื•ืžื•ืจื•. ื‘ื—ืจ ืžื›ื•ื ื™ืช ื”ืžืชืื™ืžื” ืœืš ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื›ืš ืฉืชื•ื›ืœ ืœื ืกื•ืข ื‘ืงื•ืžื•ืจื• ืžืขื™ืจ ืœืขื™ืจ. ื™ืฉื ื ืžืกืคืจ ืกืคืงื™ ืจื›ื‘ ืฉืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœื”ืขื“ืคื•ืชื™ื›ื, ื›ืžื•ืช ื”ื ื•ืกืขื™ื ื•ื”ืžื˜ืขืŸ ืฉืœื›ื. ืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ื’ื ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ ืื ืœืจื›ื‘ ืฉืœืš ื™ืฉ ืชื™ื‘ืช ื”ื™ืœื•ื›ื™ื ื™ื“ื ื™ืช ืื• ืื•ื˜ื•ืžื˜ื™ืช. ื‘ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืจื›ื‘ื™ื ื™ืฉ ื ื™ื•ื•ื˜ ืœื•ื•ื™ื ื™.

ืขืœื•ืช ื”ืฉื›ืจืช ืจื›ื‘

ื”ืฉื›ืจื•ืช ืจื›ื‘ ืจื‘ื•ืช ืžืฆื™ืขื•ืช ืจื›ื‘ื™ื ืžื˜ื•ืคื—ื™ื ื•ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ื‘ืžื—ื™ืจื™ื ื ื•ื—ื™ื ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“. ื”ืฉื›ืจืช ืจื›ื‘ ื ื•ืชื ืช ืœืš ืืช ื”ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช ื•ื”ื—ื•ืคืฉ ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืืœื™ื”ื ืชืจืฆื” ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ื•ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ืžื™ื•ืขื“ ืฉืœืš. ืœื”ืœืŸ ื›ืžื” ืžื”ืžื—ื™ืจื™ื ื”ืžืฉื•ืขืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื›ืจืช ืจื›ื‘ ื‘ืงื•ืžื•ืจื•:

  • ืจื›ื‘ ื—ืกื›ื•ื ื™ - 47 ื“ื•ืœืจ ืœื™ื•ื
  • ืจื›ื‘ ืงื•ืžืคืงื˜ื™ - 71 ื“ื•ืœืจ ืœื™ื•ื
  • ืจื›ื‘ ืฉื˜ื— - 74 ื“ื•ืœืจ ืœื™ื•ื
  • Grand Comore Sedan ืœื™ื•ื - 250$ ืœื™ื•ื
  • Grand Comore SUV ืœื™ื•ื - $320 ืœื™ื•ื
  • Anjouan Sedan ืœื™ื•ื - $250 ืœื™ื•ื
  • ืื ื’'ื•ืืŸ ืจื›ื‘ ืฉื˜ื— ืœื™ื•ื - 320 ื“ื•ืœืจ ืœื™ื•ื
  • ืžื•ื”ืœื™ ืกื“ืืŸ ืœื™ื•ื - 250 ื“ื•ืœืจ ืœื™ื•ื
  • ืžื•ื”ืœื™ ืจื›ื‘ ืฉื˜ื— ืœื™ื•ื - 320 ื“ื•ืœืจ ืœื™ื•ื

ื“ืจื™ืฉื•ืช ื’ื™ืœ

ื“ืจื™ืฉืช ื”ื’ื™ืœ ื”ืžื™ื ื™ืžืœื™ ืœื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื‘ืงื•ืžื•ืจื• ื”ื™ื ื‘ืช 18, ื•ืื™ืœื• ื“ืจื™ืฉืช ื”ื’ื™ืœ ื”ืžืงืกื™ืžืœื™ืช ื”ื™ื ื‘ืช 50. ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉืืชื” ื›ื‘ืจ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื ื”ื•ื’ ื‘ื’ื™ืœ 18, ืืชื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืŸ 23 ืœืคื—ื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉื›ื•ืจ ืจื›ื‘. ืืชื” ืฆืจื™ืš ื’ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืขืœ ืจื™ืฉื™ื•ืŸ ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ืžืงื•ืžื™ ืœืžืฉืš ืฉื ื” ืœืคื—ื•ืช. ื ื”ื’ื™ื ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืกื˜ื˜ื™ืกื˜ื™ืช ืœื™ื•ืชืจ ืชืื•ื ื•ืช ื“ืจื›ื™ื. ืžืจื‘ื™ืช ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ืจื›ื‘ ื’ื‘ื• ืชืฉืœื•ื ื ื•ืกืฃ ืขืœ ื ื”ื’ื™ื ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื.

ืขืœื•ืช ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืจื›ื‘

ืžื—ื™ืจ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ื”ืจื›ื‘ ืฉืœืš ืชืœื•ื™ ื‘ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืกื•ื’ ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื™ืช, ื”ืจืฉื•ืžื” ื•ื”ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ื ื”ื’, ืกื•ื’ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ื•ื™ืชื•ืจ ืขืœ ื ื–ืงื™ ื”ืชื ื’ืฉื•ืช, ื•ื™ืชื•ืจ ืขืœ ื’ื ื™ื‘ื” ืื• ื”ื’ื ื” ืขืœ ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืฆื“ ืฉืœื™ืฉื™. ืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื‘ืจืจ ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืขืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืจื›ื‘ ืœืคื ื™ ืงื‘ืœืช ืื—ื“. ืจืง ื”ืงืคื“ ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขื ื ืฆื™ื’ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืฉืœืš ืขืœ ืขืœื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ื”ืจื›ื‘ ืฉืœืš ืœืคื ื™ ื—ืชื™ืžื” ืขืœ ื—ื•ื–ื” ื›ืœืฉื”ื•.

ืจื›ื™ืฉืช ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืจื›ื‘ ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืื—ื“ ื”ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ื”ื™ืงืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื—ื•ื•ื™ืช ื”ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ืฉืœืš, ืืš ื–ื›ื•ืจ ืชืžื™ื“ ืฉื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื•ืช ื•ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ. ืืชื” ืฆืจื™ืš ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืจื›ื‘ ื›ื™ ืืชื” ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืข ืžื” ื™ืงืจื” ืœืš ืขืœ ื”ื›ื‘ื™ืฉ. ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืžื›ืกื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ื ื–ืง, ืื•ื‘ื“ืŸ, ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ื’ื ื™ื‘ื”.

ื”ืื ืื ื™ ืฆืจื™ืš ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืจื›ื‘ ื‘ืงื•ืžื•ืจื•?

ื™ืฉื ื ืกื•ื’ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืคื•ืœื™ืกื•ืช ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืจื›ื‘ ืฉืžืชืื™ืžื•ืช ืœืฆืจื›ื™ื ืฉืœืš ื•ืœืชืงืฆื™ื‘ ืฉืœืš. ื”ื›ืจืช ืกื•ื’ื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื—ื™ื ื•ื”ื›ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื”ื ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœืงื‘ืœ ืืช ื”ืคื•ืœื™ืกื” ื”ื ื›ื•ื ื”. ืœื”ืœืŸ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื—ื™ ื”ืจื›ื‘ ื”ื“ืจื•ืฉื™ื:

  • ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ื ื–ืงื™ ื”ืชื ื’ืฉื•ืช - ื”ื•ื ืžื•ื•ืชืจ ืขืœ ืขืœื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื ื–ืง ืœืจื›ื‘ ืฉืœืš ืœืื—ืจ ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื•ืช ืจื›ื‘ ืื—ืจ. ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœื”ื—ืœื™ืฃ ืื• ืœืชืงืŸ ืืช ื”ื ื–ืง ื‘ืžื›ื•ื ื™ืช ืฉืœืš
  • ื›ื™ืกื•ื™ ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช - ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ื–ื” ืžื›ืกื” ื ื–ืงื™ื ื‘ื’ื™ืŸ ืคืฆื™ืขื•ืช ื•ื ื–ืงื™ ืจื›ื•ืฉ ื”ื ื•ื‘ืขื™ื ืžืชืื•ื ื” ืžื›ื•ืกื”
  • ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืžืงื™ืฃ - ื–ื” ื™ืขื–ื•ืจ ืœืฉืœื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ื ื–ืง ืœืจื›ื‘ ืฉืœืš ืขืงื‘ ืชืงืจื™ื•ืช ืžืœื‘ื“ ื”ืชื ื’ืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ื•ื ื–ืงื™ื ืžืžืฆื‘ื™ ืžื–ื’ ืื•ื•ื™ืจ
  • ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ื”ื’ื ื” ืžืคื ื™ ื ื–ืงื™ ื’ื•ืฃ - ื”ื•ื ืžื›ืกื” ื”ื•ืฆืื•ืช ืจืคื•ืื™ื•ืช ื”ื ื•ื‘ืขื•ืช ืžืชืื•ื ื” ืžื›ื•ืกื”.
  • ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ื ื”ื’ื™ื ืœื ืžื‘ื•ื˜ื—ื™ื โ€“ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื’ืŸ ืขืœื™ืš ื•ืขืœ ืจื›ื‘ืš ืžืคื ื™ ื ื”ื’ื™ื ืœื ืžื‘ื•ื˜ื—ื™ื.

ื˜ื™ืคื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื

ืืชื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื—ื›ื ื‘ืขืช ื”ืฉื›ืจืช ืจื›ื‘ ื•ืœืงื‘ืœ ืืช ื”ืขืกืงื” ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืžื—ื™ืจ ืกื‘ื™ืจ. ื”ื ื” ื›ืžื” ื˜ื™ืคื™ื ื•ื˜ืจื™ืงื™ื ืœื—ืกื•ืš ื›ืกืฃ, ืœืงื‘ืœ ืืช ื”ืขืกืงืื•ืช ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ืœื”ืจื•ื•ื™ื— ืชื’ืžื•ืœื™ื ื‘ื”ืฉื›ืจืช ืจื›ื‘ ื‘ืงื•ืžื•ืจื•.

ืžื”ื ื”ื˜ื™ืคื™ื ืœื”ืฉื›ืจืช ืจื›ื‘ ื‘ืงื•ืžื•ืจื•?

ืืœ ืชืฉื›ื— ืœื‘ื˜ื— ืืช ื”ืจื›ื‘ ื”ืฉื›ื•ืจ ืฉืœืš ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื’ืŸ ืขืœื™ืš ื›ืืฉืจ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืžืฉืชื‘ืฉื™ื, ื•ืืชื” ืขื•ืžื“ ื‘ืคื ื™ ืื™ืจื•ืข ืžืฆืขืจ ื‘ืขืช ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื‘ืงื•ืžื•ืจื•.

  • ื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืื’ืจืช ืžืกื ืŸ ืœื”ืฉื›ืจืช ืจื›ื‘ ืฉื™ื™ืชืŸ ืœืš ืืช ื”ืžื—ื™ืจื™ื ื”ื–ื•ืœื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื”ืฉื›ืจืช ืจื›ื‘ ื‘ืงื•ืžื•ืจื•ืก. ืžืกื ืŸ ื”ืฉื›ืจืช ืจื›ื‘ ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ื’ื ืœืชืช ืœืš ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืžื‘ืฆืขื™ื ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจืช ื”ืจื›ื‘ ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืชื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืฉื•ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืžื—ื™ืจื™ื
  • ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืœืคื ื™ ื”ื˜ื™ื•ืœ ืฉืœืš ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืชื•ื›ืœ ืœืงื‘ืœ ืืช ื”ืขืกืงื” ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ. ื›ืืฉืจ ืืชื” ืžืฉืœื ืžืจืืฉ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืจื›ื‘ ื”ืฉื›ื•ืจ ืฉืœืš, ืชื—ืกื•ืš ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืื– ืชืžื™ื“ ืฉืžื•ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื–ื•ืžืŸ ื‘ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ื ืง ืฉืœืš.
  • ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืฉื›ืจื•ืช ืจื›ื‘ ื‘ืฉื“ื•ืช ื”ืชืขื•ืคื” ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืืœื” ืฉืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœืขื™ืจ ื”ื‘ื™ืจื” ืื• ืžืืœื” ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ื–ืžื™ืŸ ื‘ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜. ืขื“ื™ืฃ ืฉื™ื”ื™ื• ืœืš ื”ืจื‘ื” ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืชื•ื›ืœ ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ ืžื” ืฉื”ื›ื™ ืžืชืื™ื ืœืš.
  • ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ืฉื›ืจืช ืจื›ื‘ ืžืฉืชืคื•ืช ืคืขื•ืœื” ืขื ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ื—ืœ ืžื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืชืขื•ืคื” ื•ืขื“ ืžืœื•ื ื•ืช ื•ืžื ืคื™ืงื™ ื›ืจื˜ื™ืกื™ ืืฉืจืื™. ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ื ืืžื ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ื™ืขื ื™ืงื• ืœืš ื‘ื•ื ื•ืกื™ื, ื”ื ื—ื•ืช ื•ืขืกืงืื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช.

ืื ืืชื ืžืชื›ื ื ื™ื ื˜ื™ื•ืœ ืื• ื—ื•ืคืฉืช ื ื•ืคืฉ ื‘ืงื•ืžื•ืจื•, ืขืœื™ื›ื ืœื”ืกื“ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืจื›ื‘ ื”ืฉื›ื•ืจ ืฉืœื›ื ืžืจืืฉ ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœื™ื”ื ื•ืช ื•ืœื—ืงื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื›ื›ืœ ืฉืชื•ื›ืœื•. ื–ื›ื•ืจ, ื™ืฉ ืœื”ืฆื™ื’ ืืช ืจื™ืฉื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ ืฉืœืš ืœืฆื“ ืจื™ืฉื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ ืฉืœืš ืœืฉื›ื•ืจ ืจื›ื‘. ืžื—ื•ืคื™ื, ื—ื•ืคื™ื ื—ื•ืœื™ื™ื ื•ืžื™ืฉื•ืจื™ ื—ื•ืฃ, ืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื—ืคืฉ ื”ืจืคืชืงืื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืงื•ืžื•ืจื•. ื‘ืขืช ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื‘ืงื•ืžื•ืจื•, ื“ืข ืืช ื”ืžื™ืงื•ื“ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื™ืงื•ื ื‘ื• ืชืจืฆื” ืœื ืกื•ืข ื›ื“ื™ ืœืืชืจ ืืช ื”ืžืงื•ื ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช.

ื—ื•ืงื™ ื”ื“ืจืš ื‘ืงื•ืžื•ืจื•

ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื ื•ืกืขื™ื ื‘ืงื•ืžื•ืจื•, ืขืœื™ื›ื ืœื“ืขืช ื•ืœืžืœื ืื—ืจ ื›ืœ ื—ื•ืงื™ ื”ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื•ื›ืœืœื™ ื”ื“ืจืš ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื— ืืช ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ื ื›ื ื•ื’ื ืืช ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ื ื ืฉืœ ืื—ืจื™ื. ื—ื•ืงื™ ื”ืชืขื‘ื•ืจื” ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื ืฉื•ืžืจื™ื ืขืœ ื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื•ืช ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ ื”ื“ืจืš. ื›ืฉื›ื•ืœื ืžืงืคื™ื“ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืœืœื™ื, ื”ื›ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืžืกื•ื“ืจื™ื ื•ื™ืขื™ืœื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ. ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื›ืจืช ื•ืขืงื•ื‘ ืื—ืจ ื›ืœืœื™ ื”ื“ืจืš ื•ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื”, ืืชื” ืžืžืœื ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ ื‘ืžื ื™ืขืช ืชืื•ื ื•ืช.

ืชืงื ื•ืช ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช

ืื ืืชื” ื ื•ื”ื’ ื‘ืงื•ืžื•ืจื• ืื• ื‘ื›ืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื–ืจื”, ืขืœื™ืš ืœื”ื›ื™ืจ ืืช ื—ื•ืง ื”ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื•ืืช ื”ื›ืœืœื™ื. ืœื”ืœืŸ ื›ืœืœื™ ื”ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืืชื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืขืงื•ื‘ ืื—ืจื™ื”ื:

  • ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื‘ื”ืฉืคืขืช ืืœื›ื•ื”ื•ืœ ืื• ืกืžื™ื ื ืจืงื•ื˜ื™ื™ื ืืกื•ืจื”. ืจืžืช ื”ืืœื›ื•ื”ื•ืœ ื‘ื“ื ื”ืžื•ืชืจืช ื”ื™ื 0.0%
  • ื—ื•ื‘ื” ืœื—ื’ื•ืจ ื—ื’ื•ืจืช ื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื•ืช
  • ื”ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืฆื“ ื™ืžื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ื›ื‘ื™ืฉ
  • ื ื”ื’ ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืŸ 23 ืœืคื—ื•ืช ื•ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืขืœ ืจื™ืฉื™ื•ืŸ ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ืžืงื•ืžื™ ืœืžืฉืš ืฉื ื” ืœืคื—ื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉื›ื•ืจ ืจื›ื‘. ื™ืฉ ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ืื™ืฉื•ืจ ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ ื‘ืขืช ื ืกื™ืขื” ื‘ืื™ื™ ืงื•ืžื•ืจื•
  • ื‘ื›ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื ืขื™ืจื•ื ื™ื™ื, ื”ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืžืงืกื™ืžืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืชืจืช ื”ื™ื 30 ืงืž"ืฉ
  • ื’ื™ืœ ื”ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื”ื—ื•ืงื™ ื”ื•ื 18 ืฉื ื™ื

ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื‘ืฉื›ืจื•ืช ื‘ืงื•ืžื•ืจื•

ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื‘ืงื•ืžื•ืจื• ืชื—ืช ื”ืฉืคืขืช ืืœื›ื•ื”ื•ืœ ืืกื•ืจื” ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜. ืจื™ื›ื•ื– ื”ืืœื›ื•ื”ื•ืœ ื‘ื“ื ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช 0.0%. ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ืฉืœ ืฉื›ืจื•ืช ื“ื™ื ื” ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ื—ื•ืง. ื™ื”ื™ื• ื›ืžื” ืžื—ืกื•ืžื™ื ืฉื™ื‘ืฆืขื• ื‘ื“ื™ืงื•ืช ื ืฉื™ืžื” ืืงืจืื™ื•ืช ืื– ืขื“ื™ืฃ ืœื ืœืฉืชื•ืช ื•ืœื ื”ื•ื’. ืื ื”ื ื”ื’ ืชื—ืช ื”ืฉืคืขืช ืกืžื™ื ื ืจืงื•ื˜ื™ื™ื, ื”ื ื”ื’ ืฆืคื•ื™ ืœืขื•ื ืฉ ืžืืกืจ ืฉืœ ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ืขื“ ืฉื ื” ืขื ืงื ืก ืฉืœ 50,000 ืขื“ 500,000 ืคืจื ืง. ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื™ื—ืœื™ื˜ ืขืœ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœ ืื• ืฉืœื™ืœื” ื–ืžื ื™ืช ืฉืœ ืจื™ืฉื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื ื”ื™ื’ื”.

ืชืงื ื™ื ื›ืœืœื™ื™ื ืœื ื”ื™ื’ื”

ื‘ืงื•ืžื•ืจื•, ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ื™ื ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืžื›ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืื•ื˜ื•ืžื˜ื™ื•ืช ื•ื™ื“ื ื™ื•ืช. ืœื›ืœ ืกื•ื’ ืจื›ื‘ ื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ื™ืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœื•, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื–ื” ื”ืกื•ื’ ืฉื”ื›ื™ ื ื•ื— ืœืš ื•ื”ื›ื™ ื™ืขื™ืœ. ืžื›ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืื•ื˜ื•ืžื˜ื™ื•ืช ืงืœื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื•ืžืคื—ื™ืชื•ืช ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืช ืืช ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืœืขืฆื™ืจื”, ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉืจื›ื‘ื™ ืชื™ื‘ืช ื”ื™ืœื•ื›ื™ื ื™ื“ื ื™ื™ื ื–ื•ืœื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืชื—ื–ื•ืงื” ื•ื‘ืขืœื™ ื™ืขื™ืœื•ืช ื“ืœืง ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ. ืื ืืชื” ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื ื‘ื˜ื•ื— ืœื ื”ื•ื’ ื‘ืžื›ื•ื ื™ืช ื™ื“ื ื™ืช, ืื– ื‘ื—ืจ ื‘ืžื›ื•ื ื™ืช ืื•ื˜ื•ืžื˜ื™ืช.

ืžื’ื‘ืœืช ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช

ืžื’ื‘ืœื•ืช ื”ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืžืฉืชื ื•ืช ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœืกื•ื’ ื”ื›ื‘ื™ืฉ ืฉื‘ื• ืืชื” ื ื•ืกืข - ืจื•ื‘ ืžื’ื‘ืœื•ืช ื”ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ื•ืช ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืœืคื™ ื”ื™ืจืจื›ื™ื™ืช ื›ื‘ื™ืฉ. ื‘ื ืกื™ืขื” ื‘ื›ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื ืขื™ืจื•ื ื™ื™ื, ื”ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืชืจืช ื”ื™ื 30 ืงืž"ืฉ, ืืš ืื ืืชื” ื‘ืขื™ืจ, ื”ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืชืจืช ื”ื™ื 60 ืงืž"ืฉ. ืื ืืชื” ืขืœ ื›ื‘ื™ืฉ ืžื”ื™ืจ ืื• ื›ื‘ื™ืฉ ืžื”ื™ืจ, ืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื ืกื•ืข ืขื“ 120 ืงืž"ืฉ. ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ ืœื”ืงืคื™ื“ ืขืœ ื”ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืชืจืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœืงื‘ืœ ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ืžื”ื™ืจื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ืžืกื•ื›ืŸ ื•ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ืœื• ืžืกืคื™ืง ื–ืžืŸ ืœืขืฆื•ืจ.

ื—ื•ืงื™ ื—ื’ื•ืจื•ืช ื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื•ืช

ื—ื‘ื™ืฉืช ื—ื’ื•ืจืช ื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื•ืช ื”ื™ื ืื—ื“ ื”ืฆืขื“ื™ื ื”ืžื•ื ืขื™ื ืฉืชื•ื›ืœ ืœื ืงื•ื˜ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคื—ื™ืช ืืช ื”ื”ืฉืœื›ื•ืช ื•ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื•ืช ืฉืœ ืชืื•ื ื•ืช ื“ืจื›ื™ื. ื–ื” ืœื ืจืง ืœืžืขืŸ ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ื ืš ืืœื ื’ื ืœืื—ืจื™ื. ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ื›ืžื• ืžืฆืจื™ื, ืื ื’ื•ืœื” ื•ื‘ื•ืœื™ื‘ื™ื” ื™ืฉ ื—ื•ืงื™ ื—ื’ื•ืจื•ืช ื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื•ืช ืฉืื™ื ื ื—ืœื™ื ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื ื•ืกืขื™ ื”ืจื›ื‘ ืืœื ืจืง ืขืœ ื”ื ื•ืกืขื™ื ื”ืงื“ืžื™ื™ื ื•ื”ืื—ื•ืจื™ื™ื. ืขืœ ืคื™ ื—ื•ืง ืงื•ืžื•ืจื•, ื›ืœ ื ื•ืกืขื™ ื”ืจื›ื‘ ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื—ื’ื•ืจ ื—ื’ื•ืจื•ืช ื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื•ืช.

ื”ื•ืจืื•ืช ื ืกื™ืขื”

ื›ืœ ืฆื•ืžืช ืžื”ื•ื•ื” ืกื›ื ื” ืœื›ืœ ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ ื”ื“ืจืš - ืœื ื”ื’ื™ื, ืœื”ื•ืœื›ื™ ืจื’ืœ ื•ืœืจื•ื›ื‘ื™ ืื•ืคื ื™ื™ื. ืžืขื‘ืจื™ ื—ืฆื™ื™ื” ื”ืคื›ื• ืœืžืงื•ื ืฉืœ ื”ืชื ื’ืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ืงืฉื•ืช ืขืงื‘ ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื›ืžื• ื›ืžื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืฉืœ ืชื ื•ืขื” ื”ืžืชื›ื ืกืช ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ืื—ื“. ื‘ืชื•ืจ ื ื”ื’, ืืชื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืขืงื•ื‘ ืื—ืจ ื”ื”ื ื—ื™ื•ืช ื”ื ื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื•ื’ื ืœื”ืื˜ ื‘ืฆืžืชื™ื. ื‘ื“ื•ืง ืชืžืจื•ืจื™ื ื•ืกื™ืžื•ื ื™ ืžื“ืจื›ื” ืฉื•ื ื™ื.

ืฉืœื˜ื™ ืชื ื•ืขื”

ืชืžืจื•ืจื™ื ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ื™ื ื›ืœืœื™ื ื”ืžื™ื•ืฉืžื™ื ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื•ืชื›ื ื•ืœืชืช ืœื›ื ืžื™ื“ืข ืจืœื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ ืฉื™ืขื–ื•ืจ ืœื›ื ืœื ื•ื•ื˜ ื‘ื›ื‘ื™ืฉ. ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืžื’ื‘ืœืช ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช, ืชืžืจื•ืจ ืขืฆื™ืจื” ืื• ืชืžืจื•ืจ ื”ืื˜ื”, ืชืžื™ื“ ื—ื•ื‘ื” ืขืœื™ื›ื ืœืขืงื•ื‘ ื•ืœืฆืคื•ืช ืขืœ ืชืžืจื•ืจื™ื ืืœื” ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื›ืœ ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ ื”ื“ืจืš ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื ื”ื™ื’ื”.

ื–ื›ื•ืช ืžืขื‘ืจ

ื›ืœ ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ ื”ื“ืจืš ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืชื‘ื•ืข ืืช ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ืงื“ื™ืžื” ืฉืœื”ื ื‘ื›ื‘ื™ืฉ. ื–ื›ื•ืช ืงื“ื™ืžื” ื‘ื›ื‘ื™ืฉ ืžืฉืžืขื” ืฉื™ืฉ ืœืš ืืช ื”ื–ื›ื•ืช ืœื”ืชืงื“ื ืชื—ื™ืœื” ื‘ื ืชื™ื‘ื™ื ื•ื‘ืฆืžืชื™ื. ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื›ืœืœื™, ืื ืฉื™ื ื ื•ื˜ื™ื ืœืคื ื•ืช ืžืงื•ื ืœื ื”ื’ ืื—ืจ ืžืชื•ืš ืื“ื™ื‘ื•ืช ื•ื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื•ืช. ื‘ืฆื•ืžืช ื“ืจื›ื™ื, ืœื›ืœื™ ืจื›ื‘ ืฉื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ื™ืฉ ื–ื›ื•ืช ืงื“ื™ืžื”. ื‘ืžืขื‘ืจ ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ ืจื’ืœ ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื•ืœื›ื™ ื”ืจื’ืœ ื–ื›ื•ืช ืงื“ื™ืžื”. ืื ื™ืฉ ืจื›ื‘ื™ ื—ื™ืจื•ื, ื–ื›ืจื• ืฉืชืžื™ื“ ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ื–ื›ื•ืช ืงื“ื™ืžื” ื‘ื›ืœ ื–ืžืŸ ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื.

ื’ื™ืœ ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื—ื•ืงื™

ื”ื’ื™ืœ ื”ืžื™ื ื™ืžืœื™ ืœื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื‘ืจื›ื‘ ืžืฉืชื ื” ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœืžื“ื™ื ื”. ื‘ืงื•ืžื•ืจื• ื’ื™ืœ ื”ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื”ื—ื•ืงื™ ื”ื•ื 18 ืฉื ื™ื, ื•ืื™ืœื• ื’ื™ืœ ื”ืฉื›ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืžื™ื ื™ืžืœื™ ื”ื•ื 23 ืฉื ื™ื. ื–ื” ืœื ื—ื•ืงื™ ืœื ื”ื•ื’ ื‘ืจื›ื‘ ืื ืื™ื ืš ืขื•ืžื“ ื‘ื“ืจื™ืฉืช ื”ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื”ืžื™ื ื™ืžืœื™ืช ืื• ืฉืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืœืš ืื™ืฉื•ืจ ื ื”ื’. ื•ื•ื“ื ืฉืืชื” ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ืŸ 18 ืœืคื ื™ ืฉืชืงื‘ืœ ืจื™ืฉื™ื•ืŸ ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื•ืชืœืš ืœื ื”ื•ื’ ื‘ืงื•ืžื•ืจื•.

ื—ื•ืงื™ ืขืงื™ืคื”

ื›ืฉืืชื” ื ื•ื”ื’, ืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืฆืคื•ืช ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ืžืกื•ื™ื ืฉื™ืขืงืคื• ืื•ืชืš ืžื›ื•ื ื™ื•ืช. ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ื”ื ืžืžื”ืจื™ื ืื• ืฉืคืฉื•ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืชื ื•ืขื” ืขืœ ื”ื›ื‘ื™ืฉ, ื”ืื ื™ ื”ืชื—ืจื•ืชื™ ืฉืœืš ืขืฉื•ื™ ืœื‘ืขื•ื˜ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื›ืš ืฉืœื ื ื•ืชืŸ ืœื”ื ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืืช ื”ื›ื‘ื™ืฉ. ื–ื›ื•ืจ ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ื ื•ื›ื—ื•ืช ื ืคืฉื™ืช ื•ืœืชืช ืœื”ื ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ. ื–ื” ืœื ื™ื–ื™ืง ืœืš ืื ื”ื ื™ืฆื˜ืจื›ื• ืœืขืœื•ืช ืงื•ื“ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ื‘ื™ืฉ. ื›ื ืจืื” ื™ืฉ ืื™ื–ื” ื—ื™ืจื•ื ืื• ืžื” ืœื.

ืžืฆื“ ืฉื ื™, ื™ืฉ ืžืงืจื™ื ืฉื‘ื”ื ืืชื” ืชื”ื™ื” ื–ื” ืฉื™ืขืงื•ืฃ. ื“ืข ืฉืืชื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืคืขื•ืœ ืœืคื™ ื—ื•ืง ื”ืขืงื™ืคื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื•ืช ื›ื•ืœื. ืชืžื™ื“ ืชื™ื›ื ืข ืœื™ืžื™ืŸ ื”ืงื“ื™ืžื” ื›ืฉืืชื” ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืขืงื•ืฃ. ื”ืื˜ ืžืขื˜ ืื• ืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ื”ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœืš. ื”ืขื‘ืจ ืžืขื˜ ื™ืžื™ื ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœืชืช ืœืžื›ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืžืกืคื™ืง ืžืงื•ื.

ืฆื“ ื ื”ื™ื’ื”

ืืชื ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืœืชื”ื•ืช ื”ืื ื”ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื‘ืงื•ืžื•ืจื• ื”ื™ื ื‘ืฆื“ ื™ืžื™ืŸ ืื• ื‘ืฆื“ ืฉืžืืœ ืฉืœ ื”ื›ื‘ื™ืฉ. ื‘ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืžื•ืฉื‘ื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ื•ืช, ื”ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื”ื™ื ื‘ืฆื“ ืฉืžืืœ ืฉืœ ื”ื›ื‘ื™ืฉ. ืขื ื–ืืช, ื”ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื‘ืื™ื™ ืงื•ืžื•ืจื• ื”ื™ื ืžื™ืžื™ืŸ ืœื›ื‘ื™ืฉ, ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื›ืžื• ืจื•ื‘ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืืกื™ื” ื›ืžื• ื”ืคื™ืœื™ืคื™ื ื™ื ื•ื•ื™ืื˜ื ื. ืœื›ืŸ, ืืœ ืชืชื‘ืœื‘ืœื• ืื ืืชื ื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื ื‘ืฆื“ ืฉืžืืœ ืฉืœ ื”ื›ื‘ื™ืฉ ืฉืœ ืืจืฅ ื”ื•ืœื“ืชื›ื.

ื–ื” ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ ืœืขืงื•ื‘ ืื—ืจ ื—ื•ืง ืงื•ืžื•ืจื• ืขืœ ื›ื‘ื™ืฉ ื•ืชื ื•ืขื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื’ืŸ ืขืœื™ืš ื•ืœื”ืชืจื—ืง ืžืชืื•ื ื•ืช. ื”ื›ื™ืจื• ืืช ื›ืœืœื™ ื”ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื— ื ืกื™ืขื” ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื” ื•ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื”. ืืœ ืชื–ื ื™ื—ื• ืืช ื›ืœืœื™ ื”ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื”ืœืœื•, ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืืœื• ื™ืขื–ืจื• ืœื›ื ืœืชืงืฉืจ ื‘ื™ืขื™ืœื•ืช ืขื ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ ื“ืจืš ืื—ืจื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ืฉืงื˜ ื•ืกื“ืจ. ื”ืชืขืœืžื•ืช ืžื›ืœืœื™ื ืืœื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืงืจื•ื ืœืชืื•ื ื•ืช ื•ืœืžืฆื‘ื™ื ืžืฆืขืจื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ื ื–ืง ืœืจื›ื•ืฉ, ื ื–ืงื™ ื’ื•ืฃ ื•ื’ื ื™ื‘ื”.

ื›ืœืœื™ ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื‘ืงื•ืžื•ืจื•

ืœืื•ืจืš ืžืกืข ื”ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ืฉืœืš, ืืชื” ืขืœื•ืœ ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ืงืฉื™ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉื—ื“ืฉื™ื ืœืš. ื›ืฉืืชื” ื ืชืงืœ ื‘ืžืคื’ืฉ ืœื ืžื•ื›ืจ, ื”ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ื”ืžื”ื™ืจื” ื”ื™ื ืœืคื—ื“, ืื‘ืœ ืืชื” ืชืžื™ื“ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืจืืฉ ืงืจื™ืจ ืžื•ืœ ื ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืžืืชื’ืจื•ืช. ืืชื” ืขืœื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ืชืงืœ ื‘ืžืฆื‘ื™ื ืืœื” ื›ืืฉืจ ืืชื” ื ื•ื”ื’ ื‘ืฉื“ื” ื”ืชืขื•ืคื” ื‘ืงื•ืžื•ืจื•ืก ืื• ื ื•ื”ื’ ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ืงื•ืžื•ืจื•. ืชืจื’ื•ืœ ื ื™ืžื•ืกื™ ื“ืจืš ื•ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื™ืขื–ื•ืจ ืœื›ื ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ื•ื™ืขื–ื•ืจ ืœื›ื ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ื‘ื‘ื˜ื—ื” ืืœ ื”ื™ืขื“.

ื™ืฉ ืœืš ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื—ื•ืคืฉ ืœื ืกื•ืข ืœื™ืขื“ื™ื ืฉืœืš ื‘ืงืฆื‘ ื•ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืœืš. ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื”ื™ื• ืžื•ื›ื ื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ืคืขื ืฉื™ืฉ ืžืฆื‘ื™ื ืžืืชื’ืจื™ื ืื• ื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืื™ื ื• ื‘ืฉืœื™ื˜ืชื›ื. ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื‘ืงื•ืžื•ืจื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืœื—ื™ืฆื”, ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืื ื ืชืงืœื™ื ื‘ื ื”ื’ื™ื ืคื–ื™ื–ื™ื. ืืš ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืฆื‘, ื”ื™ืฉืืจ ืชืžื™ื“ ืจื’ื•ืข ื•ื‘ืงืฉ ืขื–ืจื” ืžื”ืจืฉื•ื™ื•ืช. ืฉื™ืžื• ืœื‘ ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืขืœื™ื›ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื›ืืฉืจ ืืชื ื ืชืงืœื™ื ื‘ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื”ื‘ืื•ืช.

ืชืงืœื” ื‘ืจื›ื‘

ืชืงืœื•ืช ืจื›ื‘ ืขืœื•ืœื•ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืื•ื“ ืžืœื—ื™ืฆื•ืช ื•ืžืื›ื–ื‘ื•ืช, ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืื ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉื‘ื—ืจืชื ื‘ืจื›ื‘ ืื™ื›ื•ืชื™. ืื‘ืœ ื–ื›ืจื•, ืžื›ื•ื ื™ืช ื”ื™ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื›ื•ื ื”, ื•ื”ื ืžื•ืขื“ื™ื ืœืชืงืœื•ืช ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื™ืฉ ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ืชื›ื•ืฃ ืœืจื›ื‘. ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื™ืช ืฉืœืš ืžืชืงืœืงืœืช, ืืœ ืชื™ื‘ื”ืœ. ื”ื–ื™ื–ื• ืืช ื”ืจื›ื‘ ืฉืœื›ื ืœืฆื“ ื”ื“ืจืš ื•ื•ื“ืื• ืฉื”ื•ื ืื™ื ื• ื—ื•ืกื ืืฃ ื ืชื™ื‘ ื ืกื™ืขื”. ื”ื—ื ื” ืืช ืจื›ื‘ืš ื‘ืฉื˜ื— ืคืชื•ื—. ืืœ ืชืฉื›ื— ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ืžื—ื•ื•ื ื™ ื”ื—ื™ืจื•ื ืฉืœืš.

ื”ื™ื• ืขืจื ื™ื™ื ื›ืœืคื™ ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ืฉืœื›ื. ื‘ืงืฉ ืขื–ืจื” ื•ื”ืชืงืฉืจ ืœืžื•ืงื“ ื”ื—ื™ืจื•ื ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™. ืื ืืชื” ืขืœ ื›ื‘ื™ืฉ ืžื”ื™ืจ, ืืœ ืชืฆื ืžื”ืจื›ื‘ ืฉืœืš ื›ื“ื™ ืœืชืงืŸ ืืช ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื”ืžื›ื ื™ืช ื›ื™ ื–ื” ืžืกื•ื›ืŸ ืžื“ื™ ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืžื›ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื ืžืฆืื•ืช ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ืฉืœื”ืŸ. ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉืืชื” ื ืžืฆื ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ื‘ื˜ื•ื—, ื–ื” ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืœืฆืืช ื”ื—ื•ืฆื”, ืœื”ืขืžื™ื“ ืืช ืžื›ืกื” ื”ืžื ื•ืข ืฉืœืš ื•ืœื”ื•ื“ื™ืข ืœื ื”ื’ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืฉื”ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ื‘ื–ื”ื™ืจื•ืช. ืื ืืชื” ืฉื•ื›ืจ ืจื›ื‘, ื—ื‘ืจืช ื”ืฉื›ืจืช ื”ืจื›ื‘ ืชื”ื™ื” ื–ื• ืฉืชืฉืืฃ ืืช ื”ืขืœื•ื™ื•ืช.

ื”ืžืฉื˜ืจื” ืขื•ืฆืจืช

ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื, ื”ืฉื•ื˜ืจ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืจืง ืœื”ื–ื”ื™ืจ ืื•ืชืš ืžืคื ื™ ื”ืคืจื” ืงืœื”, ืื• ืฉื”ืฉื•ื˜ืจ ื™ืชื‘ืฆืข ื‘ื‘ื“ื™ืงื” ืืงืจืื™ืช. ื’ื ื”ื ื”ื’ื™ื ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืคืกืคืก ื›ืœืœื™ ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื. ื–ื” ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ ืœื˜ืคืœ ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ื›ืจืื•ื™ ืื ืฉื•ื˜ืจ ืขื•ืฆืจ ืื•ืชืš. ืื ื–ื” ืงื•ืจื”, ื”ื™ื” ืจื’ื•ืข, ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืื ืืชื” ื™ื•ื“ืข ืฉืœื ืขืฉื™ืช ืฉื•ื ื“ื‘ืจ ืจืข. ืœื”ืœืŸ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ื™ื ืฉืขืœื™ืš ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื›ืืฉืจ ืฉื•ื˜ืจ ืขื•ืฆืจ ืื•ืชืš:

  • ื‘ื—ืจ ืžื™ืงื•ื ื‘ื˜ื•ื— ื‘ื• ืชื•ื›ืœ ืœืขืฆื•ืจ. ืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ื”ืกื›ื ื” ืฉืœืš ื›ื“ื™ ืœืื•ืชืช ืœืžืฉื˜ืจื” ืฉืืชื” ืžืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืœืขืžื•ื“ ื‘ื”.
  • ื’ืœื’ืœ ืืช ื—ืœื•ืŸืš ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉื”ืจืฉื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ืœื˜ืช ื‘ื ืืœื™ืš ื›ื™ ื–ื• ื”ื“ืจืš ื”ืงืœื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืชืงืฉืจ.
  • ื”ืคื•ืš ืืช ืขืฆืžืš ืœื’ืœื•ื™, ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืืช ื”ื™ื“ื™ื™ื ืฉืœืš, ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื”ืžืฉื˜ืจื” ืชื“ืข ืฉืืชื” ืœื ืžืกืชื™ืจ ืžืฉื”ื•. ืืœ ืชื•ืฉื™ื˜ ื™ื“ ืœืฉื•ื ื“ื‘ืจ ืขื“ ืฉื”ืžืฉื˜ืจื” ืื•ืžืจืช ืœืš ื–ืืช. ื”ืฆื’ืช ืขืฆืžืš ื’ืœื•ื™ื” ืขื•ื–ืจืช ืœื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื•ืœืชื—ื•ืฉืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฉื˜ืจื”.
  • ื”ื™ื• ืžื ื•ืžืกื™ื ื•ืžื›ื‘ื“ื™ื ื›ืฉืืชื ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขื ื”ืžืฉื˜ืจื”. ืฉื™ื ืœื‘ ืœื ื™ืžื•ืกื™ื ืฉืœืš ื•ืคืขืœ ืœืคื™ ื”ื”ื•ืจืื•ืช.
  • ื”ืฆื™ื’ื• ืืช ืจื™ืฉื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ ืฉืœื›ื, ืื™ืฉื•ืจ ื”ื ื”ื’ ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ ืคืขื ืื—ืช, ื•ื”ื•ื›ื—ืช ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื”ืฉื•ื˜ืจ ืืžืจ ืœื›ื ื–ืืช.

ืžืฆื“ ืฉื ื™, ืื ื”ืžืฉื˜ืจื” ืขื•ืฆืจืช ืื•ืชืš ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉืืชื” ืขื•ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื”ื—ื•ืง, ื”ื™ืฉืืจ ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื•ืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ืงื•ืจ ืจื•ื—. ืื ื ืฉืืœ ืืช ื”ืงืฆื™ืŸ ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ื›ืœืœ ื”ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ ืฉื”ืคืจืช. ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉืชื’ื™ื“ ืœืฉื•ื˜ืจ ื”ื•ื ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ืงืฆื™ืŸ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื• ื ื’ื“ืš. ืจืง ื”ื™ื” ืžื ื•ืžืก ื•ื”ืจืื” ืืช ื”ืžืกืžื›ื™ื ื”ืจืฉืžื™ื™ื ืฉืœืš ืฉื™ื•ื›ื™ื—ื• ืฉืืชื” ื ื”ื’ ื—ื•ืงื™. ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ, ืขืœื™ืš ืœืฉืœื ืืช ื”ืงื ืกื•ืช ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืœืฉื•ื˜ืจ ื”ืžื•ืฆื™ื ืืช ื”ืฆื™ื˜ื•ื˜. ืืœ ืชืฉื›ื— ืœื‘ืงืฉ ืืช ื”ืงื‘ืœื”.

ืฉื•ืืœ ื”ื ื—ื™ื•ืช

ืœืคืขืžื™ื, ืžืคื•ืช Google ืื™ื ืŸ ืืžื™ื ื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืžื™ื“ื” ื‘ืขืช ื ื™ื•ื•ื˜ ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืœื ืžื•ื›ืจ. ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืขื™ืจ ืœื ืžื•ื›ืจืช ืขืฉื•ื™ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืคื—ื™ื“, ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืื ืื™ื ืš ื“ื•ื‘ืจ ืืช ืฉืคืช ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืงื•ืžื•ืจื•. ื”ืฉืคื•ืช ื”ืจืฉืžื™ื•ืช ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื”ืŸ ืงื•ืžื•ืจื™ืช, ืขืจื‘ื™ืช ื•ืฆืจืคืชื™ืช. ื–ื” ื ื”ื“ืจ ืื ืืชื” ื‘ืงื™ื ืื• ื‘ืขืœ ื™ื“ืข ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ ื‘ืฉืœื•ืฉ ื”ืฉืคื•ืช ื”ืœืœื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœืชืงืฉืจ ื‘ืงืœื•ืช ืขื ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ื™ื. ืื‘ืœ ืื ืœื, ืชืžื™ื“ ื›ื“ืื™ ืœื“ืขืช ื›ืžื” ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื‘ืงืฉ ื”ื ื—ื™ื•ืช. ืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ื™ื ื”ืฆืจืคืชื™ื™ื ืœื‘ืงืฉ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœื™ืขื“ื™ื ืฉืœืš.

  • Savez-vous oรน se trouve ________?

ื”ืื ืืชื” ื™ื•ื“ืข ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ื ืžืฆื ________?

  • ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” peut-on aller ร  ________?

ืื™ืš ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœ ________?

  • Le parc

ื”ืคืืจืง

  • L'hรดpital

ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื

  • Le poste de police

ืชื—ื ืช ื”ืžืฉื˜ืจื”

  • La rue

ื”ืจื—ื•ื‘

  • Oรน peut-on se garer par ici?

ืื™ืคื” ืื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื—ื ื•ืช ื›ืืŸ?

  • Est-ce que c'est prรจs d'ici?

ื–ื” ืงืจื•ื‘ ืœื›ืืŸ?

  • Est-ce que c'est loin?

ื–ื” ืจื—ื•ืง ืžืื•ื“?

  • Est-ce que c'est prรจs?

ื–ื” ืงืจื•ื‘?

ืžื—ืกื•ืžื™ื

ืื ื”ืžืฉื˜ืจื” ืขืฆืจื” ืืช ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื™ืช ืฉืœืš ื‘ืžื—ืกื•ื, ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื ื•ื›ื—ื•ืช ื ืคืฉื™ืช ื•ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ื›ืจืื•ื™ ืืช ืœื•ื‘ืฉื™ ื”ืžื“ื™ื. ืขื ื”ืชืงืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ื˜ืจ, ื”ืื˜ื• ื•ื”ื“ืœื™ืงื• ืื•ืจื•ืช ื‘ืชื. ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื ืขื•ืœ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื“ืœืชื•ืช ื•ืœืขื•ืœื ืœื ืœืฆืืช ืžืžื›ื•ื ื™ืชืš. ืื™ืŸ ืœื”ื’ื™ืฉ ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ ื’ื•ืคื ื™ ื›ื™ ืจืง ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ ื•ื™ื–ื•ืืœื™ ืžื•ืชืจ. ืื™ื ืš ืžื—ื•ื™ื‘ ืœืคืชื•ื— ืืช ืชื ื”ืžื˜ืขืŸ ืื• ืืคื™ืœื• ืืช ื”ืชื. ืื ื”ืฉื•ื˜ืจ ืฉื•ืืœ ืื•ืชืš ืฉืืœื•ืช, ื”ื™ื” ืื“ื™ื‘ ื•ืื™ืชืŸ ื‘ืชืฉื•ื‘ื•ืชื™ืš.

ื™ืฉื ื ืžืขืงื‘ื™ื ื•ืคื™ืงื•ื— ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื— ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื•ืช ื•ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื‘ื›ืœ ืขืžื“ืช ืžืขื‘ืจ ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ื•ืžื—ืกื•ื. ืžื—ืกื•ืžื™ื ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžื ื•ืข ืžื˜ื™ื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื ืชื™ืขื•ื“ ืžื›ืœ ื—ืœืง ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืฉื•ื˜ืจื™ื ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืžืฉืžืจ ื‘ืžื—ืกื•ืžื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืขื™ืจ ื•ื‘ืืจืฅ. ืืœ ืชืคื—ื“ ืื ืฆื•ื•ืชื™ื ื—ืžื•ืฉื™ื ืขืฆืจื• ื‘ืžื—ืกื•ื. ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื”ืฆื’ ืืช ื”ืžืกืžื›ื™ื ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื™ื ืฉืœืš ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื”ืจืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœืืžืช ืืช ื–ื”ื•ืชืš.

ื˜ื™ืคื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื

ืœื ืžืฉื ื” ืžื” ืืชื” ื ื•ื”ื’ ืื• ืœืืŸ ืืชื” ื”ื•ืœืš, ื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื›ื•ืœื ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืจืืฉ ืกื“ืจ ื”ืขื“ื™ืคื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœืš. ืœื ืžืฉื ื” ืžื” ืืชื” ื ืชืงืœ ื‘ื“ืจืš, ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ื–ื” ืžื•ื›ืจ ืื• ืœื ืžื•ื›ืจ ืœืš, ืชืžื™ื“ ืชื”ื™ื” ื ื•ื›ื—ื•ืช ื ืคืฉื™ืช ื•ื–ื›ื•ืจ ืืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืืชื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื‘ืžืฆื‘ื™ื ืืœื”. ืœื”ืœืŸ ื˜ื™ืคื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ืœื“ืขืช ืžื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื—ื™ืจื•ื ื•ืชืื•ื ื•ืช.

ืžื” ืื ืื ื™ ืื”ื™ื” ืžืขื•ืจื‘ ื‘ืชืื•ื ื”?

ืืชื” ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืข ืžื” ื™ืงืจื” ืœืš ืขืœ ื”ื›ื‘ื™ืฉ. ืื ืžืชืจื—ืฉืช ืชืื•ื ืช ื“ืจื›ื™ื, ื›ื“ืื™ ืœื”ื™ืฉืืจ ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืขื“ ื”ื’ืขืช ื”ืžืฉื˜ืจื”. ื‘ื“ื•ืง ืžื™ื“ ืืช ืขืฆืžืš ื•ืืช ื ื•ืกืขื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื. ืืœ ืชื™ืชืŸ ืกื™ื•ืข ืจืคื•ืื™ ืื ืื™ื ืš ืžื•ืกืžืš ืœืชืช. ื”ืชืงืฉืจื• ืœืžืฉื˜ืจื” ืื• ืœืžื•ืงื“ ื”ื—ื™ืจื•ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”, ืฉื”ื•ื 111. ืœืื—ืจ ื”ื’ืขืช ื”ืžืฉื˜ืจื”, ืกืคืงื• ืชื™ืื•ืจ ืžื“ื•ื™ืง ืฉืœ ื”ืชืื•ื ื”. ื•ื“ื ืฉืชื™ืฆื•ืจ ืงืฉืจ ืขื ืกืคืง ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ื”ืจื›ื‘ ืฉืœืš.

ืื ืืชื” ืžืขื•ืจื‘ ื‘ืชืื•ื ืช ื“ืจื›ื™ื ื•ืืฉื, ืขืฆื•ืจ ื‘ืžืงื•ื. ืื ื ื™ืกื™ืช ืœื”ืชื—ืžืง ืžืื—ืจื™ื•ืช, ืืชื” ืขืœื•ืœ ืœืขืžื•ื“ ื‘ืคื ื™ ืžืืกืจ ืฉืœ ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืขื“ ืฉื ื” ืื• ืงื ืก ืฉืœ 20,000 ืขื“ 500,000 ืคืจื ืง. ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ, ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ืขืœ ื”ืชืœื™ื™ืช ืจื™ืฉื™ื•ืŸ ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื•ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœ, ืชื•ืš ืื™ืกื•ืจ ืœื‘ืงืฉ ืจื™ืฉื™ื•ืŸ ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื—ื“ืฉ ืœืžืฉืš ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืฉื ื™ื. ื™ื”ื™ื” ืœืš ืขื•ื ืฉ ื›ืคื•ืœ ืื ืื™ืŸ ืœืš ืจื™ืฉื™ื•ืŸ ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ืžืงื•ืžื™ ื•ืจื™ืฉื™ื•ืŸ ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™.

ื™ื”ื™ื• ื”ืจื‘ื” ื—ื•ื•ื™ื•ืช ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื•ืžืคื’ืฉื™ื ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ื™ื ืฉื™ืงืจื• ืœื›ื ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื‘ืงื•ืžื•ืจื•. ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื–ื›ื•ืจ ืชืžื™ื“ ืืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืืชื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื›ืฉืืชื” ื‘ื“ืจื›ื™ื. ืชืžื™ื“ ืชื”ื™ื” ื ื•ื›ื—ื•ืช ื ืคืฉื™ืช ื•ื”ื™ื” ืื“ื™ื‘ ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืืชื” ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืื™ืชื ื›ื™ ื˜ื•ื‘ ืœื‘ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืจื—ื•ืง. ืขืงื‘ื• ืื—ืจ ื—ื•ืงื™ ื”ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื•ื›ืœืœื™ ื”ื ื”ื™ื’ื”, ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืชื”ื™ื” ืœื›ื ืžืกืข ื—ืœืง ื•ื‘ื˜ื•ื— ืœืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื”ื™ืคื™ื ื‘ืงื•ืžื•ืจื•.

ืชื ืื™ ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื‘ืงื•ืžื•ืจื•

ื‘ืงื•ืžื•ืจื•, 70 ืง"ืž. ืž -88 ืง"ืž ืฉืœ ื”ื›ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื ื‘ืื™ ืกืœื•ืœื™ื ืืš ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ื’ืจื•ืข. ื™ื•ืฆื ืžืŸ ื”ื›ืœืœ ืœื›ืš ื”ื•ื ื”ื›ื‘ื™ืฉ ื”ืจืืฉื™ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื’ืจื ื“ ืงื•ืžื•ืจ, ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคื— ื”ื™ื˜ื‘. ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื‘ืงื•ืžื•ืจื• ื”ื™ื ื”ื›ืจื—ื™ืช ื›ื™ ื™ืฉ ืชื—ื‘ื•ืจื” ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ืช ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœืช ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื”. ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืกืขื• ื‘ื–ื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื™ืชืจื” ื•ืชืฉืžืขื• ืชืžื™ื“ ืœื—ื•ืง ื”ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื•ื›ืœืœื™ ื”ื ื”ื™ื’ื”.

ืกื˜ื˜ื™ืกื˜ื™ืงืช ืชืื•ื ื•ืช

ื”ืื™ื›ื•ืช ื”ื ืžื•ื›ื” ืฉืœ ืชืฉืชื™ื•ืช ื”ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืชืจืžื” ืœืชืื•ื ื•ืช ื“ืจื›ื™ื ื•ืœืขื•ืžืกื™ ืชื ื•ืขื”. ื‘ื ืชื•ื ื™ ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™ ืœืฉื ืช 2018, ืžืงืจื™ ื”ืžื•ื•ืช ื‘ืชืื•ื ื•ืช ื“ืจื›ื™ื ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืœ -236 ืื• 4.64% ืžื›ืœืœ ืžืงืจื™ ื”ืžื•ื•ืช ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื”. ื‘ืฉื ืช 2016 ื ืจืฉืžื• ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื” 211 ื”ืจื•ื’ื™ื ื‘ืชื ื•ืขืช ื›ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื. ื›ืฉืืชื” ื ื•ื”ื’ ื‘ืงื•ืžื•ืจื•, ื“ืข ืืช ืžื™ืงื•ื ื”ื™ืขื“ื™ื ืฉืœืš ื•ื“ืข ืืช ื›ืœืœื™ ื”ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ืฉื ืงื‘ืขื• ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืœื ืชื”ื™ื” ื—ืฉื•ืฃ ืœืชืื•ื ื•ืช. ื™ืฉ ืœื ืงื•ื˜ ืืžืฆืขื™ ื–ื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ื‘ืขืช ื ื”ื™ื’ื”.

ื›ืœื™ ืจื›ื‘ ื ืคื•ืฆื™ื

ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืกื˜ื ื“ืจื˜ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืงื•ืžื•ืจื•ืก ื”ืŸ ืžื›ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื—ืกื›ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื•ืจื›ื‘ื™ ืฉื˜ื—, ืฉื›ืŸ ื”ื™ื ื–ื•ืœื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื”ื˜ื ื“ืจื™ื ื•ืžืžื›ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ื•ืงืจื”. ืœืคื™ ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™, ืžืกืคืจ ื›ืœื™ ื”ืจื›ื‘ ื”ืจืฉื•ืžื™ื ื‘ืฆื‘ืขื™ื ื‘ืฉื ืช 2016 ื”ื•ื 34,898. ื™ืฉื ื ืจื™ืฉื•ืžื™ ืจื›ื‘ ืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ืื–ื•ืจื™ ืžื’ื•ืจื™ื. ืืชื” ืชืžืฆื ื›ืžื” ืžืฉืื™ื•ืช ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœืขืจื™ื ื•ืื–ื•ืจื™ ืžื’ื•ืจื™ื.

ื›ื‘ื™ืฉื™ ืื’ืจื”

ืœืงื•ืžื•ืจื•ืก ื™ืฉ 880 ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื›ื‘ื™ืฉ, ืžืชื•ื›ื 673 ืžืชื•ื—ื–ืงื™ื ื•ืกืœื•ืœื™ื ื”ื™ื˜ื‘. ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ื’ื•ื‘ื” ืžื—ื™ืจ ืขืœ ื”ื›ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืจ ื—ืœืง ืื• ืืช ื›ืœ ืขืœื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ื”, ื”ืชื—ื–ื•ืงื” ื•ื”ืชืคืขื•ืœ, ื•ืืฃ ืœื”ื’ื“ื™ืœ ืืช ื”ื”ื›ื ืกื•ืช ืฉื™ื•ืขื™ืœื• ืœืงื”ื™ืœื”. ื™ืฉื ื ืืจื‘ืขื” ืฉื“ื•ืช ืชืขื•ืคื” ืขื ืžืกืœื•ืœื™ื ืกืœื•ืœื™ื ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื”, ืืš ืื™ืŸ ื›ื‘ื™ืฉื™ ืื’ืจื” ื•ืจืฉืชื•ืช ืจื›ื‘ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช.

ืžืฆื‘ ื”ื›ื‘ื™ืฉ

ืœืคื ื™ ืฉืืชื ื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื ื‘ืงื•ืžื•ืจื•, ื™ืฉ ืฆื•ืจืš ืœื“ืขืช ืืช ืชื ืื™ ื”ื“ืจืš ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืœื ืชื•ืคืชืขื• ื‘ื ืกื™ืขื”. ื‘ืฉืœื•ืฉืช ื”ืื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”, ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ ืชื—ื‘ื•ืจื” ืœืงื•ื™ื™ื ืคื•ื’ืขื™ื ื‘ื”ืชืงื“ืžื•ืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”. ื”ื›ื‘ื™ืฉ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ื”ืžืชื•ื—ื–ืง ื”ื™ื˜ื‘ ื”ื•ื ื”ื›ื‘ื™ืฉ ื”ืจืืฉื™ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืขื™ืจ ื”ื‘ื™ืจื”, ืฉื“ื” ื”ืชืขื•ืคื” ื•ืฆืคื•ืŸ ื”ืื™ ื’ืจื ื“ื” ืงื•ืžื•ืจ. ืื ืืชื” ื ื•ื”ื’ ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื‘ืงื•ืžื•ืจื•, ื”ื™ื” ื ื”ื’ ืื—ืจืื™ ื•ื ื”ื’ ืชืžื™ื“ ื‘ื‘ื˜ื—ื”,

ืื™ืŸ ืžืขืจื›ืช ืื•ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืกื™ื ื‘ืงื•ืžื•ืจื•, ืื– ืืชื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืฉื›ื•ืจ ืจื›ื‘. ื‘ื›ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื ื™ืฉ ืชืื•ืจื” ื ืžื•ื›ื” ื•ืงื™ืžื•ืจื™ื ืขื™ื•ื•ืจื™ื ืžืกื•ื›ื ื™ื. ื™ืฉ ื’ื ื›ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื ืžืœืื™ื ื‘ื‘ื•ืจื•ืช, ืœื›ืŸ ืžื•ืžืœืฅ ืœื ืœื ืกื•ืข ื‘ืœื™ืœื”. ื™ืฉ ื›ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื ืฆืจื™ื ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ื™ื ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ื‘ืฆื“ ื”ืจื—ื•ื‘ื•ืช. ื™ืฉื ื ื›ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื ืกืœื•ืœื™ื ื”ื ื’ื™ืฉื™ื ื‘ืจื›ื‘ ื‘ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ื”ืขื™ืจื•ื ื™ื™ื, ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ื”ื›ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื ื”ื›ืคืจื™ื™ื ืžื˜ื•ืคื—ื™ื ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื’ืจื•ืขื” ื•ืœื ืกืœื•ืœื™ื, ื›ืš ืฉืืชื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืžื›ื•ื ื™ืช ืฉืชืกื™ืข ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”.

ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื ื”ื™ื’ื”

ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืงืจื•ื ืขืœ ื—ื•ื•ื™ื•ืช ืžื˜ื™ื™ืœื™ื ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ื”ืกืคื™ืงื• ืœื ืกื•ืข ื‘ืงื•ืžื•ืจื•. ื ื”ื’ื™ื ืžืงื•ืžื™ื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืื—ื“ ื”ื—ืฉืฉื•ืช ืฉืœืš ื‘ืขืช ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื ืขื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืžืงืกื™ืžืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืชืจืช ื•ืขื•ืงืคื™ื ืคื™ื ื•ืช ืขื™ื•ื•ืจื•ืช. ืชื ื•ืขื” ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘, ืื– ืืชื” ืฆืจื™ืš ื”ืจื‘ื” ืกื‘ืœื ื•ืช, ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื›ืืฉืจ ืืชื” ืžืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ื ื”ื’ื™ื ืคื–ื™ื–ื™ื.

ื˜ื™ืคื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื

ืื ืืชื” ืžื›ื™ืจ ืืช ืžืฆื‘ื™ ื”ื›ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื ื•ื”ืชื ืื™ื ืฉืœ ืงื•ืžื•ืจื•ืก, ืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืชื›ื•ื ืŸ ื•ืœื”ื’ื“ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืฆื™ืคื™ื•ืช ืฉืœืš ืœืคื ื™ ื”ื ืกื™ืขื”. ืžืœื‘ื“ ื–ืืช, ื›ื“ืื™ ื’ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืžื•ื“ื“ืช ืืช ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื™ืช. ื‘ื“ืจืš ื–ื•, ืชืจืื” ืื ืืชื” ื ื•ืกืข ืžืชื—ืช ืœืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืชืจืช.

ื”ืื ื”ื ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘-KpH ืื• ื‘-MPH ื‘ืงื•ืžื•ืจื•?

ื›ืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืžืฉืชืžืฉืช ื‘ื™ื—ื™ื“ืช ืžื“ื™ื“ื” ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœืงื‘ื•ืข ืžื’ื‘ืœื•ืช ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช. ืžื“ื™ื“ื” ื–ื• ืœืงื‘ื™ืขืช ืžื’ื‘ืœื•ืช ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืชืœื•ื™ื” ื‘ืกื•ื’ ื”ื›ื‘ื™ืฉ ื•ื‘ืกื•ื’ ื”ืจื›ื‘ ื”ืžืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื›ื‘ื™ืฉ. ืœืคื ื™ ืฉืืชื ื ื•ืกืขื™ื ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ืงื•ืžื•ืจื•, ื“ืขื• ื›ื™ ืงื™ื™ืžื•ืช ืžื’ื‘ืœื•ืช ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืžื™ื•ืฉืžื•ืช ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื”. ืงื•ืžื•ืจื• ืžืฉืชืžืฉืช ื‘- KpH ื›ื™ื—ื™ื“ืช ืžื™ื“ื” ืœืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื™ืช.

ืขืœื™ืš ืœื ืงื•ื˜ ืืžืฆืขื™ ื–ื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ืขืช ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื‘ืงื•ืžื•ืจื• ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืชืฉืชื™ื•ืช ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืขืœื•ืœื•ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื›ื ื•ืช. ืขื“ื™ืฃ ืฉืชืœืš ืœืื˜ ื•ื‘ื˜ื•ื— ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื”ื’ื™ื‘ ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืงื•ืจื™ื ื‘ื›ื‘ื™ืฉ ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช. ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœืชืขื“ืฃ ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืืช ื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื•ืชืš, ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืื ืืชื” ื ื•ื”ื’ ื‘ืขืžืง ืงื•ืžื•ืจื•. ื›ืœ ืขื•ื“ ื‘ืจืฉื•ืชืš ืจื™ืฉื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ ืฉืœืš ื•ื”ื™ืชืจ ื”ื ื”ื’ ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ ืฉืœืš, ืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ืฉืืจ ื•ืœื ื”ื•ื’ ื‘ืงื•ืžื•ืจื• ืขื“ ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื.

ืžื”ืŸ ื”ืกื›ื ื•ืช ื‘ื“ืจื›ื™ื ื‘ืงื•ืžื•ืจื•?

ืืชื” ืขืœื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ืชืงืœ ื‘ืกื›ื ื•ืช ื›ื‘ื™ืฉ ื‘ืขืช ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื‘ืงื•ืžื•ืจื•. ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืžืคื’ืขื™ื ื‘ื›ื‘ื™ืฉ ื”ื ื”ืžื”ืžื•ืจื•ืช ื•ื”ื—ื™ื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ืฆื•ืช ื‘ื›ื‘ื™ืฉ. ื”ื™ืžื ืข ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื” ืœื™ืœื™ืช ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœืื–ื•ืจื™ื ืขื™ืจื•ื ื™ื™ื ืขืงื‘ ื”ืชืื•ืจื” ื”ื ืžื•ื›ื”, ืชื ืื™ ื”ื“ืจืš ื”ื™ืจื•ื“ื™ื ื•ื”ื™ืขื“ืจ ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ื—ื™ืจื•ื. ื–ื›ืจื• ื›ื™ ื‘ืขืช ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื‘ืงื•ืžื•ืจื•, ืžืคื” ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื™ืขื“ื™ื ืืœื™ื”ื ืชืจืฆื• ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ื›ื“ื™ ืœื—ืกื•ืš ื–ืžืŸ ื•ืœื—ื•ื•ืช ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ืžืœืื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื”ื˜ื™ื•ืœ.

ืขืœื™ืš ืชืžื™ื“ ืœื ืงื•ื˜ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื™ ื–ื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ืขืช ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื‘ืงื•ืžื•ืจื• ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืชืฉืชื™ืช ื›ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื ืขืœื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื›ื ืช. ืขื“ื™ืฃ ืื ืชืœืš ืœืื˜ ื•ื‘ื˜ื•ื— ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื’ื™ื‘ ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืงื•ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ื‘ื™ืฉ ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช. ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ ืœืชืขื“ืฃ ืืช ื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื•ืช ืฉืœืš ืชื—ื™ืœื”, ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืื ืืชื” ื ื•ื”ื’ ื‘ืขืžืง ืงื•ืžื•ืจื•. ื›ืœ ืขื•ื“ ื™ืฉ ืœืš ืืช ืจื™ืฉื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ ืฉืœืš ื•ืืช ืจื™ืฉื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ ืฉืœืš, ืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ืฉืืจ ื•ืœื ื”ื•ื’ ื‘ืงื•ืžื•ืจื• ืขื“ ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื.

ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื‘ืงื•ืžื•ืจื•

ืžืœื‘ื“ ืœื˜ื™ื™ืœ ื•ืœื ื”ื•ื’ ื‘ืงื•ืžื•ืจื•, ืืชื” ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื”ืจื‘ื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืžืœืืช ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช. ืื ืืชื” ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืงื—ืช ืกื™ื›ื•ื ื™ื ื•ืืชื’ืจื™ื, ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืฉืจื•ืช ื•ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช ืžื—ื›ื•ืช ืœืš ื›ืืŸ. ืชื”ื ื• ื•ืคืชื—ื• ื“ืœืชื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ืฉืžื—ื›ื•ืช ืœื›ื ื‘ืืจืฅ.

ืกืข ื‘ืชื•ืจ ืชื™ื™ืจ

ืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื ืกื•ืข ืœื ื”ื•ื’ ื‘ืงื•ืžื•ืจื• ืžืขื™ืจ ืœืขื™ืจ ื›ืœ ืขื•ื“ ื™ืฉ ืœืš ืืช ืจื™ืฉื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ ืฉืœืš ื•ืืช ืจื™ืฉื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ ืฉืœืš (IDP). ื•ื“ื ืฉืืชื” ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ื’ื™ืœ ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื—ื•ืงื™ ืœืคื ื™ ืฉืืชื” ื ื•ื”ื’. ื”ื’ื™ืœ ื”ืžื™ื ื™ืžืœื™ ื”ื—ื•ืงื™ ืœื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื‘ืงื•ืžื•ืจื• ื”ื•ื 18 ืฉื ื™ื, ื‘ืขื•ื“ ื”ื’ื™ืœ ื”ืžื™ื ื™ืžืœื™ ื”ื—ื•ืงื™ ืœืฉื›ื•ืจ ืจื›ื‘ ื”ื•ื 23 ืฉื ื™ื. ื”-IDP ืฉืœืš ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืœื•ื•ื” ื‘ืจื™ืฉื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ ืฉืœืš ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืชื•ื›ืœ ืœื ื”ื•ื’ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื—ื•ืงื™ ื‘ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ื ืื ืืคื™ืœื• ื›ืชื™ื™ืจ.

ืืชื” ืชืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘-IDP ืฉืœืš ื‘ื›ืœ ืคืขื ืฉืืชื” ื ื•ื”ื’ ื‘ืงื•ืžื•ืจื•. ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืฉื›ื ื•ืกืข ืืชื” ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ื™ืžื ืข ืžืขื™ื›ื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื ืกื™ืขื” ื•ืขื‘ื™ืจื•ืช ื ื”ื™ื’ื”, ืฉืชืžื™ื“ ื™ืฉ ื‘ื”ืŸ ืขื•ื ืฉื™ื ื•ืงื ืกื•ืช. ื”ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ ืฉืœ IDP ื”ื•ื ืœืืคืฉืจ ืœืจืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ืื›ื™ืคืช ื”ื—ื•ืง ืœืืžืช ืืช ืจื™ืฉื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ ืฉืœืš ื•ืœืงืจื•ื ืืช ื”ืจื™ืฉื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœืš ื‘ืฉืคืชื. ื›ืœ ืขื•ื“ ื™ืฉ ืœืš IDP ื•ืชื™ืขื•ื“ ืžืชืื™ื, ื–ื” ื—ื•ืงื™ ืœื ื”ื•ื’ ื›ืชื™ื™ืจ ืงื•ืžื•ืจื•.

ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื›ื ื”ื’

ืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื’ื™ืฉ ื‘ืงืฉื” ื›ื ื”ื’ ื‘ืงื•ืžื•ืจื•ืก ื›ืœ ืขื•ื“ ื™ืฉ ืœืš ืื™ืฉื•ืจ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื•ืื™ืฉื•ืจ ืฉื”ื™ื™ื” ื–ืžื ื™ ืฉืœืš. ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ, ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื‘ืงื•ืžื•ืจื• ืœืœื ื•ื™ื–ื” ืื™ื ื” ื—ื•ืงื™ืช. ืืชื” ืฆืจื™ืš ื•ื™ื–ื” ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืœืคื ื™ ืฉืืชื” ื ื›ื ืก ืœืงื•ืžื•ืจื•. ืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืงื‘ืœ ื•ื™ื–ื” ืขื ื”ื”ื’ืขื” ืœืฉื“ื” ื”ืชืขื•ืคื” Hahaya (ื ืžืœ ื”ืชืขื•ืคื” ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ ื”ื ืกื™ืš ืกืขื™ื“ ืื™ื‘ืจื”ื™ื) ืื• ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ื›ื ื™ืกื” ืื—ืจื•ืช ืชืžื•ืจืช 30 ืื™ืจื•. ื”ื“ืจื›ื•ืŸ ืฉืœืš ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืชืงืฃ ื’ื ืœืชืงื•ืคื” ืžื™ื ื™ืžืœื™ืช ืฉืœ ืฉื™ืฉื” ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ืžืชืืจื™ืš ื”ื›ื ื™ืกื” ืœืžื“ื™ื ื”.

ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื›ืžื“ืจื™ืš ื˜ื™ื•ืœื™ื

ืžื“ืจื™ืš ื˜ื™ื•ืœื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ ื”ื•ืคืš ืืช ื”ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœืš ืœืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืืชื” ื‘ืงื•ืžื•ืจื•. ืžื“ืจื™ืš ื˜ื™ื•ืœื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืขืœ ื™ื“ืข ื”ื•ืœื ื•ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขืœ ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ืกื™ื•ืจ. ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœืชืงืฉืจ ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื™ืขื™ืœื”, ืœืขืจื‘ ืชื™ื™ืจื™ื ื‘ืฉื™ื—ื•ืช ื•ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื, ื•ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืขืœ ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™, ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ ื•ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ ืžืฆื•ื™ืŸ. ืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ื›ืžื“ืจื™ืš ื˜ื™ื•ืœื™ื ืขืฆืžืื™ ื‘ืงื•ืžื•ืจื•. ืืชื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื— ื—ื•ื–ื™ื ืขื ืกื•ื›ื ื•ื™ื•ืช ื ืกื™ืขื•ืช ืžื•ืจืฉื•ืช.

ื ื ื™ื— ืฉืืชื” ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื™ื“ืข ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™, ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™, ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ ื•ื›ืœื›ืœื™ ืžืขืžื™ืง ืขืœ ืงื•ืžื•ืจื• ื•ืฉื•ืœื˜ ื”ื™ื˜ื‘ ื‘ืฉืคื” ื”ืงื•ืžื•ืจื™ืช. ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื›ื–ื”, ืชื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ื’ื™ืฉ ืžื•ืขืžื“ื•ืช ื›ืžื“ืจื™ืš ื˜ื™ื•ืœื™ื ื‘ืืจืฅ. ืืชื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ื›ืฉืจ ืœื“ื•ืŸ ื‘ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื•ื‘ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืงื•ืžื•ืจื• ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืœื ืชื•ื›ืœ ืœืกืคืง ืžื™ื“ืข ืœื ืžื“ื•ื™ืง ืขืœ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”. ืฉื™ื˜ื•ื˜ ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื”ื•ื ื‘ืืžืช ืžืจื’ืฉ ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ื ื˜ืจืืงืฆื™ื” ืขื ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช ืขื ืื ืฉื™ื ืžื’ื•ื•ื ื™ื.

ื”ื’ืฉ ื‘ืงืฉื” ืœืชื•ืฉื‘ื•ืช

ื›ืื“ื ื–ืจ ื”ืžื—ื–ื™ืง ื‘ืืฉืจืช ืงื•ืžื•ืจื•, ืขืœื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืขืœ ืื™ืฉื•ืจ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืœืคื ื™ ืฉืชืขื‘ื•ื“ ื‘ืืจืฅ. ืื ืกื™ื™ืžืช ื”ืฉื›ืœื” ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ืื• ืกื™ื™ืžืช ื”ื›ืฉืจื” ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ืช, ืชื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ื’ื™ืฉ ื‘ืงืฉื” ืœื”ื™ืชืจ ืฉื”ื™ื™ื” ื›ืขื•ื‘ื“ ืžื™ื•ืžืŸ ืื• ื›ื ื”ื’ ืงื•ืžื•ืจื•. ืคืขืœ ืœืคื™ ื”ื ื•ื”ืœ ื•ื”ื’ื™ืฉ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื“ืจื™ืฉื•ืช ืœื”ื‘ื˜ื—ืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชืš ื›ื ื”ื’ ื‘ืงื•ืžื•ืจื•.

ื‘ื“ื•ืง ืื ืืชื” ืฆืจื™ืš ื•ื™ื–ื” ืื• ืื™ืฉื•ืจ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืื ืืชื” ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ื‘ืงื•ืžื•ืจื•. ืขืœื™ืš ืœื”ื’ื™ืฉ ื‘ืงืฉื” ืœืื™ืฉื•ืจ ืฉื”ื™ื™ื” ื–ืžื ื™ ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื”ืจืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ื•ืช ื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœื”ืขื ื™ืง ืื™ืฉื•ืจ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ื•ืœื’ื•ืจ ื‘ืงื•ืžื•ืจื•. ืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ื’ื ืœื‘ื“ื•ืง ืžื” ื™ืงืจื” ืœืš ืื ืชืื‘ื“ ืืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืื• ืœื ืชื•ื›ืœ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื ื›ื•ืช ื•ืžื—ืœื”.

ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช

ืื ืืชื” ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ื™ืฉืืจ ื‘ืงื•ืžื•ืจื• ื›ืฉื ื” ืื• ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื‘ื“ื•ืง ืืช ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช. ืœืงื•ืžื•ืจื•ืก ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื•ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ืžืืชื’ืจืช. ืื ืืชื” ืขื•ืžื“ ื‘ืืชื’ืจ ื”ื–ื”, ืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื‘ื“ื•ืง ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื‘ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜.

ื”ืื ื™ืฉ ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืื—ืจื•ืช ื‘ืงื•ืžื•ืจื•?

ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืชืคืงื™ื“ื™ื ืฉืœ ื–ืจื™ื ื•ืื ืฉื™ื ืžื™ื•ืžื ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื‘ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ื ืœื ืžืžืฉืœืชื™ื™ื ื•ื‘ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ืฆื“ืงื”. ืจืง ื•ื•ื“ื ืฉื™ืฉ ืœืš ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ื•ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื’ื™ืฉื” ืœื”ืคืจืฉื•ืช ืคืจื˜ื™ื•ืช. ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื”ื™ื ื’ื ื›ืœื›ืœื” ืงื˜ื ื” ื”ืžื•ื ืขืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืช ื”ื—ืงืœืื•ืช. ืื ืืชื” ืจื•ืื” ืืช ืขืฆืžืš ืขื•ื‘ื“ ื‘ืžืคืขืœ ylang-ylang , ืื– ืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื’ื™ืฉ ื‘ืงืฉื”. ื™ืฉื ื ืžื ื•ืขื™ ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื›ืœืœื™ื™ื ืžืกื•ื•ื’ื™ื ืฉื‘ื”ื ืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื— ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”.

ื™ืขื“ื™ ื˜ื™ื•ืœ ื”ื“ืจื›ื™ื ื”ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื™ื ื‘ืงื•ืžื•ืจื•

ื‘ืื™ื™ื ื”ื•ื•ืœืงื ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืืจื›ื™ืคืœื’ ื”ืงื•ืžื•ืจื™ ื™ืฉ ื ื•ืคื™ื ืชื•ืกืกื™ื, ื™ืขืจื•ืช ื•ืืชืจื™ ื ื•ืคืฉ ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื”ืคืชื•ื—ื™ื ืืœ ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก ื”ื”ื•ื“ื™. ืืคืฉืจ ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืฉ ื”ืฉืคืขื•ืช ืืคืจื™ืงืื™ื•ืช, ืขืจื‘ื™ืช ื•ืฆืจืคืชื™ื•ืช ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ืชืจื‘ื•ืช. ื™ืฉื ื ื™ืขื“ื™ื ืžืงืกื™ืžื™ื ื”ื™ื“ื•ืขื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืคื™ื™ื ื”ื ื•ืคื™ ื™ื•ืฆื ื”ื“ื•ืคืŸ. ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื‘ืงื•ืžื•ืจื• ื”ื™ื ื”ืจืคืชืงื” ืžืœืืช ื›ื™ืฃ ืขื ื›ืžื” ืžื™ืขื“ื™ ื”ื˜ื™ื•ืœ ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื. ื”ืคืืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืื˜ืจืงืฆื™ื•ืช ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืงื•ืžื•ืจื• ืชื’ืจื•ื ืœื›ื ืœืจืฆื•ืช ืœื”ื™ืฉืืจ ื–ืžืŸ ืจื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ. ืฆืื• ืœื ื”ื•ื’ ื‘ืงื•ืžื•ืจื• ื”ื™ื•ื.

ื’ืจืื ื“ื” ืงื•ืžื•ืจ

ื”ืื™ ื’ืจื ื“ื” ืงื•ืžื•ืจ (ื ื’ืื–ื™ื“ื”) ื”ื•ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืœื•ืฉืช ื”ืื™ื™ื ื”ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ืืช ืงื•ืžื•ืจื•. ืžื•ืจื•ื ื™, ืขื™ืจ ื”ื‘ื™ืจื”, ืฉื•ื›ื ืช ืขืœ ื”ืื™ ื’ืจื ื“ื” ืงื•ืžื•ืจ. ื™ืฉื ื ื›ืืŸ ืžืชืงื ื™ ืžืกื—ืจ ื•ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื. ืชื™ื™ืจื™ื ื ื•ืกืขื™ื ืœืงื•ืžื•ืจื• ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ื—ื•ืคื™ื ื”ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื™ื ืฉืœื”, ื”ืžื•ืฉืœืžื™ื ืœื‘ื™ืœื•ื™ ื•ืœื—ื•ืคืฉื” ืฉืœื›ื.

ืœืžืจื•ืช ื’ื•ื“ืœื• ื”ืงื˜ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืื™ ื’ืจื ื“ื” ืงื•ืžื•ืจ, ื™ืฉ ื›ืืŸ ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืœื‘ืงืจ. ืจืง ืงื—ื• ื‘ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ืชื—ื‘ื•ืจื” ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ืช ื”ื™ื ืžื™ื ื™ืžืœื™ืช, ืœื›ืŸ ืขื“ื™ืฃ ืœืฉื›ื•ืจ ืจื›ื‘. ื‘ืžื•ืจื•ื ื™ ืชืงื‘ืœื• ื”ืฆืฆื” ืœืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื•ืœื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืกื•ื•ื”ื™ืœื™ืช, ืขืจื‘ื™ืช ื•ืฆืจืคืชื™ืช. ืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื ืกื•ืข ืœืžืจื›ื– ื”ืขื™ืจ ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ ื•ืœื‘ื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืขืชื™ืงื™ื. ืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืœื›ืช ืœืฉื•ืง ื”ื•ื•ื•ืœื” ื•ื•ืœื”, ืฉื ืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืงื ื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช ื™ื“ ืžืงื•ืžื™ื•ืช, ืชื‘ืœื™ื ื™ื ื•ืชืžืฆื™ื•ืช ื‘ื•ืฉื ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ื™ืœื ื’-ื™ืœื ื’.

ื”ื•ืจืื•ืช ื ืกื™ืขื”:

ื ืกื™ืขื” ื‘ืฉื“ื” ื”ืชืขื•ืคื” ืฉืœ ืงื•ืžื•ืจื•ืก, ืชื’ื™ืข ืœืžื•ืจื•ื ื™ ืชื•ืš ื›-40 ื“ืงื•ืช.

  1. ืžื ืžืœ ื”ืชืขื•ืคื” ื“ื” ืžื•ืจื•ื ื™-ื”ื ืกื™ืš ืกืขื™ื“ ืื™ื‘ืจื”ื™ื (ื ืžืœ ื”ืชืขื•ืคื” ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ ื”ื ืกื™ืš ืกืขื™ื“ ืื™ื‘ืจื”ื™ื), ืกืขื• ื“ืจื•ืžื” ื‘ื›ื‘ื™ืฉ RN 1.
  2. ืคื ื” ื™ืžื™ื ื” ืœืจื—ื•ื‘ ื“ื” ืœื” ืงื•ืจื ื™ืฉื”.
  3. ืคื ื” ื™ืžื™ื ื” ืืœ Mvouvou-djou.
  4. ืคื ื” ืฉืžืืœื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืžื•ืจื•ื ื™.

ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช

1. ืœื›ื• ืœืžืกื’ื“ Nouvelle de Vendredi.

ืžืžืฉ ืžืื—ื•ืจื™ ืฉื•ืง Vola Vola ื ืžืฆื ืžืกื’ื“ Nouvelle de Vendredi. ืžืกื’ื“ ื–ื” ืžืชื•ืืจืš ืœืฉื ืช 1427, ื•ื”ืคื•ืœื—ืŸ ืžืชืงื™ื™ื ืžื“ื™ ื™ื•ื ืฉื™ืฉื™ ื‘ืžืกื’ื“ ื”ืกืžื•ืš ืœื ืžืœ. ืื ืืชื” ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืจืื•ืช ืžื” ื™ืฉ ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืžืกื’ื“, ืืชื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ืชืœื‘ืฉ ื‘ืžื›ื ืกื™ื™ื ืืจื•ื›ื™ื ื›ืจืื•ื™, ื•ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืฉื˜ื•ืฃ ืืช ื”ืจื’ืœื™ื™ื ืœืคื ื™ ื”ื›ื ื™ืกื” ืœืžืงื•ื. ื”ืžืงื•ื ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœืžืกื’ื“ ืฉื™ืžืฉ ืžืงื•ื ืžืคื’ืฉ ืœื’ื‘ืจื™ื.

2. ื‘ื“ืงื• ืืช ืฆื•ืงื™ ื”ื™ื ื‘ืื™ื™ืงื•ื ื™.

ื‘ืžืื” ื”-12, ืื™ืงื•ื ื™ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืชื—ื ืช ืžืกื—ืจ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื”. ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืจืื•ืช ื’ื™ืœื•ืคื™ ืขืฅ ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื•ืฉืจื™ื“ื™ ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื™ืฉื ื™ื, ื•ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืžืฆื•ื ื’ื ืืช ืงื‘ืจื• ืฉืœ ื”ืกื•ืœื˜ืŸ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืงื•ืžื•ืจื• ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช, ื”ื ืกื™ืš ืกืขื™ื“ ืื™ื‘ืจื”ื™ื. ื™ืฉ ื’ื ืฆื•ืงื™ ื™ื ื‘ืื™ื™ืงื•ื ื™. ื‘ืžืื” ื”-19, ื ืฉื™ื ืงื•ืžื•ืจื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ื• ืงื•ืคืฆื•ืช ืœืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืœื”ื™ืชืคืก ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืคื™ืจืื˜ื™ื ืžื“ื’ืกืงื ื™ื™ื.

3. ืฉื—ื• ื‘ื—ื•ืฃ ืžื™ืฆืืžื™ื•ืœื™.

ืื ืชืจืฆื• ื˜ื™ื•ืœ ืœืฆืคื•ืŸ ื”ืื™, ืชืฆื˜ืจื›ื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ื—ื•ืฃ ื”ืคื ื˜ืกื˜ื™ ื”ื–ื” ื‘ื’ืจื ื“ื” ืงื•ืžื•ืจ. ื—ื•ืฃ Mitsamiouli ื”ื•ื ื—ื•ืฃ ืืžื™ืชื™ ื‘ืจืžื” ืขื•ืœืžื™ืช, ื•ื”ื•ื ืื—ื“ ืž-10 ื”ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ืืคืจื™ืงื”. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœื—ื•ื•ืช ืฉื ื•ืจืงืœื™ื ื’ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืืœืžื•ื’ื™ื ื•ืžืื•ืช ืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื. ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื—ื•ืคืฉืช ื—ื•ืฃ ื‘ื—ื•ืฃ ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืขื•ื ื” ื”ื™ื‘ืฉื”, ืžืืคืจื™ืœ ืขื“ ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ.

4. ื‘ืงืจื• ื‘-Le Trou du Prophรจte.

ื‘ืฆืจืคืชื™ืช, Le Trou du Prophรจte ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื• "ื”ื—ื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ื ื‘ื™ื". ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ื™ื ื”ืืžื™ื ื• ืฉื”ื ื‘ื™ื ืžื•ื—ืžื“ ื ื—ืช ื‘ื˜ืจื• ื“ื• ืคืจื•ื˜ื” ื•ื™ืฉื‘ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื ื™ ื”ืกืœืขื™ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื—ื•ืฃ. Le Trou du Prophรจte ื”ื•ื ืžืงื•ื ืงื“ื•ืฉ ืœืžืงื•ืžื™ื™ื, ื•ื”ืืชืจ ืฉื™ืžืฉ ื‘ืขื‘ืจ ื›ืื–ื•ืจ ืœืขื’ื•ืŸ ื”ืžืœื—ื™ื. ืืคืฉืจ ืœืฉื—ื•ืช ื‘ืขื•ืžืง ื”ื—ื•ืฃ ื‘ืฆื“. ื”ื ื•ืฃ ื”ืชืช ื™ืžื™ ืžืจืชืง.

5. ืœื˜ืคืก ืขืœ ื”ืจ ืงืจืชื”ืœื”

ื‘ื—ืœืง ื”ื“ืจื•ืžื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืื™ ื ืžืฆื ื”ืจ ื’ืขืฉ ืคืขื™ืœ ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“. ืœื”ืจ ืงืจืชื”ืœื” ื”ื™ื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž-20 ื”ืชืคืจืฆื•ื™ื•ืช ืžืื– ื”ืžืื” ื”-19. ืคืกื’ืช ื”ืจ ืงืจืช'ืœื” ื”ื™ื ื›-2,361 ืž'. ื›-60% ืžืฉื˜ื— ื”ืื™ ืชื•ืคืกื™ื ืืช ื”ืจ ื”ื’ืขืฉ ื”ืขืฆื•ื ื”ื–ื”. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืฆืืช ืœื˜ื™ื•ืœื™ื ื“ืจืš ื”ื’'ื•ื ื’ืœ ื”ืขื‘ื•ืช ื•ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืืœ ืฉื“ื•ืช ื”ืืคืจ ื”ืฉื—ื•ืจื™ื ื”ืžืงื™ืคื™ื ืืช ื”ืžื›ืชืฉื™ื ื”ื•ื•ืœืงื ื™ื™ื. ืชื™ื”ื ื• ืžื”ื ื•ืฃ ืขื•ืฆืจ ื”ื ืฉื™ืžื”.

ืžื•ื”ืœื™

ืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืงื‘ืœ ื”ืกืขื” ืžืฉื“ื” ื”ืชืขื•ืคื” ืœืื™ ื™ืคื” ืื—ืจ ืฉืœ ืงื•ืžื•ืจื•, ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื•ื”ืœื™. ืงืœ ืžืื•ื“ ืœื—ืงื•ืจ ืืช ืžื•ื”ืœื™ ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื–ื”ื• ืื™ ืงื˜ืŸ. ืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืจื›ื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื”ื›ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื ื”ืจื™ืงื™ื ื›ืžืขื˜ ืื ืืชื” ืจืง ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ื™ืจื’ืข ืื• ืœื”ื™ืจื’ืข. ืื ืชืจืฆื• ื”ืจืคืชืงื”, ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœื˜ื™ื™ืœ ื‘ื™ืขืจ ื”ื’ืฉื ื”ื‘ืชื•ืœื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืื™. ืื ืชื‘ืงืจื• ื‘ืžื•ื”ืœื™ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื™ื•ืœื™ ืœืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ, ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืœื•ื•ื™ื™ืชื ื™ ื’ื‘ืŸ. ื™ืฉื ื ื›-1,000 ืœื•ื•ื™ื™ืชื ื™ ื’ื‘ืŸ ื”ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืžืื ื˜ืืจืงื˜ื™ืงื” ืžื“ื™ ืฉื ื”.

ื”ื•ืจืื•ืช ื ืกื™ืขื”:

ืžื ืžืœ ื”ืชืขื•ืคื” ื”ืื–ื•ืจื™ ืžื•ื•ืืœื™, ืชื’ื™ืขื• ืœืคื•ืžื‘ื•ื ื™ ืชื•ืš ืคื—ื•ืช ืž-10 ื“ืงื•ืช.

  • ืžืฉื“ื” ื”ืชืขื•ืคื”, ืฆืื• ืœื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืžืขืจื‘.
  • ื”ื™ืฉืืจ ืฉืžืืœื” ืœืื—ืจ 40 ืžื˜ืจ.
  • ื‘ื›ื™ื›ืจ, ืฆืื• ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”.
  • ืคื ื” ืฉืžืืœื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืคื•ืžื‘ื•ื ื™.

ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช

1. ืื™ื ื˜ืจืืงืฆื™ื” ืขื ืžืงื•ืžื™ื™ื ื‘ื›ืคืจ ื“ื™ื™ื’ื™ื ื‘ืคื•ืžื‘ื•ื ื™

ื“ื™ื’ ืžืžืœื ืชืคืงื™ื“ ืžื›ืจื™ืข ื‘ืชืขืกื•ืงื” ื•ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ื”ื›ื ืกื” ื‘ืคื•ืžื‘ื•ื ื™. ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ื™ื ืฉืžืจื• ืขืœ ื”ืžืกื•ืจืช ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ืกื™ืจื•ืช ืžืคืจืฉ ื‘ื™ื“, ื›ืš ืฉืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืฆืคื•ืช ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื™ื™ื ื‘ื•ื ื™ื ืกื™ืจื•ืช ืœื™ื“ ื”ื—ื•ืฃ. ืคื•ืžื‘ื•ื ื™ ืžืคื•ืจืกืžืช ื’ื ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ืชื™ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืืงื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ื•ื”ื ื•ืคื™ื ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ื™ื ืฉืœื”.

2. ืฉื—ื• ื‘ื—ื•ืคื™ ื ื™ื•ืžืืฆ'ื•ืื” ื•ืžืจื ื’ื•ื ื™

ื™ืฉื ื ื—ื•ืคื™ื ื™ืคื™ื ื•ืฉืœื•ื•ื™ื ื‘ืžื•ื”ืœื™ ื‘ื”ื ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืฉื—ื•ืช ื•ืœื”ื™ืจื’ืข. ืืคืฉืจ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืขื•ื“ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืžื”ื ื™ื ืžืœื‘ื“ ืฉื ื•ืจืงืœื™ื ื’ ื•ืฆืœื™ืœื” ื‘ืžื™ื, ืžืฉื—ืง ืคืจื™ื–ื‘ื™, ืคื™ืงื ื™ืง ืขื ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื” ื•ืฆื™ืœื•ื ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช. ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคืช ืฉืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื”ื™ื ืฆืคื™ื™ื” ื‘ืฆื‘ื™ื ื›ืืฉืจ ืฆื‘ื™ื ืขื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืœื™ื“ ื”ื—ื•ืฃ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื˜ื™ืœ ืืช ื”ื‘ื™ืฆื™ื ืฉืœื”ื.

3. ืžื—ื ื” ื‘ืคืืจืง ืžืจื™ืŸ ื“ื” ืžื•ื”ืœื™ (ืคืืจืง ื”ื™ืžื™ ืžื•ื”ืœื™)

ืคืืจืง ืžืจื™ืŸ ื“ื” ืžื•ื”ืœื™ ื”ื•ื 404 ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืขื™ื ืฉืœ ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก, ื‘ื™ืชื ืฉืœ ืžื™ื ื™ื ื™ืžื™ื™ื ื›ืžื• ื“ื•ืœืคื™ื ื™ื, ืœื•ื•ื™ื™ืชื ื™ ื’ื‘ืŸ ื•ืฆ'ืืœืงื ืช. ื”ืคืืจืง ื”ื™ืžื™ ืžื›ืกื” ื’ื ืžื ื’ืจื•ื‘ื™ื, ื•ื”ื•ื ื’ืŸ ืขื“ืŸ ื˜ืจื•ืคื™ ืฉืœ ืžื™ื ื™ื ืื ื“ืžื™ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื›ืžื• ืขื˜ืœืคื™ ืœื™ื•ื•ื™ื ื’ืกื˜ื•ืŸ. ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืจืื•ืช ื’ื ืืช ื”ืžื™ื ื™ื ื”ืžื•ื’ื ื™ื ื‘ืคืืจืง, ื›ืžื• ืฆื‘ื™ื ื™ืจื•ืงื™ื ื•ื“ื•ื ื’ื•ื ื™ื.

4. ื‘ืงืจ ื‘ืžื˜ืขื™ื ื•ื‘ืžื–ืงืงื•ืช Ylang-Ylang .

ืžืœื‘ื“ ื”ืชืขืฉื™ื™ื” ื”ื—ืงืœืื™ืช, ืžื˜ืขื™ ื”ื™ืœื ื’-ื™ืœื ื’ ื’ื“ืœื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืืงืกืคื•ื ื ืฆื™ืืœื™ ื‘ืงื•ืžื•ืจื•. ื‘ืงืจื• ื‘ืฉื“ื•ืช ื•ื‘ืžื–ืงืงื•ืช ื•ืฉื•ื—ื—ื• ืขื ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื•ื”ื ืฆื™ื’ื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื“ืขืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขืœ ื”ื”ืคืงื•ืช ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื™ืœื ื’-ื™ืœื ื’ . ืฉืžืŸ ื”ื™ืœื ื’-ื™ืœื ื’ , ื”ื•ื•ื ื™ืœ ื•ื”ืฆื™ืคื•ืจืŸ ืžื—ื–ืงื™ื ืืช ื›ืœื›ืœืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”.

5. ื˜ื™ื•ืœ ืœ-Dziani Boundouni.

Dziani Boundoni ื”ื•ื ืื—ื“ ืžืื’ืžื™ ื”ืžื›ืชืฉ ื”ื˜ืจื™ื™ื ื”ื‘ื•ื“ื“ื™ื ื‘ืœื‘ ื”ืื™ ืžื•ื”ืœื™. ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉืชืฆืื• ืœื˜ื™ื™ืœ ื›ืืŸ, ื™ืฉ ืœื›ื ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช ืœืชืคื•ืก ืžืจืื” ื ื“ื™ืจ ืฉืœ ืœืžื•ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื ืžื™ื™ื” ื‘ื™ืขืจื•ืช ื”ืกืžื•ื›ื™ื. ืœื ื ืžืฆืื•ืช ื—ื™ื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ืืœื ืจืง ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ืช ืฆื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืžื’ื•ื•ื ืช.

ืื ื’'ื•ืืŸ

ืื ื’'ื•ืืŸ ื”ื•ื ืื™ ืžืฉื•ืœืฉ ื”ืžืชื ืฉื ื‘ืžืกื™ืฃ ื•ื•ืœืงื ื™. ื™ืฉ ื‘ื• ื ื•ืฃ ืžืจื”ื™ื‘, ื•ื™ืฉ ื‘ื• ืืช ื”ืื™ ื”ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ื˜ื•ืคื•ื’ืจืคื™ืช ืขื ืขืžืงื™ื ื•ืงื•ื•ื™ ื—ื•ืฃ. ื“ืจื›ื™ื ื ื•ืคื™ื•ืช ื—ื•ืฆื•ืช ืืช ื”ืื™ื™ื.

ื”ื•ืจืื•ืช ื ืกื™ืขื”:

ืžืžื•ื™ื” ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœื‘ืžื‘ืื• ืชื•ืš ื›ืฉืขืชื™ื™ื ื•-30 ื“ืงื•ืช ืื ืชื™ืกืขื• ื‘ื›ื‘ื™ืฉ RN 23. ื™ื”ื™ื” ืœืš ืงืœ ืœื ืกื•ืข ื•ืœื—ืงื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืื™ ืื ื’'ื•ืืŸ ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื•ื ืจืง ืื™ ืงื˜ืŸ. ืจืง ืฉื™ืžื• ืœื‘ ืฉื™ืฉ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื›ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื ืœืœื ืฉื ืฉืชืชืงืœื• ื‘ื”ื, ื•ืขื“ื™ืฃ ืœื‘ืงืฉ ืžื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ื™ื ื”ื ื—ื™ื•ืช ื ืกื™ืขื”.

  1. ืœื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฆืคื•ืŸ
  2. ืกืขื• ืž-RN 23 ืืœ Bambao Mtrouni
  3. ืคื ื” ืฉืžืืœื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœื‘ืžื‘ืื•

ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช

1. ื˜ื™ื•ืœ ืœื”ืจ Ntingui.

ื”ืคืกื’ื” ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืื™ ื”ื™ื ื”ืจ Natingui, ื‘ื’ื•ื‘ื” ืฉืœ 1,580 ืžื˜ืจ. ื‘ื™ื•ื ื‘ื”ื™ืจ, ืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื›ืœ ืืจื‘ืขืช ื”ืื™ื™ื ื›ืืฉืจ ืืชื” ื‘ืจืืฉ ื”ืจ Ntingui. ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉืคืข ืฉืœ ืฆืžื—ื™ื ืžืจื’ืฉื™ื ื•ืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื. ืงื—ื• ืจื’ืข ืœื”ืขืจื™ืš ืืช ื”ื ื•ืคื™ื ื•ื”ื ื•ืคื™ื.

2. ื—ืงื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืืจื›ื™ื˜ืงื˜ื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ื ื–ื•ืื ื™.

ื”ืขื™ื™ืจื” ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืื™ ื”ื™ื Mutsamudu, ืžืœืื” ื‘ืืจื›ื™ื˜ืงื˜ื•ืจื” ืกื•ื•ืื”ื™ืœื™ืช-ืฉื™ืจืืœื™ ื•ื’ื™ืœื•ืคื™ ืขืฅ. ื—ืงื•ืจ ืืช ื”ื‘ืชื™ื, ื”ืžืกื’ื“ื™ื ื•ื”ืžืฆื•ื“ื•ืช ื•ื”ืกืžื˜ืื•ืช ืžื”ืžืื” ื”-17. ื”ืฉื™ืจืื–ื™ ื‘ื ื• ืืช ื”ืžืกื’ื“ื™ื ื•ืืช ืžื™ ืฉื”ืงื™ื ืืช ืื™ืกืœืืŸ ื‘ืื™. ื”ื ืžืฆื™ื’ื™ื ืืช ืืจื›ื™ื˜ืงื˜ื•ืจืช ื”ืื‘ืŸ, ื”ื ื’ืจื•ืช ื•ืืจื™ื’ืช ื”ื›ื•ืชื ื”. ื”ืžืงื•ื ื”ื–ื” ืžืœื ื‘ืืจื›ื™ื˜ืงื˜ื•ืจื” ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ืช ื•ืจื—ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืฆืจื™ื.

3. ืฆืคื• ื‘ืžืคืœ Nkozini

ื‘ืื ื’'ื•ืืŸ ืืคืฉืจ ืœืžืฆื•ื ืืช ืžืคืœ ื ืงื•ื–ื™ื ื™ ื‘ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืžื•ื™ื”, ืฉื’ื•ื‘ื”ื• ื›-100 ืžื˜ืจื™ื. ื”ื‘ื™ืื• ืืช ื—ื•ืžืจื™ ื”ื ืกื™ืขื” ื”ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื›ื ื›ืฉืืชื ื‘ื”ืจืคืชืงืื•ืช ื”ืžืคืœ ืฉืœื›ื, ื›ืžื• ื ืขืœื™ ื”ื”ืœื™ื›ื” ื”ื—ื–ืงื•ืช ืฉืœื›ื, ืชื™ืขื•ื‘ ื™ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ืžื”ื™ืจ, ืงืจื ื”ื’ื ื”, ืื•ื›ืœ ื•ืžื™ื. ื’ืœื• ืืช ื”ืžืคืœ ื”ืžืœื›ื•ืชื™ ื‘ืื ื’'ื•ืืŸ ื•ืงื‘ืœื• ืงืฆืช ื–ืžืŸ ืœื”ื™ืจื’ืข.

4. ืœื›ื• ืœืžืกื’ื“ ืฉื™ืจื–ื™ ื•ืžืกื’ื“ ื–ื™ืืจื ื™.

ื‘ืื ื’'ื•ืืŸ, ืžืกื’ื“ ืฉื™ืจืื–ื™ ื‘ื“ื•ืžื•ื ื™ ื”ื•ื ื”ืขืชื™ืง ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืงื•ืžื•ืจื•. ื”ืžืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉื™ืจืื–ื™ื™ื ืžืคืจืก ื‘ื ื• ืื•ืชื•. ืžืฆื“ ืฉื ื™, ืžืกื’ื“ ื–ื™ืืจืื ื™ ื ืžืฆื ื‘ื›ืคืจ ืกื™ืžื”. ืจืง ืฉื™ืžื• ืœื‘ ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืืชื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืœืคื ื™ ืฉืืชื ื ื›ื ืกื™ื ืœืžืกื’ื“ื™ื. ื—ืœืฆื• ื ืขืœื™ื™ื ืœืคื ื™ ืฉืืชื ื ื›ื ืกื™ื, ืœื‘ืฉื• ื‘ื’ื“ื™ื ืžืชืื™ืžื™ื, ื•ืืœ ืชืื›ืœื• ื‘ืชื•ืš ืžืกื’ื“. ืืœ ืชืชื ื• ืœื™ืœื“ื™ื ืฉืœื›ื ืœืฉื—ืง ื‘ืคื ื™ื. ืชื ื• ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ืœืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื•ืœืžืกื•ืจืช ื‘ืžืงื•ื.

5. ืœื›ื• ืœืžื–ืงืงื•ืช ื‘ืฉืžื™ื ื‘ื‘ืžื‘ืื•.

Bambao ื”ื•ื ื”ื‘ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื›-350 ืžื–ืงืงื•ืช ื‘ืฉืžื™ื ื‘ืื ื’'ื•ืืŸ. ืœื›ื• ืœืžื–ืงืงื•ืช Bamao ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืจื™ื— ืืช ืคืจื—ื™ ื”ื™ืœื ื’-ื™ืœืื ื’ ืฉื”ื ื”ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ ืœื”ื›ื ืช ื‘ืฉืžื™ื. ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืืจื’ืŸ ืกื™ื•ืจ ืœืžื‘ืงืจื™ื ืฉืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื“ืขืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขืœ ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื•ื”ืื•ืžื ื•ืช ื‘ื”ื›ื ืช ื‘ืฉืžื™ื.

ืงื•ืžื•ืจื• ืžื•ืฉื›ืช ืชื™ื™ืจื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ื ื•ืฃ ื•ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื”ื™ืคื™ื, ืฉื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœืžื•ื’ื™ื ื”ืžืจื”ื™ื‘ื•ืช ื•ื—ื•ืคื™ ื”ื—ื•ืœ ื”ืœื‘ืŸ ื•ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžืจืชืงืช. ืœืžื” ืืชื” ืžื—ื›ื” ืขื›ืฉื™ื•? ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื• ืœืชื›ื ืŸ ืืช ื”ื˜ื™ื•ืœ ืฉืœื›ื ื•ืฆืื• ืœื ื”ื•ื’ ื‘ืงื•ืžื•ืจื• ืขื•ื“ ื”ื™ื•ื. ืขืœื™ืš ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืืช ืจื™ืฉื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ ืฉืœืš ื•ืืช ืื™ืฉื•ืจ ื”ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ ืฉืœืš (IDP) ื›ื“ื™ ืœื ื”ื•ื’ ื›ื—ื•ืง ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื”. ืื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืœืš ืืช ื”-IDP ืฉืœืš, ืชื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ื’ื™ืฉ ื‘ืงืฉื” ืœืื™ื’ื•ื“ ื”ื ื”ื’ื™ื ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™.

ืงื‘ืœ ืืช ืจื™ืฉื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ ืฉืœืš ืชื•ืš ืฉืขืชื™ื™ื

ืื™ืฉื•ืจ ืžื™ื™ื“ื™

ืชืงืฃ ืœ-1-3 ืฉื ื™ื

ืžืฉืœื•ื— ืืงืกืคืจืก ืœื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื

ื—ื–ืจื” ืœืžืขืœื”