ืžื”ื™ืจ, ืงืœ ื•ื‘ืžื—ื™ืจ ืกื‘ื™ืจ: ื”ื’ืฉ ื‘ืงืฉื” ืœืจื™ืฉื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ ืฉืœืš ืขื•ื“ ื”ื™ื•ื!โž”
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ืžื“ืจื™ืš ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื‘ืงื•ื ื’ื•

ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื‘ืงื•ื ื’ื• ื•ืงื‘ืœืช ืื™ืฉื•ืจ ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ ื–ื” ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื‘ืœืชื™ ื ืžื ืข ื›ืžืขื˜ ื›ืฉืืชื” ื ื•ืกืข ืœืฉื ืœื˜ื™ื•ืœ. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ื”ื ื” ืžื“ืจื™ืš ืžืœื ืฉื™ืกืคืง ืœื›ื ืืช ื”ื˜ื™ื•ืœ ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ

2021-04-09 ยท 9 ืงืจื™ืื” ื“ืงื”

ืกืงื™ืจื” ื›ืœืœื™ืช

ื”ืจืคื•ื‘ืœื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ืงื•ื ื’ื• ืฉื•ื›ื ืช ืœื™ื“ ืงื• ื”ืžืฉื•ื•ื” ื‘ืžืขืจื‘ ืžืจื›ื– ืืคืจื™ืงื”. ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื–ื• ื”ื™ื ืื–ื•ืจ ื™ืจื•ืง ืœื”ืคืœื™ื ื‘ืืคืจื™ืงื” ื•ืžืคืชื™ืขื” ืชื™ื™ืจื™ื ืขื ื”ืฆืžื—ื™ื™ื” ื”ื™ื•ืงืจืชื™ืช ืฉืœื” ื•ืžืกืคืจ ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืœื™ื”ื ื•ืช ืžื”ื. ื”ืื˜ืจืงืฆื™ื” ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ืช ืฉืœ ืงื•ื ื’ื• ื”ื™ื ืชื™ื™ืจื•ืช ืคืจื™ืžื˜ื™ื, ืฉื‘ื” ืื ืฉื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืคื’ื•ืฉ ืืช ื’ื•ืจื™ืœื•ืช ื”ื”ืจื™ื ืฉื—ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื”.

ืงื•ื ื’ื• ืžื›ื•ืกื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื ืจื—ื‘ ื‘ื™ืขืจื•ืช ื˜ืจื•ืคื™ื™ื, ื•ืžื—ื–ื™ืงื” ื’ื ื‘ืฉื˜ื—ื™ื ื ืจื—ื‘ื™ื ืฉืœ ืื“ืžื” ืคื•ืจื™ื™ื” ืฉืื™ื ื” ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื”ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ื™ื ื›ืฉืœื™ืฉ ืžืฉื˜ื—ื” ื”ื›ื•ืœืœ. ื–ื”ื• ื’ื ื”ื‘ื™ืช ืฉืœ Virunga Massif , ืฉืจืฉืจืช ืฉืœ ืฉืžื•ื ื” ื”ืจื™ ื’ืขืฉ ื”ืžืกืคืงื™ื ืื˜ืจืงืฆื™ื” ืžืจื’ืฉืช. ื™ืชืจื” ืžื–ืืช, ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืžื“ื•ืจื’ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ 10 ื”ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื™ื ืฉืœ ื™ืฆืจื ื™ื•ืช ื”ื ืคื˜ ื‘ืืคืจื™ืงื” ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื” ืžืฉืื‘ื™ื ืžื™ื ืจืœื™ื™ื ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ื™ื, ื›ืืฉืจ ืจื•ื‘ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื ืžื ื•ืฆืœื™ื.

ืื™ืš ื”ืžื“ืจื™ืš ื”ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœืš?

ื ืกื™ืขื” ืœืžื“ื™ื ื” ื–ืจื” ื‘ืœื™ ืœืงื‘ืœ ืืคื™ืœื• ืžืขื˜ ืžื™ื“ืข ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœื‘ืขื™ื”. ืžื“ืจื™ืš ื–ื” ื ื•ืขื“ ืœืกืคืง ืœืš ืืช ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ื”ื“ืจื•ืฉ ืœืš ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืจืคืชืงื” ื—ืœืงื” ื‘ืขืช ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจ ื‘ืจืคื•ื‘ืœื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ืงื•ื ื’ื•. ื”ืžื“ืจื™ืš ื›ื•ืœืœ ืืช ืžืฆื‘ ื”ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™, ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื”, ื•ืกืงื™ืจื” ื›ืœืœื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื”, ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ ื”ื“ืจืš ื•ื”ืื ืฉื™ื. ื‘ืืฉืจ ืœื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื‘ืงื•ื ื’ื•, ืžื“ืจื™ืš ื–ื” ื›ื•ืœืœ ื›ืœืœื™ ื ื”ื™ื’ื”, ืžื™ื“ืข ืขืœ ื”ืฉื›ืจืช ืจื›ื‘ ื•ื™ืขื“ื™ื ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื™ื ืฉื›ื“ืื™ ืœื‘ืงืจ ื‘ื”ื.

ืžื‘ื•ื

ื‘ืจืคื•ื‘ืœื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ืงื•ื ื’ื• ื™ืฉ 5.2 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ืฉื˜ื— ืฉืœ 342,000 ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืขื™ื. ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื–ื• ืžืื•ื›ืœืกืช ื‘ื“ืœื™ืœื•ืช, ื›ืืฉืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืžื—ืฆื™ืช ืžื”ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืชื•ืคืกื™ื ืืช ืฉืชื™ ื”ืขืจื™ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ืฉืœื”, ื‘ืจื–ื•ื•ื™ืœ ื•ืคื•ื™ื ื˜-ื ื•ืืจ. ืฉืืจ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื”ื™ื ืื—ื“ ื”ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ื”ื›ื™ ืคื—ื•ืช ื›ื‘ื•ืฉื™ื ื‘ืืคืจื™ืงื”, ืขื 12.8 ื ืคืฉื•ืช ื‘ืœื‘ื“ ืœืงืž"ืจ.

ืžืฆื‘ ื”ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ ืฉืœ ืงื•ื ื’ื•

ื”ืจืคื•ื‘ืœื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ืงื•ื ื’ื• ื—ื™ื“ืฉื” ืืช ืจื•ื‘ ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืชื—ื‘ื•ืจื”, ื”ื›ื•ืœืœื•ืช ืชืคืขื•ืœ ืฉื“ื•ืช ืชืขื•ืคื” ืœื˜ื™ืกื•ืช ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ื•ืช. ืขื ื–ืืช, ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ื™ื‘ืฉื” ื•ื”ื ื”ืจื•ืช ื ื•ืชืจื• ืกื’ื•ืจื™ื. ื›ืœ ื”ื ื•ืกืขื™ื ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื”ืกื’ืจ ื‘ืขืฆืžื ืœืžืฉืš ืฉื‘ื•ืขื™ื™ื ื‘ื‘ื™ืชื ืื• ื‘ืžืœื•ืŸ ืœืžืฉืš 14 ื™ื•ื ืขื ื”ื”ื’ืขื”. ืœื”ืœืŸ ืจืฉื™ืžืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื”ื™ื›ื ืก ืœื’ื‘ื•ืœ ืฉื“ื” ื”ืชืขื•ืคื” ืฉืœ ืงื•ื ื’ื•:

  • ืืœื’'ื™ืจื™ื”
  • ื‘ืœืืจื•ืก
  • ื‘ื•ืกื ื™ื” ื•ื”ืจืฆื’ื•ื‘ื™ื ื”
  • ืงื•ืžื•ืจื•
  • ื”ืจืคื•ื‘ืœื™ืงื” ื”ืฆ'ื›ื™ืช
  • ืžึดืฆึฐืจึทื™ึดื
  • ื’ืื‘ื•ืŸ
  • ื’ืื ื”
  • ื’ื™ื ืื” ื‘ื™ืกืื•
  • ืื™ืจืœื ื“
  • ื›ื•ื•ื™ืช
  • ืœื•ืงืกืžื‘ื•ืจื’
  • ืžืœืื•ื•ื™
  • ืžืื•ืจื™ืฆื™ื•ืก
  • ืžื•ื ื˜ื ื’ืจื•
  • ื”ื•ืœื ื“
  • ืขื•ืžืืŸ
  • ืคึผื•ึนืจื˜ื•ึผื’ึธืœ
  • ืขืจื‘ ื”ืกืขื•ื“ื™ืช
  • ืกื™ื™ืจื” ืœืื•ืŸ
  • ื“ืจื•ื ืืคืจื™ืงื”
  • ืฉื•ื•ื™ืฅ
  • ืœืœื›ืช
  • ืื™ื—ื•ื“ ื”ืืžื™ืจื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ื•ืช
  • ืื•ึนืกึฐื˜ึฐืจึตื™ึธื”
  • ื‘ืœื’ื™ื”
  • ื‘ื•ืœื’ืจื™ื”
  • ื“ื ืžืจืง
  • ืืจื™ืชืจื™ืื”
  • ื’ืื•ืจื’ื™ื”
  • ื™ึธื•ึธืŸ
  • ื”ื•ื ื’ืจื™ื”
  • ื™ืฉืจืืœ
  • ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ
  • ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืžืงื“ื•ื ื™ื”

  • ืžืœื–ื™ื”
  • ืžืงืกื™ืงื•
  • ืžึธืจื•ึนืงื•ึน
  • ื ื™ื–'ืจ
  • ืคื™ืœื™ืคื™ื ื™ื
  • ืงื˜ืืจ
  • ืกืจื‘ื™ื”
  • ืกื™ื ื’ืคื•ืจ
  • ืกึฐืคึธืจึทื“
  • ื˜ื ื–ื ื™ื”
  • ื˜ื•ืจืงื™ื”
  • ื”ื•ื ื’ ืงื•ื ื’
  • ื‘ื—ืจื™ื™ืŸ
  • ื‘ื ื™ืŸ
  • ื‘ื•ืจืงื™ื ื” ืคืืกื•
  • ื—ื•ืฃ ื”ืฉื ื”ื‘
  • ื’'ื™ื‘ื•ื˜ื™
  • ืึถืชึดื™ื•ึนืคึผึดื™ึธื”
  • ื’ึถืจืžึธื ึดื™ึธื”
  • ื’ื™ื ืื”
  • ื”ื•ึนื“ื•ึผ
  • ืงื ื™ื”
  • ืœื™ื˜ื
  • ืžื“ื’ืกืงืจ
  • ืžืœื™
  • ืžื•ืœื“ื•ื‘ื”
  • ืžื•ื–ืžื‘ื™ืง
  • ื ื•ืจื•ื•ื’ื™ื”
  • ืคึผื•ึนืœึดื™ืŸ
  • ืจื•ืื ื“ื”
  • ืื™ื™ ืกื™ื™ืฉืœ
  • ืกืœื•ื‘ื ื™ื”
  • ืกื•ื“ืŸ
  • ืชืื™ืœื ื“
  • ืื•ื’ื ื“ื”
ื”ืื ื–ื” ื‘ื˜ื•ื— ืœื˜ื™ื™ืœ ื‘ืงื•ื ื’ื•?

ื›ืŸ, ื–ื” ื‘ื˜ื•ื— ืœื ืกื•ืข ืœืงื•ื ื’ื•. ืขื ื–ืืช, ืขืœื™ืš ืœืขืงื•ื‘ ืื—ืจ ืคืจื•ื˜ื•ืงื•ืœื™ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื•ื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื•ืช ื”ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืœื‘ื™ืงื•ืจ ื—ืœืง ื•ื‘ื˜ื•ื—. ื ื•ืกืขื™ื ื”ื ื•ืกืขื™ื ืœืงื•ื ื’ื• ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืง ื‘ืชืขื•ื“ืช ื‘ื“ื™ืงืช PCR ืฉืœื™ืœื™ืช ืฉืœ Covid-19 ืฉื”ื•ืฉื’ื” ืชื•ืš 72 ืฉืขื•ืช ืœืคื ื™ ื”ื™ืฆื™ืื”. ื ื•ืกืขื™ื ืฉืื™ื ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืฆื™ื’ ืื™ืฉื•ืจ ืจืคื•ืื™ ืขื ืชื•ืฆืืช ื‘ื“ื™ืงื” ืฉืœื™ืœื™ืช, ื›ืคื•ืคื™ื ืœื‘ื“ื™ืงื” ื‘ื”ื’ืขื” ื•ืœื”ืกื’ืจ ืขืœ ื—ืฉื‘ื•ื ื.

ืœืžื™ ืžื•ืชืจ ืœื˜ื™ื™ืœ ื‘ืงื•ื ื’ื•?

ืžื˜ื™ื™ืœื™ื ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ื™ื ืžื•ืจืฉื™ื ื›ืขืช ืœื”ื™ื›ื ืก ืœืจืคื•ื‘ืœื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ืงื•ื ื’ื•. ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื ืกื™ืขื” ืœื ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ืช ืื™ื ื” ืืกื•ืจื”, ื–ื” ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื ืžืขื•ื“ื“. ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื’ื‘ื•ื” ืœื”ื›ื™ืœ ืืช ื”ื ื’ื™ืฃ, ื›ื•ืœืœ ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืžืชื—ืช ืœื’ื™ืœ 18, ืงืฉื™ืฉื™ื ื‘ื ื™ 60 ื•ืžืขืœื”, ื ืฉื™ื ื‘ื”ืจื™ื•ืŸ ื•ืื ืฉื™ื ื—ื•ืœื™ื, ืžื•ื ืขื™ื ืžื ืกื™ืขื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื›ืœืœื™. ืœืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœื˜ื™ื™ืœ, ืชืจื’ืœ ืคืจื•ื˜ื•ืงื•ืœื™ ืจื™ื—ื•ืง ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ ื•ืฉื’ืจืช ื”ื™ื’ื™ื™ื ื” ื ื›ื•ื ื”.

ื“ืจื™ืฉื•ืช ื”ื“ืจื•ืฉื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื™ื›ื ืก ืœืงื•ื ื’ื•

ืขื ื”ื”ื’ืขื”, ืชื™ื™ืจื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื”ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ื“ื™ืงืช COVID-19 ืฉืœื™ืœื™ืช, ืฉื ืœืงื—ื” 72 ืฉืขื•ืช ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืขืœื™ื™ื” ืœืžื˜ื•ืก ื•ืขืœื™ื” ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ื“ื™ืงืช ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื”. ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ ื™ืฉ ืœื”ืฆื˜ื™ื™ื“ ื‘ื“ืจื›ื•ืŸ ืชืงืฃ, ื•ื™ื–ื”, ืชืขื•ื“ืช ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ ื”ืžืขื™ื“ื” ืขืœ ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ ืขื“ื›ื ื™ ืœืงื“ื—ืช ืฆื”ื•ื‘ื”, ืขื“ื•ืช ืœืžื˜ืจืช ื”ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจ, ืืžืฆืขื™ ืชืžื™ื›ื” ืœืžืฉืš ื”ืฉื”ื•ืช ื•ืกื™ื“ื•ืจื™ ืœื™ื ื”.

ื“ืจื™ืฉื•ืช ื”ื“ืจื•ืฉื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื™ื›ื ืก ืœืงื•ื ื’ื•

ืขื ื”ื”ื’ืขื”, ืชื™ื™ืจื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื”ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ื“ื™ืงืช COVID-19 ืฉืœื™ืœื™ืช, ืฉื ืœืงื—ื” 72 ืฉืขื•ืช ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืขืœื™ื™ื” ืœืžื˜ื•ืก ื•ืขืœื™ื” ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ื“ื™ืงืช ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื”. ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ ื™ืฉ ืœื”ืฆื˜ื™ื™ื“ ื‘ื“ืจื›ื•ืŸ ืชืงืฃ, ื•ื™ื–ื”, ืชืขื•ื“ืช ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ ื”ืžืขื™ื“ื” ืขืœ ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ ืขื“ื›ื ื™ ืœืงื“ื—ืช ืฆื”ื•ื‘ื”, ืขื“ื•ืช ืœืžื˜ืจืช ื”ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจ, ืืžืฆืขื™ ืชืžื™ื›ื” ืœืžืฉืš ื”ืฉื”ื•ืช ื•ืกื™ื“ื•ืจื™ ืœื™ื ื”.

ืคืจื•ื˜ื•ืงื•ืœื™ ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ืฉื”ื•ื˜ืœื• ื‘ืงื•ื ื’ื•


ืชื™ื™ืจื™ื ืฉืื™ื ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืกืคืง ืชืขื•ื“ืช ื‘ื“ื™ืงืช PCR ืฉืœื™ืœื™ืช ืœ-COVID-19 ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ื“ื™ืงื” ืขื ื”ื”ื’ืขื” ื•ืœื”ืกื’ืจ ืขืœ ื—ืฉื‘ื•ื ื. ืชื™ื™ืจื™ื ืฉืžืจืื™ื ืชืกืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉืœ COVID-19 ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ื“ื™ืงื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช ื•ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืคืจื•ื˜ื•ืงื•ืœ ื”ืกื’ืจ ื‘ืžืชืงืŸ ื™ื™ืขื•ื“ื™ ืžืžืฉืœืชื™. ืžืกื™ื›ื•ืช ืคื ื™ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื ื—ื•ืฆื•ืช, ื•ืขืœื™ื›ื ืœืชืจื’ืœ ืจื™ื—ื•ืง ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ ื‘ื›ืœ ืขืช. ืจื—ื™ืฆืช ื™ื“ื™ื™ื ื•ื—ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ืžื•ืชืื ืื™ืฉื™ืช ื ื“ืจืฉื™ื ืžืื•ื“.

ื”ืื ื™ืฉ ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ื•ื™ื–ื•ืช ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื•ืช?

ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื“ื•ืจืฉืช ื“ืจื›ื•ืŸ ืชืงืฃ ืœื›ืœ ื”ืื–ืจื—ื™ื ื”ื–ืจื™ื ื”ื ื›ื ืกื™ื ืœืจืคื•ื‘ืœื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ืงื•ื ื’ื•. ื ื“ืจืฉืช ื•ื™ื–ื” ืœืžื“ื™ื ืช ื”ื™ืขื“ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื—ืฆื•ืช ืืช ื ื”ืจ ืงื•ื ื’ื• ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ืจื–ื•ื•ื™ืœ ืœืงื™ื ืฉืืกื”. ื›ืœ ืžื‘ืงืฉื™ ื”ื•ื™ื–ื” ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื’ื™ืฉ ืืช ื‘ืงืฉืชื ื•ื“ืจื›ื•ืŸ ืœืืฉืจื•ืช ืœืคื—ื•ืช ืฉื‘ื•ืขื™ื™ื ืœืคื ื™ ืžื•ืขื“ ื”ื™ืฆื™ืื” ื”ืžื™ื•ืขื“. ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช ื”ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื ืžืฉืš ืขื“ 5-7 ื™ืžื™ ืขืกืงื™ื.


ืชื™ื™ืจื™ื ื”ืžืชื’ื•ืจืจื™ื ื‘ื‘ื•ืจื•ื ื“ื™, ืจื•ืื ื“ื” ื•ื–ื™ืžื‘ื‘ื•ืื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ื›ื ืก ืœืžื“ื™ื ื” ืœืœื ืงื‘ืœืช ื•ื™ื–ื” ืœืžืฉืš ืขื“ 90 ื™ื•ื. ืจืง ืชื™ื™ืจื™ื ืžืงื ื™ื”, ืžืื•ืจื™ืฆื™ื•ืก ืื• ื–ื™ืžื‘ื‘ื•ืื” ื–ื›ืื™ื ืœื•ื™ื–ื” ื‘ื”ื’ืขื”, ืฉื›ืŸ ืืœื• ื”ืŸ ื—ืœืง ืžืงื•ืžืฅ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืคื˜ื•ืจื•ืช ืžืืฉืจื•ืช.

ื”ืื ืื ื™ ืฆืจื™ืš ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ื ืกื™ืขื•ืช ื•ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช?

ืœืคื ื™ ื ืกื™ืขื” ืœืงื•ื ื’ื•, ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ืœืš ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืจืคื•ืื™ ื•ื ืกื™ืขื•ืช ืžืงื™ืฃ, ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืžืช ืžื’ื™ืคื”. ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ื ืกื™ืขื•ืช ื•ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ืื™ื ื• ื—ื•ื‘ื” ืืš ืžื•ืžืœืฅ ืžืื•ื“. ื”ื•ืฆืื•ืช ืจืคื•ืื™ื•ืช ืขืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื™ืงืจื•ืช ืœืžื“ื™ ื‘ืงื•ื ื’ื•, ื›ืš ืฉืืชื” ืื—ืจืื™ ืœืฉืืช ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื”ืขืœื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืจืคื•ืื™ื•ืช ืฉื ื’ืจืžื• ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืฉื”ื•ืชืš ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืœืœื ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื—. ืœืžืจื•ืช ื–ืืช, ื”ืงืคื™ื“ื• ืขืœ ืคืจื•ื˜ื•ืงื•ืœื™ ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื•ื”ืชืจื—ืงื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช.

ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ืžืžื•ืงืžืช ื”ืจืคื•ื‘ืœื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ืงื•ื ื’ื•?


ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ืœื™ื•ืช ืžืงื™ืคื•ืช ืืช ืงื•ื ื’ื•: ืงืžืจื•ืŸ ืžืฆืคื•ืŸ ืžืขืจื‘ , ื”ืจืคื•ื‘ืœื™ืงื” ื”ืžืจื›ื– ืืคืจื™ืงืื™ืช ืžืฆืคื•ืŸ , ื”ืจืคื•ื‘ืœื™ืงื” ื”ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ืช ืฉืœ ืงื•ื ื’ื• ืžืžื–ืจื— ื•ืžื“ืจื•ื, ื”ืืงืกืงืœื•ื•ื” ื”ืื ื’ื•ืœื” ืงื‘ื™ื“ื” ืžื“ืจื•ื ืžืขืจื‘, ื•ืžืžืขืจื‘ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื’ื‘ื•ืŸ . ืœืžื“ื™ื ื” ื™ืฉ ื’ื ืงื• ื—ื•ืฃ ื‘ืื•ืจืš 100 ืžื™ื™ืœ ืœืื•ืจืš ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก ื”ืื˜ืœื ื˜ื™. ื‘ืจื–ื•ื•ื™ืœ, ืขื™ืจ ื”ื‘ื™ืจื” ื•ื”ื™ื ื›ื™ื•ื ื”ืžืื•ื›ืœืกืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื”ื™ื ื ืžืœ ื™ื‘ืฉืชื™ ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ืขืœ ื ื”ืจ ืงื•ื ื’ื•.

ืžื”ืŸ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืชื™ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื?

ื‘ืขืœ ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืคืืจืงื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ื™ื ืžืฆื•ื™ื ื™ื ื•ื‘ืœืชื™ ื—ืฉื•ืคื™ื ืฉื‘ื”ื ืืคืฉืจ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื”ื›ืœ, ื”ื—ืœ ืžืกืคืืจื™ ืžืจื”ื™ื‘ ื•ืขื“ ืงืžืคื™ื ื’ ื‘ื‘ื•ืฉ, ื”ืื˜ืจืงืฆื™ื” ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ืช ืœืคืจื•ืกื” ื”ืžืจืชืงืช ื”ื–ื• ืฉืœ ืžืขืจื‘ ืืคืจื™ืงื” ื”ื™ื ื”ืงืจื™ืื” ื”ื—ื“ืฉื” ื•ื”ืžืฉืชื•ืœืœืช ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ื‘ืข. ื”ืจืคื•ื‘ืœื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ืงื•ื ื’ื• ื‘ื“ืจืš ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืœืื—ื“ ืžื™ืขื“ื™ ื”ืชื™ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืืงื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืืคืจื™ืงื”. ื”ืืจืฅ ื”ื–ื• ื”ื™ื ื‘ื™ืชื ืฉืœ ื’'ื•ื ื’ืœื™ื ืžื”ื‘ื™ืœื™ื ืฉืžืกืชื™ืจื™ื ืžื—ืฆื™ืช ืžื’ื•ืจื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืฉืคืœื” ื‘ืขื•ืœื, ืคื™ืœื™ ื™ืขืจ ืขื ืงื™ื™ื ื•ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ ืฉื™ืžืคื ื–ื™ื.

ืงื•ื ื’ื• ืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืžืคื•ืจืกืžืช ืœืชื™ื™ืจื™ื ืžืื– ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-60 ื•ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื‘-30 ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช ื ื—ืœืชื ืฉืœ ื”ืชื™ื™ืจื™ื ื•ืื ืฉื™ ื”ืขืกืงื™ื ื”ื”ืจืคืชืงื ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ. ื”ืื–ื•ืจ ืฉืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืœื›ื ื™ืกื” ื•ืœื ืชื™ื‘ ืฉืœ ื ื”ืจ ืงื•ื ื’ื• ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ, ื™ืขืจื•ืชื™ื•, ื”ืจื™ ื”ื’ืขืฉ ื•ื”ื”ืจื™ื ืฉืœื• ืžืฉืชื•ืœืœื™ื ื•ืžืฉืชืคืœื™ื ืžื–ืจื—ื”, ื›ื•ืœืœ ื›ืžื” ืžื”ืขื•ืฉืจ ื”ื™ืคื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ืืคืจื™ืงื” ื‘ืžืฉืื‘ื™ื, ืืš ื™ืชืจ ืขืœ ื›ืŸ - ื ื•ืคื™ื ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื™ื, ื™ื•ืคื™ ื•ื—ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืจ.

ืžื” ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœื”ื?

ืžืื– ืงื™ื‘ืœื” ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืืช ืขืฆืžืื•ืชื” ืžื”ืฆืจืคืชื™ื ื‘-1960, ื”ืจืคื•ื‘ืœื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ืงื•ื ื’ื• ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืžื•ื˜ืจื“ืช ืžืžืœื—ืžืช ืื–ืจื—ื™ื ืžื–ื“ืžื ืช ืืš ืงืฉื” ื•ืžืขื™ืžื•ืช ืืชื ื™. ื”ืขืงื•ื‘ ืžื“ื ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืœืคืจืœืžื ื˜ ื”ืฉื ื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช ื‘-1993 ื•ื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืฉื™ื ื‘-1997, ืžื•ืคืขืœ ื‘ื—ืœืงื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืคืจืก ืขื•ืฉืจ ื”ื ืคื˜ ื”ื ื›ื‘ื“ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื‘ื—ื•"ืœ, ืฉื”ื ื™ืข ืจื‘ื™ื ืžืืฆื™ื•ื ื™ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื”.

ื‘-2003 ื—ืชืžื• ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืกื›ื ืฉืœื•ื. ืžืื–, ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ืœืื˜ ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื˜ื•ื— ืžื“ืžื™ื™ื ืช ืืช ืขืฆืžื” ืžื—ื“ืฉ ื•ื‘ื•ื ื” ืืช ืขืฆืžื” ื›ื™ืขื“ ืชื™ื™ืจื•ืชื™ ืฉืœื™ื• ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ืื™ื ื• ืžื•ื’ื“ืจ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื”ืœื•ื”ื˜ืช ืฉืœื•. ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ื–ืืช, ื–ื” ืจืื•ื™ ืœืชืฉื•ืžืช ืœื‘ ื•ืœื”ืขืจื›ื” ืฉื›ืŸ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื”ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืกืชื ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœื”. ื–ื”ื• ื‘ื™ืชื ืฉืœ ื™ืขื“ื™ ืชื™ื™ืจื•ืช ืจื‘ื™ื ืขื ื ื•ืฃ ื™ืคื”ืคื”.

ื‘ืื™ืœื• ืฉืคื•ืช ื”ื ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื?

ืฆืจืคืชื™ืช ื”ื™ื ื”ืฉืคื” ื”ืจืฉืžื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื•ื”ืžื“ื™ื•ื ืœื”ื•ืจืื” ื—ื™ื ื•ื›ื™ืช. ื”ื™ืœื™ื“ื™ื ื›ื•ืœื ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืคื•ืช ื‘ื ื˜ื•, ืžืœื‘ื“ ื”ืคื™ื’ืžื™ื ื•ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื” ื“ื•ื‘ืจืช ืื“ืžืื•ื•ื”-ืื•ื‘ื ื’ื™ ื‘ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืžื–ืจื—. ื”ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื” ืฉืœ ืฉืชื™ ืฉืคื•ืช ืกื—ืจ, ืœื™ื ื’ืœื” ื•ืงื™ื˜ื•ื‘ื”, ืคื•ืชื—ื” ืขืงื‘ ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื•ืกื—ืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช. ืœื™ื ื’ืœื” ื”ื™ื ื”ืฉืคื” ื”ื ื”ื•ื’ื” ื‘ืฆืคื•ืŸ ื‘ืจื–ื•ื•ื™ืœ, ื•ืงื™ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ืช ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื‘ื™ืจื” ืœื—ื•ืฃ

ืื™ืœื• ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ื’ืจื•ืช ื‘ืืจืฅ?

ื›ืžื—ืฆื™ืช ืžืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืžืชื—ื‘ืจื™ื ืœืื ืฉื™ ืงื•ื ื’ื• , ืฉืชืช ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื ื›ื•ืœืœื•ืช ืืช ื”ืกื ื“ื™, ืงื•ื ื’ื•, ืœืืœื™, ื‘ืžื‘ื”, ื“ื•ื ื“ื•, ืงืžื‘ื”, ืงื•ื’ื ื™, ื™ื•ืžื‘ื” ื•ื•ื™ืœื™. ืœืื ืฉื™ Ubangi ื™ืฉ ืืช Makoua, Kouyou, Mboshi, Likouala, Ngala ื•ื‘ื•ื ื’ื” . ืคื™ื’ืžื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื ื’ื” ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืœื”ืงื•ืช ืงื˜ื ื•ืช, ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ื›ืฆืจื›ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ ื—ืงืœืื•ืช ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”. ื ื•ืชืจ ืจืง ื—ืœืง ืงื˜ืŸ ืžื”ืื™ืจื•ืคืื™ื ืฉืฉื”ื• ื‘ืงื•ื ื’ื• ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-90.

ืœืžื” ืœื ืกื•ืข ื‘ื›ื‘ื™ืฉ ื˜ืจื™ืค ื‘ืงื•ื ื’ื•?

ื™ืฆื™ืื” ืœื˜ื™ื•ืœ ื”ื•ื ืื—ื“ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื‘ืขืช ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจ ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื–ืจื”. ืžืœื‘ื“ ื”ื˜ืจื—ื” ื”ืคื—ื•ืชื” ืฉืœ ืชื—ื‘ื•ืจื”, ืืชื” ืฉื•ืœื˜ ืžืชื™ ืœืขืฆื•ืจ ื•ื‘ืื™ืœื• ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืืชื” ืžื—ืฉื™ื‘ ื›ืชื—ื ืช ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื ื•ื— ืงืฆืช, ืœื”ื™ืจื’ืข ื•ืœื™ื”ื ื•ืช ืžื”ื ื•ืฃ. ื—ื•ืฅ ืžื–ื”, ื ืกื™ืขื” ื‘ืื™ ืงื•ื ื’ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืงื—ืช ืื•ืชืš ืœืื˜ืจืงืฆื™ื•ืช ืชื™ื™ืจื•ืชื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื‘ืงืฆื‘ ืฉืœืš.

ืขื ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื›ื” ืžืคื•ื–ืจืช ื•ืงืฉื” ืœื’ื™ืฉื” ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืชื—ื‘ื•ืจื” ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ืช, ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื‘ืงื•ื ื’ื• ื”ื™ื ืื—ื“ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื›ืืฉืจ ืืชื ื™ื•ืฆืื™ื ืœืฉื ืœื˜ื™ื•ืœ. ื™ืฆื™ืื” ืœื˜ื™ื•ืœ ื›ื‘ื™ืฉ ื‘ืงื•ื ื’ื• ืžืืคืฉืจ ืœืš ืœื‘ืงืจ ื‘ื›ืžื” ืžื”ื™ืขื“ื™ื ื”ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœืื˜ืจืงืฆื™ื” ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”, ืชื™ื™ืจื•ืช ืคืจื™ืžื˜ื™ื . ื—ืœืง ืžื”ื™ืขื“ื™ื ื”ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ื™ื ื›ื•ืœืœื™ื ืืช ื”ืขื™ืจ ื”ืฉื•ืงืงืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”, ื”ืจื™ ื’ืขืฉ ืžืคื•ืจืกืžื™ื, ืคืืจืงื™ื, ืื’ืžื™ื ื•ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ืงื ื™ื•ืช.

ืจื™ืฉื™ื•ืŸ ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ ื‘ืงื•ื ื’ื•

ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื‘ืื™ ืงื•ื ื’ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื ื˜ื•ืœืช ื˜ืจื—ื” ื•ื–ืจื™ืžื” ื—ืœืงื” ืื ืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืกืคืง ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื“ืจื™ืฉื•ืช ื”ื“ืจื•ืฉื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืœืžื“ื™ื ื”. ื”ื”ื™ืชืจ ืฉืœืš ื”ื•ื ืฆื•ืจื” ืชืงืคื” ืฉืœ ื–ื™ื”ื•ื™ ื”ืžืฉืžืฉ ื›ืจื™ืฉื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ืฉืœืš ื‘ืงื•ื ื’ื•. ื”ื•ื ืคื•ืขืœ ื›ืชืจื’ื•ื ืฉืœ ืจื™ืฉื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ ืฉืœืš ื•ืคื•ืชืจ ื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ ืฉืคื” ื‘ื™ื ืš ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืจืฉื•ื™ื•ืช. ื”ื ื” ื›ืžื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ื™ื ืฉื›ื“ืื™ ืœื–ื›ื•ืจ ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืจื™ืฉื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ ื‘ืงื•ื ื’ื• .

ื”ืื ืจื™ืฉื™ื•ืŸ ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ืžืงื•ืžื™ ืชืงืฃ ื‘ืงื•ื ื’ื•?


ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืื™ื ืŸ ืžื›ื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ืจื™ืฉื™ื•ืŸ ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ืžืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช ืืš ืžื›ื™ืจื•ืช ื‘-IDP. ืชื™ื™ืจื™ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ืจื™ืฉื™ื•ืŸ ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ืžืงื•ืžื™ ืชืงืฃ ื‘ืœื™ื•ื•ื™ IDP ืจืฉืื™ื ืœื ื”ื•ื’ ื‘ืงื•ื ื’ื•. ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉ-IDP ืžื›ื™ืœ ืžื™ื“ืข ื”ืงื™ื™ื ื‘ืจื™ืฉื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ ืฉืœืš, ื”ื•ื ืื™ื ื• ืžื—ืœื™ืฃ ืื•ืชื•, ื•ืื™ ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘-IDP ืœืขืกืงืื•ืช ื‘ืืจืฅ ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืฉืžืฉ ืจืง ื›ืชืจื’ื•ื ืฉืœ ืจื™ืฉื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ ืฉืœืš.

ื”ืื ืืชื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืจื™ืฉื™ื•ืŸ ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ ื‘ืขืจื™ื ื‘ืงื•ื ื’ื•?

ืจืง ืชื™ื™ืจื™ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ืจื™ืฉื™ื•ืŸ ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ืžืงื•ืžื™ ืชืงืฃ ื•-IDP ื‘ืชื•ืงืฃ ืจืฉืื™ื ืœื ื”ื•ื’ ื‘ืืจืฅ. ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ืฉืืชื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœืงื‘ืœ ืื™ืฉื•ืจ ื”ื•ื ืœื’ืฉืช ืืœื™ื• ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืงื•ื•ืŸ ื•ืœืžืœื ื›ืžื” ืžื™ื“ืข ื”ื›ืจื—ื™ ืžื”ืจื™ืฉื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืงื™ื™ื ืฉืœืš ื›ื“ื™ ืœืงื‘ืœ ืจื™ืฉื™ื•ืŸ ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื‘ืงื•ื ื’ื•. ื‘ืขืช ื ืกื™ืขื” ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ืงื•ื ื’ื•, ืขืœื™ืš ืœืฉืืช ืื™ืชืš ืืช ืจื™ืฉื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ ืฉืœืš, ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ืจืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืงื•ื ื’ื• ืžื‘ืฆืขื•ืช ืœืขืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ืžื—ืกื•ืžื™ื ื‘ืขืจื™ื ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื”.

ืžื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื’ื™ืฉ ื‘ืงืฉื” ืœ- IDP?

ืชื™ื™ืจื™ื ื‘ื ื™ 18 ื•ืžืขืœื” ื•ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ืจืฉื•ืชื ืจื™ืฉื™ื•ืŸ ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ืœืคื—ื•ืช ืฉื™ืฉื” ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ืœืคื ื™ ื”ื‘ืงืฉื” ืจืฉืื™ื ืœื”ื’ื™ืฉ ื‘ืงืฉื” ืœืจื™ืฉื™ื•ืŸ ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™. ืื ืืชื ืžืชื›ื ื ื™ื ืœื‘ืงืจ ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื•ืืชื ืžื“ืžื™ื™ื ื™ื ืื™ืš ื–ื” ืžืจื’ื™ืฉ ืœื ื”ื•ื’ ื‘ืงื•ื ื’ื• ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื‘ืงืจ ื‘ืืชืจ ืื™ื’ื•ื“ ื”ื ื”ื’ื™ื ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื’ื™ืฉ ื‘ืงืฉื” ืœืจื™ืฉื™ื•ืŸ ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื•ืœืงื‘ืœ ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ืžืžืงื•ืจ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืžืขื‘ืจ ื‘ืงื•ื ื’ื• .

ืžืชื™ ืืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘-IDP ืฉืœื™?

ืจื™ืฉื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ ืžืฉืžืฉ ื›ืชืจื’ื•ื ืฉืœ ืจื™ืฉื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ืฉืœืš ื›ื“ื™ ืœืกื™ื™ืข ื‘ื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ ืฉืคื” ืžื›ืจื™ืขื™ื. IDP ืฉืœืš ื”ื•ื ืžืกืžืš ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ ื”ืžืืคืฉืจ ืœืš ืœืฉื›ื•ืจ ื•ืœื ื”ื•ื’ ื‘ืžื›ื•ื ื™ืช ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืฉื”ื•ืชืš ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื–ืจื”. ื›ืืฉืจ ื™ื•ืฆืื™ื ืœื˜ื™ื•ืœ ื‘ื›ื‘ื™ืฉ, ื”-IDP ืฉืœืš ืžื•ืฆื’ ื›ืื™ืฉื•ืจ ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืžื—ืกื•ืžื™ื. ืงื‘ืœืช IDP ื”ื•ืคื›ืช ืืช ื”ื“ืžื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœืš ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื‘ืžืคืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืฉืœืš ืœื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื‘ืžืคืช ืงื•ื ื’ื•.

ืžืชื™ ืื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ื’ื™ืฉ ื‘ืงืฉื” ืœ- IDP?

ืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื’ื™ืฉ ื‘ืงืฉื” ืœ- IDP ื‘ื›ืœ ืขืช. ืื™ืŸ ืชืงื•ืคื” ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ืช ืฉื‘ื” ืœื”ื’ื™ืฉ ื‘ืงืฉื” ืœ- IDP. ืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื’ื™ืฉ ื‘ืงืฉื” ืœ- IDP ืœืคื ื™ ื”ื ืกื™ืขื” ืœืงื•ื ื’ื• ืื• ืืคื™ืœื• ื›ืฉืืชื” ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื”. ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืงื‘ืœืช IDP ืžืื™ื’ื•ื“ ื”ื ื”ื’ื™ื ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ ืœื•ืงื— ืจืง ืฉืขืชื™ื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉืœื•ื— ืืช ื”ืขื•ืชืง ื”ื“ื™ื’ื™ื˜ืœื™ ื‘ื“ื•ื"ืœ, ื•ื”ืขื•ืชืง ื”ืคื™ื–ื™ ื™ื’ื™ืข ืืœื™ืš ืชื•ืš 7-15 ื™ืžื™ื. ื›ื“ื™ ืœืืคืฉืจ ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื‘ืงื•ื ื’ื•, ื”ื–ืŸ ืืช ื”ืžื™ืงื•ื“ ื”ื ื›ื•ืŸ ื‘ืขืช ื”ื’ืฉืช ื‘ืงืฉื” ืžืงื•ื•ื ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžื ื•ืข ืขื™ื›ื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืžืฉืœื•ื— IDP.

ืžื™ ืฆืจื™ืš IDP?

ืื ืืชื” ืื—ื“ ืžื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืื•ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœื˜ื™ื™ืœ, ืœื”ืชืืจื— ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช ืœื—ื•ืคืฉื” ื•ืœื ืกื•ืข ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื”ื–ืจื” ื‘ืจื›ื‘, ืื– ื›ื ืจืื” ืฉืืชื” ืฆืจื™ืš IDP. ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ืฉื›ืจืช ืจื›ื‘ ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืžื‘ืงืฉื•ืช IDP ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื”ืŸ ื™ื‘ื™ื ื• ืืช ื”ืฉืคื” ืฉืœืš ื•ืœื”ื™ืคืš. ืื™ืฉื•ืจ ืžืืช ืื™ื’ื•ื“ ื”ื ื”ื’ื™ื ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืชืจื’ื ืœ-12 ื”ืฉืคื•ืช ื”ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืขื•ืœื, ื•ื”ื•ื ืžืงื•ื‘ืœ ื‘-165 ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช.

ื›ืžื” ื–ืžืŸ ืชืงืฃ IDP?

IDP ืชืงืฃ ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœืžืฉืš ืฉื”ื’ืฉืช ื‘ืงืฉื”, ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื’ื ื”ืฉื”ื•ืช ืฉืœืš ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื”. ืื™ืฉื•ืจ ืžื˜ืขื ืื™ื’ื•ื“ ื”ื ื”ื’ื™ื ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ ืชืงืฃ ืœืžืฉืš ืฉื ื” ืขื“ ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืฉื ื™ื. ืขื ื–ืืช, ืจื™ืฉื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ ืฉืœืš ื‘ืงื•ื ื’ื• ืชืงืฃ ืขื“ ืฉื ื” ื‘ืœื‘ื“. ืื ืืชื” ืฉื•ื”ื” ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืชืงื•ืคื” ื–ื• ื•ืื•ื”ื‘ ืœื ื”ื•ื’ ื‘ืžืคืช ืงื•ื ื’ื•, ืขืœื™ืš ืœื”ืžื™ืจ ืืช ืจื™ืฉื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ืฉืœืš ืœืจื™ืฉื™ื•ืŸ ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ืงื•ื ื’ื•.

ื”ืื ื–ื” ื—ื•ืงื™ ืœื ื”ื•ื’ ื‘ืงื•ื ื’ื• ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืจื™ืฉื™ื•ืŸ ืืžืจื™ืงืื™?

ืื ืืชื” ืื–ืจื— ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ ืขื ืจื™ืฉื™ื•ืŸ ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ ื•ืžืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืœื˜ื™ื™ืœ ื•ืœื ื”ื•ื’ ื‘ืงื•ื ื’ื•, ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ ืœื–ื›ื•ืจ ื›ื™ ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื‘ืงื•ื ื’ื• ืขื ืจื™ืฉื™ื•ืŸ ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ ืื™ื ื” ืื•ืคืฆื™ื”. ืจื™ืฉื™ื•ืŸ ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ืื™ื ื• ืžืงื•ื‘ืœ ื‘ื—ื•ืง ื”ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ืฉืœ ืงื•ื ื’ื•. ื–ื” ื“ื•ืจืฉ ืจืง ืจื™ืฉื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ ืฉืœ ื ื•ืกืข ื–ืจ. ืขื ื–ืืช, ืืชื” ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืงื‘ืœ ืื™ืฉื•ืจ ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ ืœื ื”ื•ื’ ื‘ืงื•ื ื’ื• ืขื›ืฉื™ื•.

ืื™ืš ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืจื™ืฉื™ื•ืŸ ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™?


ืืชื” ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืขืœ ืื™ืฉื•ืจ ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ ืื ืืชื” ืžืชื›ื ืŸ ืœืฉื›ื•ืจ ืจื›ื‘ ื‘ืงื•ื ื’ื•. ื”-IDP ืžืฉืžืฉ ื›ืฆื•ืจืช ื–ื™ื”ื•ื™ ืชืงืคื” ื”ืžื›ื™ืœื” ืืช ืฉืžืš, ื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ื•ืคืจื˜ื™ ื”ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ืฉืœืš. ื”ื’ืฉืช ื‘ืงืฉื” ืœ-IDP ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ืขืฉื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืงื•ื•ืŸ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื™ืžื ืข ืžื™ืฆื™ืื”, ืœื›ืŸ ื™ืฉ ืœืกืคืง ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื ื›ื•ื ื”. ื™ืฉ ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘-IDP ื›ื“ื™ ืœื ื”ื•ื’ ื‘ืงื•ื ื’ื•, ื”ื–ืŸ ืืช ื”ืžื™ืงื•ื“ ื”ื ื›ื•ืŸ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžื ื•ืข ืขื™ื›ื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืžืฉืœื•ื—.

ืžื” ืขืœื™ื™ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืื ืื™ื‘ื“ืชื™ ืืช ื”-IDP ืฉืœื™?


ื‘ืจื’ืขื™ื ื‘ืœืชื™ ืฆืคื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ื”ื ืื™ื‘ื“ืช ืืช ื”-IDP ืฉืœืš, ืื™ื’ื•ื“ ื”ื ื”ื’ื™ื ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ ืžืฆื™ืข ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื”ื—ืœืคื” ื—ื™ื ื ืœืœืงื•ื—ื•ืชื™ื•. IDP ื”ื’ื™ื‘ื•ื™ ื”ื•ื ื‘ื—ื™ื ื, ื›ืš ืฉืืชื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืฉืœื ืจืง ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื“ืžื™ ื”ืžืฉืœื•ื— ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ืชืง ื”ืคื™ื–ื™ ื”ื—ื“ืฉ ืฉืœืš. ื›ื“ื™ ืœื‘ืงืฉ IDP ื—ื“ืฉ, ืฆื•ืจ ืงืฉืจ ืขื ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืœืงื•ื—ื•ืช, ืกืคืง ืœื”ื ืืช ืžืกืคืจ ื”-IDP ื•ืฉื ืฉืœืš ื•ืงื‘ืข ืืช ื”ืชืฉืœื•ื ืฉืœืš. ืืชื” ื’ื ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืชืช ืืช ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ืช, ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื•ื”ืžื™ืงื•ื“ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉืœื•ื— ืืช ื”-IDP ืฉืœืš ื‘ืงื•ื ื’ื•.

ื”ืฉื›ืจืช ืจื›ื‘ ื‘ืงื•ื ื’ื•

ืชื—ื‘ื•ืจื” ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ืช ื–ืžื™ื ื” ืจืง ื‘ืฉืชื™ ื”ืขืจื™ื ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืงื•ื ื’ื•. ืขื ื–ืืช, ืžื•ืžืœืฅ ืžืื•ื“ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืชื—ื‘ื•ืจื” ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ืช, ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ืื•ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืกื™ื ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื™ื. ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื‘ืงื•ื ื’ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืกืคืงืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ืฉื›ืจืช ืจื›ื‘. ืืชื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืฉืงื•ืœ ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื›ืจืช ืจื›ื‘, ื›ืžื• ื”ืชืงืฆื™ื‘ ืฉืœืš ื•ืชื ืื™ ื”ื“ืจืš ื•ื›ืœืœื™ ื”ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื”. ื‘ืงื•ื ื’ื•, ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ืฉื›ืจื” ืฉื•ืืคื•ืช ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืืช ื—ื•ื•ื™ืช ื”ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ืฉืœืš ืœืœื ื˜ืจื—ื”.

ืื™ืš ืœืฉื›ื•ืจ ืจื›ื‘ ื‘ืงื•ื ื’ื•?

ื›ืฉืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื‘ืงื•ื ื’ื•, ื”ืฉื›ืจืช ืจื›ื‘ ื”ื™ื ื“ืจืš ืื—ืช ืฉื”ื™ื ื“ื•ืžื” ืœืืจื”"ื‘. ื›ืœ ืขื•ื“ ื™ืฉ ืœืš ืืช ืจื™ืฉื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ ืฉืœืš, ื›ืจื˜ื™ืก ื”ืชืฉืœื•ื ื•ืื™ืฉื•ืจ ื”ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ ืฉืœืš, ื”ืฉื›ืจืช ืจื›ื‘ ื‘ืงื•ื ื’ื• ื”ื™ื ืœืœื ื˜ืจื—ื”. ืื ืืชื” ื‘ืฉื“ื” ื”ืชืขื•ืคื”, ืœืคืขืžื™ื ืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืืคื™ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ืฉื›ืจืช ืจื›ื‘ ืžื•ื›ืจื•ืช ืœืš.

ื–ื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื˜ื•ื‘ ืœืฉื›ื•ืจ ืจื›ื‘ ื‘ืฉื“ื” ื”ืชืขื•ืคื”, ื›ืš ืฉืืชื” ื‘ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ืขืœ ื”ื ืกื™ืขื•ืช ืฉืœืš ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉืืชื” ื™ื•ืฆื ืžื”ืฉืขืจ. ื—ื•ืฅ ืžื–ื”, ื’ื ืœื ืชืฆื˜ืจื›ื• ืœื“ืื•ื’ ืœืฉื›ื•ืจ ืจื›ื‘ ืื—ืจ ื›ืš ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืฉืืชื ืœื ืžื›ื™ืจื™ื.

ื”ืื ืงืœ ืœืฉื›ื•ืจ ืจื›ื‘ ื‘ืงื•ื ื’ื•?

ื”ืฉื›ืจืช ืจื›ื‘ ื‘ืงื•ื ื’ื• ื”ื™ื ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื—ืœืง ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ืืช ื”ืžืกืžื›ื™ื ื”ื ื›ื•ื ื™ื ื”ื“ืจื•ืฉื™ื ืœื”ืฉื›ืจืช ืจื›ื‘: ืจื™ืฉื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ืฉืœืš, ืจื™ืฉื™ื•ืŸ ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ ื•ื›ืจื˜ื™ืก ื”ืชืฉืœื•ื ืฉืœืš. ืœืื—ืจ ืฉืชืฆืื• ืžืฉื“ื” ื”ืชืขื•ืคื”, ืชืจืื• ืจื›ื‘ื™ื ืœื”ืฉื›ืจื” ืžืžืชื™ื ื™ื ืœืชื™ื™ืจื™ื, ื•ื—ืœืงื ืžื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ืฉื›ืจื” ืžืคื•ืจืกืžื•ืช. ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื–ื• ื›ื“ืื™ ืœืฉื›ื•ืจ ืจื›ื‘ ืžืฉื“ื” ื”ืชืขื•ืคื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื™ืžื ืข ืžื”ื˜ืจื—ื” ืฉืœ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืชื—ื‘ื•ืจื”. ื”ื ื” ื›ืžื” ื˜ื™ืคื™ื ืœื”ืฉืงื™ืข ืคื—ื•ืช ื›ืกืฃ:

ืกืคืจ ืžื•ืงื“ื ื™ื•ืชืจ

ื”ื–ืžื ื” ืœืคื ื™ ื”ื˜ื™ืกื” ืขืฉื•ื™ื” ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืš ืขืกืงื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ืืฉืจ ืฉื•ื›ืจื™ื ืจื›ื‘. ืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื™ื™ืฉื ืืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ 'ื›ื›ืœ ืฉืชื–ืžื™ื ื• ืจื›ื‘ ืฉื›ื•ืจ ืžื•ืงื“ื ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื”ืžื—ื™ืจ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ' ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื–ื•. ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื–ืžื ื” ืžื•ืงื“ืžืช ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืชื•ื›ืœ ืœืขืงื•ื‘ ืื—ืจ ื”ืžื—ื™ืจื™ื ื›ืฉื”ื ืขื•ืœื™ื ื•ื™ื•ืจื“ื™ื ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื”ื›ื ื” ืœื˜ื™ื•ืœ ืฉืœืš, ื•ืœืืคืฉืจ ืœืš ืœื”ื–ืžื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืขืกืงื” ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืจืืฉ. ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ืœื”ืžืชื™ืŸ ืœื”ื–ืžื ืช ื”ืจื›ื‘ ืฉืœืš ื™ื”ื™ื” ืฉื‘ื•ืขื™ื™ื ืœืคื ื™ ืฉืขืช ื”ื ื—ื™ืชื” ืฉืœืš ื‘ืืจืฅ.

ื”ื™ื• ืžื•ื“ืขื™ื ืœืงืจืงืข

ื‘ื”ืฉื›ืจืช ืจื›ื‘ ื›ื“ืื™ ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ ื‘ืจื›ื‘ ื‘ืขืœ ืืจื‘ืข ื’ืœื’ืœื™ื ื‘ืฉืœ ืชื ืื™ ื”ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื•ื”ื›ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื ื‘ืืจืฅ. ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื›ืฉืืชื ื™ื•ืฆืื™ื ืœื˜ื™ื•ืœ ื‘ื›ื‘ื™ืฉ, ื‘ื—ืจื• ื‘ืžื›ื•ื ื™ืช ืฉืชืขืžื•ื“ ื‘ืžื–ื’ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื“ืจื›ื™ื ื”ืžืฉื•ื‘ืฉื•ืช, ื›ืš ืฉืœื ืชื”ื™ื” ืœื›ื ื‘ืขื™ื” ืฉื”ืจื›ื‘ ืฉืœื›ื ื™ืชืงืœืงืœ ื•ื ืชืงืข ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืœื ืžื•ื›ืจ. ืœืงื•ื ื’ื• ืื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืžืกืœื•ืœ ื”ื‘ื˜ื•ื— ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื ื”ื•ื’ ื‘ื•, ืื– ืื•ืœื™ ื›ื“ืื™ ืœื”ืคื—ื™ืช ืืช ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ืœื”ืกืชื‘ืš ืœืœื ืขื–ืจื” ื›ื›ืœ ืฉืชื•ื›ืœ.

ืงื‘ืœ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื—

ื›ืฉืžื’ื™ืฉื™ื ื‘ืงืฉื” ืœืจื™ืฉื™ื•ืŸ ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ ื›ื“ืื™ ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื’ื ืขืœ ืœืœื•ื•ืช ืื•ืชื• ื‘ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื—. ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื’ืŸ ืขืœื™ืš ื•ืœื—ืกื•ืš ืœืš ื›ืžื” ื”ื•ืฆืื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช ืื ืื™ ืคืขื ืชืกืชื‘ืš ื‘ืฆืจื•ืช. ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื›ืจืช ืจื›ื‘, ืขืœื™ืš ืœื‘ื“ื•ืง ืžื•ืœ ืกื•ื›ื ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืฉืœืš, ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืชื“ืข ืื ืืชื” ืžื›ื•ืกื” ืื• ืœื. ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืจื›ื‘ื™ื ืœื”ืฉื›ืจื” ื›ื•ืœืœื™ื ื’ื ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืœืจื›ื‘ ื•ื’ื•ื‘ื™ื ืžื›ื ืชืฉืœื•ื ื ื•ืกืฃ ืขื‘ื•ืจื•.

ืœืชื“ืœืง


ื›ื“ื™ ืœื—ืกื•ืš ื›ืกืฃ ื‘ืขืช ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื‘ืจื›ื‘, ืขืœื™ืš ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื‘ืจืฆื•ื ืš ืœื˜ืคืœ ื‘ื‘ืขื™ื™ืช ื”ื“ืœืง ื‘ืจื›ื‘ ื”ืฉื›ื•ืจ ืฉืœืš. ื™ืฉ ืœืš ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœืฉืœื ืžืจืืฉ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžืœื ืืช ื”ืžื™ื›ืœ ื•ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืจ ืื•ืชื• ืจื™ืง ืื• ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืจ ืื•ืชื• ืžืœื ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžื ื•ืข ืืช ื”ืขืœื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช ื”ืืœื”. ืฉืืœ ื‘ื—ื‘ืจืช ื”ืฉื›ืจืช ื”ืจื›ื‘ ื•ืชื ื• ืœื”ื ืœื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืœื›ื ื›ืžื” ื“ืœืง ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืจื›ื‘ ื›ืฉืชื—ื–ื™ืจื• ืื•ืชื• ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืฉืงื•ืœ ื•ืœืงื‘ืœ ืืช ื”ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ื”ื ื›ื•ื ื”.

ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืžื”ื™ืจ

ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื‘ื—ืจืชื ืจื›ื‘ ืœื”ืฉื›ืจื”, ื”ืกื›ืžืชื ืขื ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ื•ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื“ืœืง, ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื ืฉืืชื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื’ื™ืฉ ื”ื ื”ืžืกืžื›ื™ื ืฉื”ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ื•ื”ืชืฉืœื•ื ืฉืœื›ื; ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ, ื™ื”ื™ื• ืœืš ื”ืžืคืชื—ื•ืช ืœืจื›ื‘ ื”ืฉื›ื•ืจ ืฉืœืš. ืจื™ืฉื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ ืฉืœืš, ืจื™ืฉื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ ืฉืœืš ื•ื›ืจื˜ื™ืก ื”ืชืฉืœื•ื ืฉืœืš ื”ื ื”ืคืจื™ื˜ื™ื ืฉืืชื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื’ื™ืฉ. ืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื•ื•ื™ื–ื”, ืืžืจื™ืงืŸ ืืงืกืคืจืก ื•ืžืืกื˜ืจืงืืจื“ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉืœื, ืื‘ืœ ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืฆ'ืง-ืื™ืŸ ืขื ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ืœื™ืชืจ ื‘ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ.

ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ืื•ื›ืœ ืœืฉื›ื•ืจ ืจื›ื‘?

ืงื™ื™ืžื•ืช ื”ืฉื›ืจืช ืจื›ื‘ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ืงื•ื ื’ื•, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ื”ืฉื›ืจืช ืจื›ื‘ ืงื•ื ื’ื•, ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ ืจื›ื‘ ืืงืกืคืจืก, ื”ืฉื›ืจืช ืจื›ื‘ ื‘ืจื•ืื ื“ื”, ื”ืฉื›ืจืช ืจื›ื‘ 4x4, ื”ืฉื›ืจืช ืจื›ื‘ ื‘ืงื™ื’ืืœื™. ืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื–ืžื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืจื›ื‘ ื”ืฉื›ื•ืจ ืฉืœืš ื‘ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜ ืขื•ื“ ืœืคื ื™ ื”ื’ืขืชืš ืœืืจืฅ. ื”ื–ืžื ื” ืžืงื•ื•ื ืช ื ื•ื—ื” ื•ื ื•ื—ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืžื˜ื™ื™ืœื™ื ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ื™ื ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืœื”ื–ืžื™ืŸ ื‘ื›ืœ ืขืช ื•ืœืžืฆื•ื ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ืฉื›ืจืช ืจื›ื‘ ืฉืžืชืื™ืžื•ืช ืœืชืงืฆื™ื‘ ืฉืœืš.

ื ื ื™ื— ืฉืืชื” ืžื—ืคืฉ ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ ื”ืฉื›ืจืช ืจื›ื‘ ืื™ื›ื•ืชื™ื™ื ื•ื‘ืžื—ื™ืจ ืกื‘ื™ืจ. ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื›ื–ื”, Car Rental Congo ื”ื™ื ื—ื‘ืจืช ื”ืฉื›ืจืช ืจื›ื‘ ืžืงื•ืžื™ืช ื”ืžืฆื™ืขื” ืืช ื”ืขืœื•ืช ื”ื ืžื•ื›ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ืžืกืคืงืช ืจื›ื‘ ืืžื™ืŸ ื•ืื™ื›ื•ืชื™. ื—ื‘ืจื” ื–ื• ืžืฉืจืชืช ืœืงื•ื—ื•ืช ื›ื‘ืจ ืœืžืขืœื” ืž-12 ืฉื ื™ื ื•ืžืฆื™ืขื” ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืœืงื•ื—ื•ืช ืื™ืฉื™ ืœืœื ืชื—ืจื•ืช ื•ืžื—ื™ืจื™ื ืœืœื ืชื—ืจื•ืช ื‘ืืคืจื™ืงื”.

ืื™ืœื• ืžืกืžื›ื™ื ื ื“ืจืฉื™ื?

ื”ืฉื›ืจืช ืจื›ื‘ ื‘ืงื•ื ื’ื• ื”ื™ื ืงืœื” ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ืจื™ืฉื™ื•ืŸ ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื‘ืชื•ืงืฃ. ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ, ืขืœื™ืš ืœืกืคืง ืชืขื•ื“ื” ืžื–ื”ื” ืื—ืจืช ืฉื”ื•ื ืคืงื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื”, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ื”ื“ืจื›ื•ืŸ ืฉืœืš ื›ื”ื•ื›ื—ืช ื–ื”ื•ืช. ืื ืจื™ืฉื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ืฉืœืš ืื™ื ื• ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช, ื—ื‘ืจืช ื”ืฉื›ืจืช ื”ืจื›ื‘ ืชื“ืจื•ืฉ ืžืžืš ืœืกืคืง ืจื™ืฉื™ื•ืŸ ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™. ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ื’ื™ืฉ ื‘ืงืฉื” ืœืจื™ืฉื™ื•ืŸ ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ ื‘ืืชืจ ืื™ื’ื•ื“ ื”ื ื”ื’ื™ื ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™.

ืื™ืœื• ืกื•ื’ื™ ืจื›ื‘ื™ื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืฉื›ื•ืจ?


ื”ืฉื›ืจืช ืจื›ื‘ ืงื•ื ื’ื• ื–ืžื™ื ื” ื‘ื’ื•ืžื” , ื‘ื•ืงืื• , ืœื•ื‘ื•ืžื‘ืฉื™ , ืงื™ืกื ื’ืื ื™ , ื‘ื ื™ , ื‘ื•ื˜ืžื‘ื• , ื‘ืจื–ื•ื•ื™ืœ ื•ืงื™ื ืฉืืกื” . ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืฉื›ื•ืจ ืกื•ื’ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื›ื•ื ื™ื•ืช, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืจื›ื‘ ื”ืฉื˜ื— ื˜ื•ื™ื•ื˜ื” ืจืื‘4, ืกืคืืจื™ ืœื ื“ ืงืจื•ื–ืจ, ื˜ื•ื™ื•ื˜ื” ืœื ื“ ืงืจื•ื–ืจ, ื”ืฉื›ืจืช ืžืฉืื™ื•ืช, ื˜ื ื“ืจื™ื ื›ืคื•ืœื™ื ื•ื”ืฉื›ืจืช ืžื™ื ื™ื•ื•ืืŸ. ืœื ืžืฉื ื” ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ืคื•ืขืœืช ื”ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜, ื—ื‘ืจื” ื–ื• ืžืกืคืงืช ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ ื”ืฉื›ืจืช ืจื›ื‘ ื‘ืจื•ื‘ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืืคืจื™ืงื”.

ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ ืœืฉื›ื•ืจ ืจื›ื‘ื™ื ื™ืขื™ืœื™ื ื‘ื˜ื™ื•ืœ ืฉืœืš. ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ืื ืืชื ื ื•ืกืขื™ื ืœื‘ื“, ืœื ืชืฆื˜ืจื›ื• ืœืฉื›ื•ืจ ืจื›ื‘ ืžืืกื™ื‘ื™ ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื•ื ื™ืขืœื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืžื›ื•ื ื™ืช ืจื’ื™ืœื” ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืงื—ืช ืืชื›ื ืœืื•ืชื• ื™ืขื“.

ืžื”ืŸ ื“ืจื™ืฉื•ืช ื”ื’ื™ืœ?

ื“ืจื™ืฉืช ื”ื’ื™ืœ ื”ืžื™ื ื™ืžืœื™ ืœืฉื›ื•ืจ ืจื›ื‘ ื‘ืงื•ื ื’ื• ื”ื•ื 18 ืฉื ื™ื. ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ืฉื›ืจืช ืจื›ื‘ ืžื”ืกืกื•ืช ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืœื”ืฉื›ื™ืจ ืจื›ื‘ื™ื ืœื ื”ื’ื™ื ืžืชื—ืช ืœื’ื™ืœ 18, ื›ื™ ื–ื” ื ื—ืฉื‘ ืœืงื˜ื™ื ื™ื ื•ืชืื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ืœืชื™ ืžื‘ื•ืงืจื•ืช ื”ื ื’ืจืžื•ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื ื”ื’ื™ื ืงื˜ื™ื ื™ื. ื—ืœืง ืžื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ืฉื›ืจืช ืจื›ื‘ ืืคื™ืœื• ื“ื•ืจืฉื•ืช ื“ืžื™ ื ื”ื’ ืงื˜ื™ื ื™ื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื ื”ื’ื™ื ืžืชื—ืช ืœื’ื™ืœ ื”ื“ืจื•ืฉ ืœื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื”.

ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ืื•ื›ืœ ืœืืกื•ืฃ ืืช ื”ืจื›ื‘ ื”ืฉื›ื•ืจ ืฉืœื™?

ืื ืืชื ืžืชื›ื ื ื™ื ืœืฉื›ื•ืจ ืจื›ื‘ ื‘-Car Rental Congo, ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืืกื•ืฃ ืืช ื”ืจื›ื‘ ื”ืฉื›ื•ืจ ืฉืœื›ื ืžืฉื“ื” ื”ืชืขื•ืคื” ืื• ืžื”ืžื™ืงื•ื ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจืช ื”ืฉื›ืจืช ื”ืจื›ื‘. ืขืœื™ืš ืœื”ืฆื™ื’ ืงื‘ืœื”, ื”ื•ื›ื—ืช ื–ื”ื•ืช ื•ืจื™ืฉื™ื•ืŸ ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื‘ืœื™ื•ื•ื™ ืื™ืฉื•ืจ ื”ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ ืฉืœืš. ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคืช ื”ื™ื ืœื‘ืงืฉ ืžื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ืœื”ื•ืจื™ื“ ืืช ืจื›ื‘ืš ืืฆืœืš ืžื˜ืขืžื™ ื ื•ื—ื•ืช. ืขื“ื™ืฃ ืœืืกื•ืฃ ืืช ื”ืจื›ื‘ ื”ืฉื›ื•ืจ ืฉืœืš ืžืžื™ืงื•ื ื”ื—ื‘ืจื”.

ื˜ื™ืคื™ื ืœืฉืžื™ืจื” ืขืœ ื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื•ืช


ืชืขืจื™ืฃ ื”ืฉื›ืจืช ืจื›ื‘ ื‘ืงื•ื ื’ื• ืชืœื•ื™ ื‘ื—ื‘ืจืช ื”ืฉื›ืจืช ื”ืจื›ื‘. ืื ืืชื ืžืชื›ื ื ื™ื ืœืฉื›ื•ืจ ืจื›ื‘ ื‘-Car Rental Congo, ื”ืชืขืจื™ืคื™ื ืœื™ื•ื ืชืœื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืกื•ื’ ื”ืจื›ื‘ ืฉืชืฉื›ื•ืจ. ื”ืชืขืจื™ืคื™ื ืœื™ื•ื ื”ืฉื›ืจืช ื”ืจื›ื‘ ื ืขื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ 100$ ืœ-445$. ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืžืกื™ืจืช ืจื›ื‘ ื”ืฉื›ื•ืจ ืฉืœืš ืœืžืงื•ื ืฉืœืš ื™ื›ื•ืœ ื’ื ืœื”ืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ืžื—ื™ืจ ื”ื”ืฉื›ืจื”. ืœื”ืœืŸ ื”ืชืขืจื™ืคื™ื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืฉื›ืจืช ืจื›ื‘ ื‘ืงื•ื ื’ื•:



  • ืจื›ื‘ ืฉื˜ื— ืฉืœ Toyota Rav4 - $100 ืœื™ื•ื
  • ืกืคืืจื™ ืœื ื“ ืงืจื•ื–ืจ - $200 ืœื™ื•ื
  • ื˜ื•ื™ื•ื˜ื” ืœื ื“ ืงืจื•ื–ืจ - 145 ื“ื•ืœืจ ืœื™ื•ื
  • ื”ืฉื›ืจืช ืžืฉืื™ื•ืช - $445 ืœื™ื•ื
  • ืื™ืกื•ืฃ ื–ื•ื’ื™ - $135 ืœื™ื•ื
  • ื”ืฉื›ืจืช ืžื™ื ื™ื•ื•ืืŸ - $140 ืœื™ื•ื

ื”ืื ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืฉืœื™ ื™ื—ื•ืœ ืื ืืฉื›ื•ืจ ืจื›ื‘?

ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืžืกืคืง ืชื—ื•ืฉืช ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ืœื ื”ื’ื™ื ื›ืฉื”ื ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ื•ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ืœืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืฉืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ื”ื™ื• ื‘ื”ื. ื ืกื™ืขื” ื‘ื›ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ื•ืœื ืžื•ื›ืจื™ื ืขืœื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืขื˜ ืžืคื—ื™ื“ื” ืœืชื™ื™ืจื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืจืฆื•ื™ ืœืฉื›ื•ืจ ืจื›ื‘ ืžื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ื›ื•ืœืœืช ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ื‘ื—ื‘ื™ืœืช ื”ื”ืฉื›ืจื”. ืจื•ื‘ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ืฉื›ืจืช ื”ืจื›ื‘ ื”ื™ื• ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช ืžื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืจื›ื‘ ื‘ื“ืžื™ ื”ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ื ื”ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ืฉืœื”ืŸ, ืื‘ืœ ืื ืืชื” ืฉื•ื›ืจ ืจื›ื‘ ื‘ื—ื‘ืจืช ื”ืฉื›ืจืช ืจื›ื‘ ืœืœื ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืžื›ื•ืกื”, ืขื“ื™ืฃ ืœื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื— ืื—ื“ ืœืคื ื™ ื”ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจ.

ื™ืฉื ื ื›ืžื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื—ื‘ืจืช ื”ืฉื›ืจืช ืจื›ื‘ ืขืฉื•ื™ื” ืœื›ืœื•ืœ ื‘ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ื ื”ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ืฉืœื”ื, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ื•ื™ืชื•ืจ ืขืœ ื ื–ืงื™ ืื•ื‘ื“ืŸ (LDW), ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืชืื•ื ื•ืช ืื™ืฉื™ื•ืช (PAI), ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคืช (ALI), ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืžื—ืœืช ื—ื™ืจื•ื, ื•ืฆื™ื“ื™ ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืžื•ืจื—ื‘. ืคื˜ื•ืจ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืืœื” ืžื›ืกื™ื ืืช ื”ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ื”ืคื™ื ื ืกื™ืช ื•ื”ื›ื™ืกื•ื™ ื”ืจืคื•ืื™ ืฉืœืš ื›ืืฉืจ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืœื ืฆืคื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ื ืกื™ืขื”.

ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืื•ื›ืœ ืœื—ืกื•ืš ื‘ืขืœื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉื›ื™ืจื•ืช?

ื”ืฉื›ืจืช ืจื›ื‘ ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื–ืจื” ืขืœื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื“ื™ ื™ืงืจื” ืื ืื™ื ื›ื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืœื—ืกื•ืš ื‘ืขืœื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืฉื›ื™ืจื•ืช. ื”ื˜ื™ืค ืžืกืคืจ ืื—ื“ ื‘ื—ื™ืกื›ื•ืŸ ื™ื”ื™ื” ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ - ื”ืฉื›ืจื”. ื”ืฉื›ืจืช ืจื›ื‘ ื™ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ืืชืจื™ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ืฉื›ืจืช ื”ืจื›ื‘ ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืœืฉื›ื•ืจ ืื•ืชื• ืžืกื•ื›ืŸ ื”ื–ืžื ื•ืช ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืกื•ื›ืŸ ื”ื”ื–ืžื ื•ืช ืขืฉื•ื™ ืœื‘ืงืฉ ืขืžืœื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช, ืฉืขืœื•ืœื•ืช ืœืขืœื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืงืจ. ื—ื•ืฅ ืžื–ื”, ื”ื™ืžื ืขื• ืžื”ืฉื›ืจืช ืžื›ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืืงืจืื™ื•ืช ื‘ืฉื“ื” ื”ืชืขื•ืคื”, ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ืŸ ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ื’ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื›ื•ืœืœื•ืช ืขืžืœื•ืช ืฉื“ื” ืชืขื•ืคื”.

ื’ื•ืจื ื ื•ืกืฃ ืฉื’ื•ืจื ืœื”ืฉื›ืจื” ื™ืงืจื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ืกื•ื’ ื”ืจื›ื‘ ืฉืชืฉื›ื•ืจ. ืื ื”ื™ืขื“ื™ื ืฉืœืš ื”ื ื‘ืขืจื™ื ืฉืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืœื ืกื•ืข ื‘ื›ื‘ื™ืฉ ืžื”ื™ืจ, ื•ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ื˜ื™ื•ืœ ืฉืœืš ืื™ื ื• ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™, ืื– ืจื›ื‘ ื”ื›ืจื—ื™ ื™ืกืคื™ืง ืœื ืกื™ืขื” ืฉืœืš. ื”ื–ืžื ื” ืžืจืืฉ ื’ื ืขื•ื–ืจืช ืœื”ืคื—ื™ืช ืืช ืขืœื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื”ืฉื›ืจื”. ืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื–ืžื™ืŸ ื‘ื›ืœ ื–ืžืŸ, ื’ื ื›ืฉืืชื” ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื ื‘ืืจืฅ. ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ, ืื™ืกื•ืฃ ืืช ื”ืจื›ื‘ ื”ืฉื›ื•ืจ ืžืžืงื•ื ื”ื—ื‘ืจื”.

ื—ื•ืงื™ ื”ื“ืจืš ื‘ืงื•ื ื’ื•

ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื‘ืžื›ื•ื ื™ืช ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื–ืจื” ืขืœื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื›ื ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื›ืืฉืจ ืื™ื ืš ืžื›ื™ืจ ืืช ื—ื•ืงื™ ื”ื›ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื”. ื—ื•ืงื™ ื”ื›ื‘ื™ืฉ ื•ื›ืœืœื™ ื”ื”ืคืขืœื” ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื”, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ ืœื”ื›ื™ืจ ื•ืœื–ื›ื•ืจ ืืช ื—ื•ืงื™ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืฉื‘ื” ืืชื” ืžื‘ืงืจ. ืื™ ื™ื“ื™ืขืช ื”ื—ื•ืงื™ื ืขืœื•ืœื” ืœื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœืขืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ืœืชืื•ื ื•ืช, ื•ื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืชืื•ื ื” ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื—ื•ืคืฉื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืื—ื“ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ื’ืจื•ืขื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืงืจื•ืช.

ืžื”ืŸ ืžื’ื‘ืœื•ืช ื”ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ืงื•ื ื’ื•?

ื‘ื—ืœืงื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื ืฉืœ ืงื•ื ื’ื•, ื›ืžื• ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ืขื™ืจื•ื ื™ื™ื, ื—ื•ืง ื”ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ืฉืœ ืงื•ื ื’ื• ืงื•ื‘ืข ื›ื™ ืขืœื™ืš ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืžืจื‘ื™ืช ืฉืœ 69 ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื ืœืฉืขื”. ืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื ื”ื•ื’ ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ 110 ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื ืœืฉืขื” ื‘ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ื›ืžื• ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ื›ืคืจื™ื™ื ืฉื›ืŸ ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฉ ืคื—ื•ืช ืชื ื•ืขื”. ืืชื” ืขืœื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ืชืคืก ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืžื•ืคืจื–ืช ื‘ืงื•ื ื’ื• ื›ืืฉืจ ืืชื” ืขื•ื‘ืจ ืœื™ื“ ืฉื•ื˜ืจ ืžื•ืจืฉื” ืฉืžื–ื”ื” ืืช ื”ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœืš ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืขืœ ื”ืžื•ืชืจ.

ื—ื•ืงื™ ื”ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื‘ืงื•ื ื’ื• ืื™ื ื ืžื™ื•ืฉืžื™ื ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื”ื•ื’ื ืช. ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ืงื™ื™ืžืช ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืฉืืชื” ืขืœื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ืขืฆืจ ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืžื•ืคืจื–ืช. ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื–ื” ืœื ืงื•ืจื” ืœืขืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช, ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉืจืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืฉื˜ืจื” ืขืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ืœื”ืฆื™ืข ืฉื•ื—ื“ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉื—ืจืจ ืื•ืชืš ื‘ื—ื™ื ื ื‘ืชืžื•ืจื” ืœืžืฉื”ื• ืื—ืจ ื›ืžื• ื›ืกืฃ, ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืœืงื‘ืœ ื“ื•ื— ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช.

ื”ืื ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื‘ืืœื›ื•ื”ื•ืœ ื‘ืกื“ืจ?

ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ืชื—ืช ื”ืฉืคืขืช ืืœื›ื•ื”ื•ืœ ื”ื™ื ืขื‘ื™ืจื” ืขืœ ื”ื—ื•ืง ื‘ืงื•ื ื’ื•, ื•ื”ื™ื ื ื—ืฉื‘ืช ืœื ื—ื•ืงื™ืช ื‘ืจืžื” ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ืช ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื ื”ื’ื™ื ืฉื™ื›ื•ืจื™ื ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืœืจื•ื‘ ืœืชืื•ื ื•ืช ื“ืจื›ื™ื. ื›ืžื• ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช, ื™ืฉ ืจื™ื›ื•ื– ืืœื›ื•ื”ื•ืœ ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ ื‘ื“ื ืฉืื™ ืืคืฉืจ ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืขืœื™ื•. ื‘ืงื•ื ื’ื•, ืžื’ื‘ืœืช ืชื›ื•ืœืช ื”ืืœื›ื•ื”ื•ืœ ื‘ื“ื ื”ื™ื 0.01%. ืื ื™ืขืฆืจื• ืื•ืชืš ื•ื™ื•ื›ื— ืฉืืชื” ื—ื•ืจื’ ืžื”ืžื’ื‘ืœื” ื”ื—ื•ืงื™ืช ืฉืœ ืจื™ื›ื•ื– ืืœื›ื•ื”ื•ืœ ื‘ื“ื, ืืชื” ืขืœื•ืœ ืœืขืžื•ื“ ื‘ืคื ื™ ืขื“ ืฉืฉ ืฉื ื•ืช ืžืืกืจ.

ื”ืื ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื˜ืœืคื•ื ื™ื ืกืœื•ืœืจื™ื™ื ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื‘ืกื“ืจ?


ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ืชื•ืš ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื˜ืœืคื•ื ื™ื ืกืœื•ืœืจื™ื™ื ืืกื•ืจื” ื‘ืงื•ื ื’ื•. ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ืžื•ืกื—ืช ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ื˜ื›ื ื™ืช ืื™ื ื” ืขื‘ื™ืจื” ืฉืขื•ื ืฉื” ืขืœ ืคื™ ื—ื•ืง ื‘ืงื•ื ื’ื•, ื‘ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื” ืœืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช, ืจืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืฉื˜ืจื” ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœืขืฆื•ืจ ืื•ืชืš ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ืชื•ืš ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื˜ืœืคื•ื ื™ื ืกืœื•ืœืจื™ื™ื. ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ ืฉืชื”ื™ื• ืขืจื ื™ื™ื ื•ืžืžื•ืงื“ื™ื ื‘ืขืช ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื–ื• ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืชื ืื™ ื”ื“ืจืš ื‘ืงื•ื ื’ื• ื•ื”ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื‘ืžื–ื’ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื‘ืงื•ื ื’ื• ื”ื ื–ื•ื’ื•ืช ืงืฉื™ื.

ื”ืื ื™ืฉ ื—ื•ืงื™ื ืœื—ืœื•ื ื•ืช ืจื›ื‘ ื‘ืงื•ื ื’ื•?

ื”ื›ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื ื‘ืงื•ื ื’ื• ื”ื ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ื’ืจื•ืข, ื•ื”ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื‘ืžื–ื’ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื‘ืงื•ื ื’ื• ื”ื•ืคื›ืช ืœืคืขืžื™ื ืืช ื–ื” ืœื‘ืœืชื™ ืืคืฉืจื™ ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืขื•ื ื” ื”ื’ืฉื•ืžื”. ืื™ืŸ ื—ื•ืงื™ ื—ืœื•ื ื•ืช ืจื›ื‘ ื‘ืงื•ื ื’ื• ืฉื ื—ืฉื‘ื™ื ืœื ื—ื•ืงื™ื™ื ืขืœ ืคื™ ื—ื•ืง, ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ื˜ื•ื‘ ืœื“ืขืช ืžืชื™ ื–ื” ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืœื”ืฉืื™ืจ ืืช ื”ื—ืœื•ื ื•ืช ืœืžืขืœื” ื•ืœืžื˜ื”. ื‘ืขืช ื ืกื™ืขื” ื‘ืขืจื™ื, ืฉืžื•ืจ ืืช ื”ื—ืœื•ื ื•ืช ืคืชื•ื—ื™ื ื•ื“ืœืชื•ืช ื ืขื•ืœื•ืช. ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืžื—ืกื•ืžื™ื ืื• ืžื—ืกื•ืžื™ื, ืขืœื™ืš ืœื”ืฆื™ื’ ืืช ื”ืžืกืžื›ื™ื ื”ื“ืจื•ืฉื™ื ื“ืจืš ื—ืœื•ื ื•ืช ืกื’ื•ืจื™ื.

ื‘ืื™ื–ื” ืฆื“ ืฉืœ ื”ื“ืจืš ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ื ื”ื’ื™ื ื‘ืงื•ื ื’ื•?

ืฉืืœื” ื–ื• ื”ื™ื ืื—ืช ื”ืฉืืœื•ืช ื”ื ืคื•ืฆื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืชื™ื™ืจื™ื ืฉื•ืืœื™ื ื›ืืฉืจ ืžืชื›ื ื ื™ื ืœื ื”ื•ื’ ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื–ืจื”. ืœืื–ืจื—ื™ ืืจื”"ื‘ ื”ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืœืงื•ื ื’ื•, ืชืฉืžื—ื• ืœื“ืขืช ืฉืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ ืงื•ื ื’ื• ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ื‘ืฆื“ ื™ืžื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ื›ื‘ื™ืฉ, ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืื™ืš ื–ื” ื‘ืืจื”"ื‘. ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื‘ืžื›ื•ื ื™ืช ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ืช ื‘ืงื•ื ื’ื• ื”ื™ื ื—ื•ืงื™ืช ื•ืชื’ืจื•ื ืœืš ืœื”ืจื’ื™ืฉ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื ื•ื— ื•ื‘ื˜ื•ื— ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื ืกื™ืขื” ื‘ื›ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื ื”ืœื ืžื•ื›ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ืงื•ื ื’ื•.

ื”ืื ืงื•ื ื’ื• ืื•ืกืจืช ืขืœ ืžื›ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื™ืžื ื™ืช?


ื”ืฆื“ ื”ืžื ื™ืข ื‘ืงื•ื ื’ื• ืขืฉื•ื™ ืœื‘ื•ื ื›ื”ืงืœื” ืœืื–ืจื—ื™ ืืจื”"ื‘. ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ื–ืืช, ื–ื” ื’ื•ืจื ืงืฆืช ืœื‘ืขื™ื” ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ื™ืœื™ื“ื™ื ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืงื•ื ื’ื• ืขื•ื‘ืจืช ืื™ืกื•ืจ ืขืœ ืžื›ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืขื ื›ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื™ืžื ื™ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉืคืจ ืืช ื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื•ืช ื”ื›ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื, ื”ื“ื•ืจืฉื™ื ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ. ื”ื™ื“ื™ืขื” ื”ื–ื• ืžืขื•ืจืจืช ืืช ื”ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช ื‘ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”.

ืžื”ื ื”ืชืงื ื™ื ื”ื›ืœืœื™ื™ื ืœื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื‘ืงื•ื ื’ื•?

ืงื•ื ื’ื• ื’ื ืฉื•ืžืจืช ืขืœ ืกื˜ื ื“ืจื˜ื™ื ื›ืœืœื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื— ืฉื ื”ื’ื™ื ื™ืœื™ื“ื™ื, ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ ืจื’ืœ ื•ื ื”ื’ื™ ืชื™ื™ืจื™ื ื™ื”ื™ื• ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ื‘ื™ืฉ. ืชืงื ื™ ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ืืœื• ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ื’ื ื‘ืชืงื ื™ ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ืฉืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช, ืžื” ืฉืžืงืœ ืขืœื™ืš ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ื•ืœื™ื™ืฉื ืื•ืชื.

ืœืคื ื™ ื ื”ื™ื’ื”

ื”ืฆืขื“ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืœืคื ื™ ืฉืชืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื—ืงื•ืจ ืืช ื›ื‘ื™ืฉื™ ืงื•ื ื’ื• ื”ื•ื ืœื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื— ืฉื”ืจื›ื‘ ืฉืœืš ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ืชืงื™ืŸ. ื›ื“ืื™ ืœื‘ื“ื•ืง ืื ื”ืฆืžื™ื’ื™ื ืชืงื™ื ื™ื, ืื ืžืจืื•ืช ื”ืฆื“ ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื”ื ื›ื•ืŸ, ืื ื”ื—ืœื•ื ื•ืช ืœืžืขืœื” ื•ืื ื”ื‘ืœืžื™ื ืคื•ืขืœื™ื ื”ื™ื˜ื‘. ื”ืจื›ื‘ื™ื, ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืžื›ื•ื ื™ื•ืช, ืžืชื ื’ืฉื™ื ืœืจื•ื‘ ืขื ื›ืœื™ ืจื›ื‘ ืื—ืจื™ื ื•ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ ืจื’ืœ ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื›ื™ื•ื•ื ื ื”ืžื™ื•ืขื“ ืžืฆื˜ืœื‘ ื•ืžืคืจื™ืข ื–ื” ืœื ืชื™ื‘ื™ื ืฉืœ ื–ื”.

ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื ื”ื™ื’ื”

ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื ืกื™ืขื” ื‘ืจื—ื•ื‘, ื”ืงืคื™ื“ื• ืœื ืกื•ืข ื‘ืฆื“ ื™ืžื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ื›ื‘ื™ืฉ. ืขืงื‘ื• ืื—ืจ ื”ืชืžืจื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืื“ื™ืงื•ืช ื•ื”ืงืคื™ื“ื• ืขืœ ื”ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืชืจืช. ื›ืฉืืชื ืžืชื›ื ื ื™ื ืœืขืงื•ืฃ, ื‘ื“ืงื• ืื ืื™ืŸ ืžื›ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉืžืชื›ื ื ื•ืช ืœืขืงื•ืฃ ืื• ืฉื™ืฉ ืจื›ื‘ ืฉืžืชืงืจื‘ ืืœื™ื›ื, ื•ื”ืงืคื™ื“ื• ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืžื—ื•ื•ืŸ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืชืจื™ืข ื‘ืคื ื™ ื”ื ื”ื’ ืฉืžืื—ื•ืจื™ื›ื.

ื—ึฒื ึธื™ึธื”

ืœืื—ืจ ื”ื ื”ื™ื’ื”, ื”ืงืคื“ ืœื”ื—ื ื•ืช ืืช ืจื›ื‘ืš ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ื—ื ื™ื” ื”ืžืชืื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืขื“. ื•ื“ืื• ื›ื™ ืื™ื ื›ื ืžืฉืื™ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ื”ืฆืชื” ื“ื•ืœืงืช ื•ืืช ื”ืžืคืชื—ื•ืช ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืจื›ื‘. ื‘ื“ื•ืง ืฉื•ื‘ ืืช ื”ืฆืžื™ื’ื™ื ืฉืœืš ื•ืื ื™ืฉ ืฉืจื™ื˜ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืจื›ื‘ ืฉืœืš ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืชื•ื›ืœ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืงืฉืจ ืขื ื—ื‘ืจืช ื”ืฉื›ืจืช ื”ืจื›ื‘ ื•ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœืš ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ื–ื”.

ืžื”ื ืฉืœื˜ื™ ื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ื‘ืงื•ื ื’ื•?


ืชืžืจื•ืจื™ื ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžื ื•ืข ืชืื•ื ื•ืช ื“ืจื›ื™ื. ืฉืœื˜ื™ื ืืœื• ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ื™ื ืœื ื”ื’ื™ื ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื ื™ืขื–ืจื• ืœื”ื ืœื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ืœืืŸ ืœืœื›ืช ื•ืžื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื ื”ื™ื’ื”. ื™ืฉื ื ืชืžืจื•ืจื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืืจืฅ ื›ื’ื•ืŸ:

ืฉืœื˜ื™ ืขื“ื™ืคื•ืช ืžืชืจื™ืขื™ื ื‘ืคื ื™ ื ื”ื’ื™ื ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ืขื“ื™ืคื•ืช ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืงื•ื“ื ื›ื‘ื™ืฉ ืžืกื•ื™ื. ืกื™ืžื ื™ ืขื“ื™ืคื•ืช ื›ื•ืœืœื™ื:



  • ืฉืœื˜ ืœืชืช ื“ืจืš
  • ืชืžืจื•ืจ ืขืฆื•ืจ
  • ื›ื‘ื™ืฉ ืขื“ื™ืคื•ืช
  • ืกื•ืฃ ื›ื‘ื™ืฉ ืขื“ื™ืคื•ืช
  • ืขื“ื™ืคื•ืช ืœืชื ื•ืขื” ืžืชืงืจื‘ืช
  • ืขื“ื™ืคื•ืช ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ืชื ื•ืขื” ืžืชืงืจื‘ืช

ืฉืœื˜ื™ ืื™ืกื•ืจ ืžืชืจื™ืขื™ื ืœื ื”ื’ื™ื ืฉืกื•ื’ื™ ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื ืื• ืกื•ื’ื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื ืฉืœ ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ืชื ื•ืขื” ืืกื•ืจื•ืช. ืฉืœื˜ื™ ืื™ืกื•ืจ ื›ื•ืœืœื™ื:



  • ืื™ืกื•ืจ ืกื˜ื ื“ืจื˜ื™
  • ื—ื ื™ื™ื” ืืกื•ืจื”
  • ืขืฆื™ืจื” ืืกื•ืจื”
  • ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืื™ืกื•ืจ

ืฉืœื˜ื™ ื—ื•ื‘ื” ื”ื ืชื–ื›ื•ืจืช ืœื”ื’ื“ื™ืจ ืืช ื›ืœ ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ื”ืžืฉืชืžืฉืช ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ืžืกื•ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื›ื‘ื™ืฉ. ืกื™ืžื ื™ ื—ื•ื‘ื” ื›ื•ืœืœื™ื:

  • ืกื˜ื ื“ืจื˜ ื—ื•ื‘ื”

ืฉืœื˜ื™ ืชืงื ื” ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ื™ื ื”ืžืชืจื™ืขื™ื ืขืœ ืื–ื”ืจืช ืกื›ื ื” ื”ื—ืœื” ืขืœ ื ืชื™ื‘ ืชื ื•ืขื” ืื—ื“ ืื• ื™ื•ืชืจ. ืฉืœื˜ื™ื ืืœื• ืžืฆื™ื™ื ื™ื ื ืชื™ื‘ื™ื ื”ืฉืžื•ืจื™ื ืœืื•ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืกื™ื ื•ืชื—ื™ืœืชื• ืื• ืกื™ื•ืžื• ืฉืœ ืื–ื•ืจ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืžืชืžืฉืš ื‘ื™ืขื™ืœื•ืช ืื–ื•ืจื™ืช. ืฉืœื˜ื™ ืจื’ื•ืœืฆื™ื” ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ื™ื ื›ื•ืœืœื™ื:

  • ื›ืœ ื”ืกื™ืžื ื™ื

ืžื™ื“ืข, ืžืชืงื ื™ื ืื• ืฉืœื˜ื™ ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืžืชืจื™ืขื™ื ื‘ืคื ื™ ื”ื ื”ื’ื™ื ืขืœ ืžืฆื‘ ื”ื›ื‘ื™ืฉ. ืกื™ืžื ื™ื ืืœื” ื”ื ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ื›ื—ื•ืœ ืื• ื™ืจื•ืง. ืกื™ืžื ื™ื ืื™ื ืคื•ืจืžื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื™ื ื›ื•ืœืœื™ื:

  • ื›ืœ ื”ืกื™ืžื ื™ื

ืฉืœื˜ื™ ื”ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ืžืกืคืงื™ื ืžื™ื“ืข ืขืœ ื”ืžื™ืงื•ื ืื• ื”ื™ืขื“ื™ื ื”ืืคืฉืจื™ื™ื ืฉื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืžื ืงื•ื“ืช ื”ืชืฆืคื™ืช ืฉืœื”ื. ืฉืœื˜ื™ ื”ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ื›ื•ืœืœื™ื:

  • ืกื™ืžื ื™ื ืื™ื ืคื•ืจืžื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื™ื
  • ื›ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื ืžื”ื™ืจื™ื
  • ื–ืžื ื™

ืžื”ื™ ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ืงื“ื™ืžื” ื‘ืงื•ื ื’ื•?

ื”ืขื™ืงืจื•ืŸ ื”ื›ืœืœื™ ืฉืงื•ื‘ืข ืืช ื”ื–ื›ื•ืช ืœืœื›ืช ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื ืงืจื "ื–ื›ื•ืช ืงื“ื™ืžื”" ืื• ื”ื™ื“ื•ืข ื‘ื›ื™ื ื•ื™ื• "ืขื“ื™ืคื•ืช". ื”ืžื‘ื ื” ืžืฆื‘ื™ืข ืขืœ ื ื”ื’ื™ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ื–ื›ื•ืช ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื—ืœืง ื”ืžืชื ื’ืฉ ืฉืœ ื”ื›ื‘ื™ืฉ ื•ืฉืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ืžืชื™ืŸ ืขื“ ืฉื”ืจื›ื‘ ื”ืฉื ื™ ื™ืขื‘ื•ืจ. ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื™ืช ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื” "ื–ื›ื•ืช ืงื“ื™ืžื”" ืื• "ื‘ืขืœืช ืขื“ื™ืคื•ืช" ืœื ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื”ืžืชื™ืŸ ื•ืœืชื•ืจ ืœืชื ื•ืขื” ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ.

ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ืงื“ื™ืžื” ื‘ืงื•ื ื’ื• ื”ื™ื ืขื“ื™ืคื•ืช ืœื™ืžื™ืŸ, ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ืขืœ ื ื”ื’ ื”ืจื›ื‘ ืœืคื ื•ืช ืืช ืžืงื•ืžื• ืœืจื›ื‘ื™ื ืฉืžืชืงืจื‘ื™ื ืžื™ืžื™ืŸ ื‘ืฆืžืชื™ื. ืžืขืจื›ืช ื–ื›ื•ืช ืงื“ื™ืžื” ื–ื• ื ืžืฆืืช ื‘ืกืขื™ืฃ 18.4.ื ืฉืœ ืืžื ืช ื•ื™ื ื” ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ืชื ื•ืขื” ื‘ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืฉื‘ื”ืŸ ื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ืฉื•ืžืจืช ื™ืžื™ื ื”.

ื”ืื ื™ืฉ ื—ื•ืง ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืขืงื™ืคื”?

ืขืงื™ืคืช ืžื›ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืขืœื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื›ื ืช ื‘ืงื•ื ื’ื• ืžืื—ืจ ื•ืžืฆื‘ ื”ื›ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื–ื• ื ืžื•ืš ืžืื•ื“. ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ืขื•ื ื•ืช ื’ืฉื•ืžื•ืช ื‘ื”ืŸ ืœื ืจื•ืื™ื ืืช ื”ื›ื‘ื™ืฉ. ืขืงื™ืคื” ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื–ื• ืื™ื ื” ืืกื•ืจื”, ืืš ื’ื ืื™ื ื” ืžืขื•ื“ื“ืช. ืขืงืคื• ืจืง ื‘ื–ืžื ื™ื ื“ื—ื•ืคื™ื, ื•ืงื—ื• ื‘ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ืฉืœืคื ื™ ื”ืขืงื™ืคื” ืกื™ืžื ื• ืœื ื”ื’ื™ื ืžืื—ื•ืจื™ื›ื ืฉืืชื ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ืœืขืงื•ืฃ. ื›ื“ืื™ ื’ื ืœื•ื•ื“ื ืฉืืฃ ืžื›ื•ื ื™ืช ืื—ืจืช ืœื ืžื ืกื” ืœืขืงื•ืฃ.

ืขืงื™ืคื” ืื™ื ื” ืืกื•ืจื” ื‘ืงื•ื ื’ื•; ืขื ื–ืืช, ืขืœื™ืš ืœื ืงื•ื˜ ืžืฉื ื” ื–ื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ืขืช ืขืงื™ืคืช ืจื›ื‘. ื”ืคืขืœ ืืช ื”ืžื—ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ื™ืžื ื™ ื‘ืขืช ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ืขืงื™ืคื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ื™ื“ืข ืืช ื”ื ื”ื’ ืžืื—ื•ืจื™ืš ื•ืœืžื ื•ืข ื”ืชื ื’ืฉื•ืช. ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืขืงื™ืคื”, ื•ื“ืื• ื›ื™ ืื™ืŸ ืžื›ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช ืฉืžื’ื™ืขื•ืช ืืœื™ื›ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžื ื•ืข ืชืื•ื ื•ืช.

ื”ืื ื™ืฉ ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื‘ืงื•ื ื’ื• ืฉืืกื•ืจ ืœืš ืœืœื›ืช ืืœื™ื”ื?

ื›ืœ ืขื•ื“ ืืชื” ืžื’ื™ืฉ ื‘ืงืฉื” ืœืจื™ืฉื™ื•ืŸ ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™, ืืชื” ื‘ืŸ 18, ื•ื™ืฉ ืœืš ืจื™ืฉื™ื•ืŸ ืžืงื•ืžื™ ืชืงืฃ, ืื– ืืชื” ื–ื›ืื™ ืœื ื”ื•ื’ ื‘ืงื•ื ื’ื•. ื—ืงืจ ื”ื›ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื ืฉืœ ืงื•ื ื’ื• ื•ื™ืฆื™ืื” ืœืื˜ืจืงืฆื™ื•ืช ืชื™ื™ืจื•ืชื™ื•ืช ืขืฉื•ื™ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืช ื”ื›ื•ืชืจืช ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ื™ื•ืœ ืฉืœืš. ืขื ื–ืืช, ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืื•ืกืจืช ืขืœ ืชื™ื™ืจื™ื ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื ื›ืžื• ืžื—ื•ื–ื•ืช ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืงื™ื‘ื• ื•ืื™ื˜ื•ืจื™, ืื–ื•ืจ ืžื–ืจื— DRC, ื•ืฉืœื•ืฉืช ืžื—ื•ื–ื•ืช ืงืกืื™, ื•ืžื—ื•ื– ืืงื•ื•ื˜ื•ืจ ื‘ืฉืœ ื˜ืจื•ืจ, ืคืฉืข ื•ืื‘ื•ืœื”.

ื›ืœืœื™ ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื‘ืงื•ื ื’ื•

ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื‘ืœืชื™ ืฆืคื•ื™ื•ืช ืขืœื•ืœื•ืช ืœื”ืชืจื—ืฉ ื‘ืขืช ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ืขืœ ื”ื›ื‘ื™ืฉ, ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ืืชื” ื‘ืืจืฅ ื”ื•ืœื“ืชืš ืื• ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื–ืจื”. ื‘ืœื™ ืœื“ืขืช ืืช ื”ื ื™ืžื•ืก ื”ืจืื•ื™ ื‘ืืจืฅ ืขืœื•ืœ ืœื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืื•ืชืš ืœืฆืจื•ืช. ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ ืœืงืจื•ื ื•ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ื›ืœืœื™ ื”ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื‘ื” ืืชื” ืžื‘ืงืจ ืœืคื ื™ ื”ื ืกื™ืขื” ืœืฉื ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžื ื•ืข ืืช ื”ื”ืฉืœื›ื•ืช.

ืžื” ืื ืžื›ื•ื ื™ืช ืชืชืงืœืงืœ?

ืชืงืœื•ืช ื‘ืจื›ื‘ ืขืœื•ืœื•ืช ืœื”ืชืจื—ืฉ ื‘ื›ืœ ืขืช ื›ืฉืืชื” ื ื•ื”ื’ ืขืœ ื”ื›ื‘ื™ืฉ, ื•ื–ื• ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืฉืขืœื™ืš ืœื•ื•ื“ื ืฉืžื›ื•ื ื™ืชืš ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ืชืงื™ืŸ ืœืคื ื™ ืฉืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ื‘ื ืกื™ืขื”. ืจื›ื‘ื™ื ืœื”ืฉื›ืจื” ืžื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ืฉื›ืจื” ืžื”ื™ืžื ื•ืช ืžื•ืกื“ืจื™ื, ื›ืš ืฉื”ืŸ ืœื ืฆืคื•ื™ื•ืช ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœืชืงืœื•ืช ื‘ืจื›ื‘. ืขื ื–ืืช, ืื ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื™ืช ืฉืœืš ืžืชืงืœืงืœืช, ื ืกื” ืœื”ื–ื™ื– ืืช ื”ืจื›ื‘ ืฉืœืš ืžื”ื›ื‘ื™ืฉ, ื›ื™ ื–ื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ื˜ืจื—ื” ืœื ื”ื’ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื™ื ืฉืขื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ื‘ื™ืฉ.

ื›ืืฉืจ ืืชื” ื ื•ื”ื’ ื‘ืจื›ื‘ ืฉื›ื•ืจ, ื•ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื™ืช ืฉืœืš ืžืชืงืœืงืœืช, ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื™ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ืชืงืฉืจ ืœื—ื‘ืจื” ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ืžื•ืช ื›ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืœืžืงืจื™ื ื›ืืœื”. ืื ืืชื” ื ื•ื”ื’ ื‘ืจื›ื‘ ืฉืœืš ื•ื”ื•ื ืžืชืงืœืงืœ, ื™ื”ื™ื” ื˜ื•ื‘ ืœืชืงืŸ ื–ืืช ื‘ืขืฆืžืš. ืœืงื—ืช ืืช ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื™ืช ืฉืœืš ืœื‘ื“ื™ืงื” ืฉื’ืจืชื™ืช ืจืฉืžื™ืช ืขืฉื•ื™ ืœืขืœื•ืช ื”ืจื‘ื”.

ืžื” ืื ื”ืžืฉื˜ืจื” ืชืขืฆื•ืจ ืื•ืชืš?

ื›ืืฉืจ ื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื ื‘ื›ื‘ื™ืฉื™ ืงื•ื ื’ื• ืื• ืืคื™ืœื• ื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื ื‘ื›ืคืจ ืงื•ื ื’ื•, ืขืœื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื–ื”ืจ ืื—ืจ ืžื—ืกื•ืžื™ื ืฉืกื‘ื™ืจ ืœื”ื ื™ื— ืฉืชืคืขื™ืœื•. ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื ื“ื™ืงืฆื™ื•ืช ืœืžื—ืกื•ืžื™ื ืืœื• ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื ืื™ื ื ืžืกื•ืžื ื™ื ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ, ืœื›ืŸ ืชืฆื˜ืจืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื–ื”ื™ืจ ืื—ืจ ืจืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืฉื˜ืจื” ื‘ืฆื“ื™ ื”ื“ืจืš. ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื–ื” ืขืฉื•ื™ ืœื”ื™ืฉืžืข ืžื˜ืจื“ ื•ืžืขื™ื™ืฃ, ื–ื›ื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืžื—ืกื•ืžื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ืœืžืขืŸ ื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื•ืชืš.

ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืœืขื•ืœื ืœื ืชื“ืข ืžืชื™ ืชืชืงืœ ื‘ืžื—ืกื•ืžื™ื ื”ืœืœื•, ืขืœื™ืš ืชืžื™ื“ ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืืช ื”ืžืกืžื›ื™ื ื”ื“ืจื•ืฉื™ื. ืžืกืžื›ื™ื ืืœื” ื›ืœืœื• ืืช ื”ื“ืจื›ื•ืŸ ืฉืœืš, ืจื™ืฉื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ ื•ืื™ืฉื•ืจ ื”ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ ืฉืœืš. ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ, ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื“ืขืช ืฉื›ืืฉืจ ืขื•ืฆืจื™ื ืื•ืชืš ื‘ืื—ื“ ืžื”ืžื—ืกื•ืžื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืฆื™ื’ ืืช ื”ืžืกืžื›ื™ื ื”ื“ืจื•ืฉื™ื, ืื™ื ืš ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืฆืืช ืžื”ืžื›ื•ื ื™ืช ื•ืจืง ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ืฆื™ื’ ืืช ื”ืžืกืžื›ื™ื ื“ืจืš ื—ืœื•ืŸ ืกื’ื•ืจ.

ืžื” ืื ืชื‘ืงืฉ ื”ื ื—ื™ื•ืช ื ืกื™ืขื”?

ืžืžืฉ ื›ืžื• ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช, ื™ืฉ ื’ื ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ ืจื’ืœ ื‘ื›ื‘ื™ืฉื™ ืงื•ื ื’ื•. ืื ืชืœื›ื• ืœืื™ื‘ื•ื“ ื•ืชื‘ืงืฉื• ื”ื ื—ื™ื•ืช ื ืกื™ืขื”, ื”ื ื™ื—ืกื›ื• ืœื›ื ื›ืžื” ื“ืงื•ืช ืœืขื–ื•ืจ. ื›ืฉืืชื” ืžื‘ืงืฉ ืขื–ืจื”, ืขืฆื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื™ืช ืฉืœืš ื‘ืฆื“ ื”ื“ืจืš ื•ืฉืืœ ื‘ื ื™ืžื•ืก ืื“ื. ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ, ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื–ื›ื•ืจ ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ืงื•ื ื’ื•ืœื–ื™ื ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฆืจืคืชื™ืช, ืื– ื–ื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ื˜ื•ื‘ ืื ืชื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืงื“ื™ืฉ ื›ืžื” ืฉืขื•ืช ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื”ื ื—ื™ื•ืช ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœืชืงืฉืจ ืื™ืชื ื›ืจืื•ื™.

ื–ื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ืžื ื•ืžืก ืœื”ื—ืœื™ืฃ ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ืงื•ื“ื ืœืคื ื™ ืฉืชื‘ืงืฉ ื”ื ื—ื™ื•ืช. ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื™ื‘ืจื›ื• ืื•ืชืš ืขื Mbote (ืฉืœื•ื). ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ืœื™ื ื’ืืœื” ื›ื•ืœืœื•ืช ืืช Tikal Malamu! (ืœื”ืชืจืื•ืช), ืžืœื™ืกื” (ืชื•ื“ื”) ื•ื‘ื•ืœื™ืžื‘ื™ืกื™ ( ืกืœื™ื—ื”). ืืชื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื•ื•ื“ื ืฉื”ื‘ืขื•ืช ื”ืคื ื™ื ืฉืœืš ื•ื˜ื•ืŸ ื”ืงื•ืœ ืฉืœืš ืžื ื•ืžืกื™ื ื›ืžื• ื”ืžื™ืœื™ื ืฉืืชื” ืื•ืžืจ ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ืงื•ื ื’ื•ื–ื™ื ืœื ื™ื™ืขืœื‘ื•.

ืžื” ืื ื™ืฉ ืžื—ืกื•ืžื™ื?

ื›ืืžื•ืจ, ืžื—ืกื•ืžื™ื ื ืคื•ืฆื™ื ื‘ืงื•ื ื’ื•. ื ืกื™ืขื” ื‘ื›ื‘ื™ืฉื™ ืงื•ื ื’ื• ืื• ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื‘ื›ืคืจ ืงื•ื ื’ื•, ืืชื” ืขืœื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ืชืงืœ ื‘ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ืืงืจืื™ื•ืช ืฉื ืขืจื›ื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืจืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืฉื˜ืจื” ืœืžืขืŸ ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ื ืš. ื–ื›ื•ืจ ื›ื™ ืขืœื™ืš ืœื”ืฆื™ื’ ืืช ื”ื“ืจื›ื•ืŸ ืฉืœืš, ืืช ืจื™ืฉื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ ื•ืืช ืื™ืฉื•ืจ ื”ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ ืฉืœืš ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืžื—ืกื•ืžื™ื. ื›ื“ืื™ ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ืžืกืžื›ื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ืœืงืฆื™ืŸ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื“ืจืš ื—ืœื•ืŸ ืกื’ื•ืจ.

ืžื—ืกื•ืžื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืงืจื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ืขืช ื‘ืขืช ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื”ื–ื•, ืื– ืืชื” ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื“ืขืช ืื™ืš ื ืจืื” ืžื—ืกื•ื ืืžื™ืชื™ ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืชื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ื™ืžื ืข ืžืจืžืื•ืช. ืื—ืช ื”ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืœื”ื™ืžื ืข ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื‘ืœื™ืœื” ื”ื™ื ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ืžื—ืกื•ืžื™ื ื”ืžื–ื•ื™ืคื™ื ืฉื”ืฆื™ื‘ื• ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื•ื ื•ืช ื ื”ื’ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื, ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืชื™ื™ืจื™ื. ืžื—ืกื•ืžื™ ืžื“ื™ื, ืœื›ืŸ ื™ืฉ ืœื“ื•ื•ื— ืœืžืฉื˜ืจื” ืื ื”ื‘ื—ื ืชื ื‘ืžื—ืกื•ื ื—ืจื™ื’

ืžื” ืื ืื ื™ ืื”ื™ื” ืžืขื•ืจื‘ ื‘ืชืื•ื ื”?

ื›ืืฉืจ ืืชื” ื ื•ื”ื’ ื‘ืงื•ื ื’ื• ื•ืžืกืชื‘ืš ื‘ืชืื•ื ื” ืฉื‘ื” ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ื ืคืฆืข, ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื™ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ืชื™ื™ืฆื‘ ืžื™ื“ ืœืชื—ื ืช ื”ืžืฉื˜ืจื” ื”ืงืจื•ื‘ื” ื•ืœืžืกื•ืจ ืืช ืฉืžืš ื•ื›ืชื•ื‘ืชืš ืœืžืขื•ืจื‘ ื‘ืชืื•ื ื”. ื”ืชืงืฉืจ ืœืืžื‘ื•ืœื ืก ื‘ื”ืงื“ื ื”ืืคืฉืจื™ ื•ื”ื•ื“ื™ืข ืœื—ื‘ืจืช ื”ืฉื›ืจืช ื”ืจื›ื‘ ืื ืืชื” ืฉื•ื›ืจ ืจื›ื‘.

ืื ืœื ืื™ืจืขื• ืคืฆื™ืขื•ืช, ืขืœื™ืš ืœืกืคืง ืืช ืฉืžืš, ื›ืชื•ื‘ืชืš ื•ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืจื™ืฉื•ื ืฉืœืš ืœืจืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื•ืช. ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ื‘ื”ื ืื™ื ื›ื ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ืชืื•ื ื”, ืืš ืืชื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœืขื–ื•ืจ, ื›ื“ืื™ ืœื”ื–ื”ื™ืจ ืืช ืฉืืจ ื”ื ื”ื’ื™ื ืžืื—ื•ืจื™ื›ื ืขืœ ื”ืžืชืจื—ืฉ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื“ืขืช ืžื” ื’ืจื ืœืชื ื•ืขื”. ืœืขื•ืœื ืืœ ืชื™ืกืข ืžื–ื™ืจืช ื”ืชืื•ื ื” ืื ืืชื” ื’ืจืžืช ืœืชืื•ื ื”, ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื–ื” ื™ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœืฆืจื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ.

ืžื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื›ืฉื™ืฉ ืฉื™ื™ืจื”?

ืฉื™ื™ืจื•ืช ืจื›ื‘ ืจืฉืžื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืจืžื•ืช ืœืกื™ื›ื•ื ื™ื ื—ืžื•ืจื™ื ืœื ื”ื’ื™ื ื•ืœื”ื•ืœื›ื™ ืจื’ืœ ื‘ืงื™ื ืฉืืกื”. ืื ืืชื” ืฉื•ืžืข ืกื™ืจื ื•ืช ืื• ืจื•ืื” ืืช ืจืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ืžื›ืจื™ื–ื•ืช ืขืœ ืฉื™ื™ืจืช ืจื›ื‘ ืžืชืงืจื‘ืช, ืจื“ ืžื”ื›ื‘ื™ืฉ ื›ื›ืœ ื”ืืคืฉืจ ื•ื›ื‘ื” ืืช ื”ืคื ืกื™ื. ืืœ ืชื ืกื” ืœื–ื•ื– ืขื“ ืฉื”ืฉื™ื™ืจื” ื›ื•ืœื” ื—ืœืคื”. ืื™ ืฆื™ื•ืช ืœื›ืœืœื™ื ืืœื” ืขืœื•ืœ ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœืžืขืฆืจ ืื• ืœื ื–ืง ืœืจื›ื‘ ืขื ืคืฆื™ืขื” ืื™ืฉื™ืช ืืคืฉืจื™ืช.

ืžื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื›ืฉื—ื•ืœืคื™ื ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ืจืžืช/ื”ื•ืจื“ืช ื”ื“ื’ืœ?

ื ื”ื’ื™ื ืžืงื•ืžื™ื™ื ื‘ืงื•ื ื’ื• ื•ืชื™ื™ืจื™ื ื”ืฉื•ื›ืจื™ื ืจื›ื‘ ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืขืฆื•ืจ ืืช ืจื›ื‘ื ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื ื—ื•ืœืคื™ื ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืžืฉืœืชื™ ืชื•ืš ื”ืจืžืช ื•ื”ื•ืจื“ืช ื“ื’ืœ ืงื•ื ื’ื•. ื›ืœืœ ื–ื” ื—ืœ ื’ื ืขืœ ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ ืจื’ืœ ื”ืขื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืœื™ื“ ื”ืžื‘ื ื” ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ื˜ืงืก. ืขืฆื™ืจื” ืชื•ืš ื›ื“ื™ ื”ื•ืจื“ืช/ื”ืจืžืช ื”ื“ื’ืœ ื”ื™ื ืื•ืช ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ืœืžื“ื™ื ื”. ื˜ืงืก ื–ื” ืžืชืจื—ืฉ ื‘ืขืจืš ื‘-7:30 ื‘ื‘ื•ืงืจ ื•ื‘-18:00 ื‘ืขืจื‘.

ืžืฆื‘ื™ื ื•ืชื ืื™ ื ื”ื™ื’ื”

ืžืฆื‘ื™ ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื•ืชื ืื™ ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื”ื ื’ื ื’ื•ืจื ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœืฉื™ื ืœื‘ ืืœื™ื• ื‘ื ืกื™ืขื” ื‘ื›ื‘ื™ืฉื™ ืงื•ื ื’ื•. ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืชื ืื™ ื”ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื•ื”ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช, ื›ืœืœื™ ื”ื”ืคืขืœื” ื•ื”ื ื™ืžื•ืก ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœืš ืœื”ืชื›ื•ื ืŸ ืœื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืืคืฉืจื™ื•ืช ืฉืืชื” ืขืœื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ืชืงืœ ื‘ื”ืŸ ื‘ื›ื‘ื™ืฉ. ื”ื›ืจืช ืžืฆื‘ื™ ื”ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื•ื”ืฆืจื›ื™ื ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื–ืจื” ืฉื•ืžืจืช ืขืœ ืขื™ืจื ื•ืช ื•ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืขืช ื ื”ื™ื’ื”.

ื‘ืื™ื–ื• ืชื“ื™ืจื•ืช ืชืื•ื ื•ืช ืจื›ื‘ ื‘ืงื•ื ื’ื•?

ื›ื›ืœืœ, ื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื•ืช ื”ืชืขื‘ื•ืจื” ื‘ืงื•ื ื’ื• ื ืžื•ื›ื” ื™ื—ืกื™ืช ื‘ืฉืœ ืกื™ื›ื•ื ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืื™ื ื ื ืคื•ืฆื™ื ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืžื™ื“ื” ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช. ืžืจื‘ื™ืช ื”ืชืื•ื ื•ืช ืžื’ื™ืขื•ืช ื‘ื“ืžื•ืช ื”ืžื”ื™ืจื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื•ืช ืฉื ื”ื’ื™ื ืžืจื‘ื™ื ืœื ืกื•ืข ื‘ืงื•ื ื’ื•, ื•ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื™ื ืžืœื•ื•ื” ื‘ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ืื’ืจืกื™ื‘ื™ืช, ื”ื™ื ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื” ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืœืชืื•ื ื”. ื ื”ื’ื™ื ืขืœื•ืœื™ื ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœืชืื•ื ื•ืช ื›ืืฉืจ ืื ืฉื™ื ื ื•ืกืขื™ื ื‘ืžื›ื•ื ื™ืช ื•ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ ืจื’ืœ ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ื‘ืชืžื™ืžื•ืช ื‘ืจื—ื•ื‘.

ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™ ืฉืคื•ืจืกืžื• ื‘-2018, ืžืงืจื™ ื”ืžื•ื•ืช ืžืชืื•ื ื•ืช ื“ืจื›ื™ื ื‘ืงื•ื ื’ื• ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืœ-27,759, ืื• ืกืš ืฉืœ 4.17% ืžืกืš ืžืงืจื™ ื”ืžื•ื•ืช. ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื”ืชืžื•ืชื” ื”ืžื•ืชืื ืœื’ื™ืœ ื”ื•ื 35.98 ืœื›ืœ 100,000 ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื”, ืžื” ืฉื“ื™ืจื’ ืืช ืงื•ื ื’ื• ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื”-28 ื‘ืžืจื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžื•ื•ืช ื”ื ื’ืจืžื™ื ืžืชืื•ื ื•ืช ื“ืจื›ื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื.

ืžื”ื ื›ืœื™ ื”ืจื›ื‘ ื”ื ืคื•ืฆื™ื ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืงื•ื ื’ื•?

ื›ืœื™ ื”ืจื›ื‘ ื”ืกื˜ื ื“ืจื˜ื™ื™ื ืฉืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ื‘ืงื•ื ื’ื• ื”ื ืจื›ื‘ื™ ืฉื˜ื—, ืกื™ื™ืจื•ืช ืงืจืงืข ื•ืžืฉืื™ื•ืช. ื”ืื™ืกื•ื–ื• D-Max ื”ื•ื ื”ืจื›ื‘ ื”ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืจืคื•ื‘ืœื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ืงื•ื ื’ื•. ื˜ื•ื™ื•ื˜ื” ืฉื•ืžืจืช ืืช ื—ืœืง ื”ืืจื™ ืฉืœ ืžื›ื™ืจื•ืช ืงื•ื ื’ื• ืœืขืฆืžื” ืขื 37.1% ืž-3.641 ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืงืœื•ืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ืฉืžืฆืื• ืงื•ื ื” ื‘-2017. ืฉื ื™ ื”ืจื›ื‘ื™ื ื”ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ื™ื ื”ื‘ืื™ื ื‘ืžื—ื•ื– ื”ื ื ื™ืกืืŸ (14.9%) ื•ืžื™ืฆื•ื‘ื™ืฉื™ (13%) ืฉื”ืฉืœื™ืžื• ืืช ื”ืคืกื’ื”. ืฉืึฐืœื•ึนืฉืึธื”.

ื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ืœื™ ื”ืจื›ื‘ ื”ื ืคื•ืฆื™ื ื‘ืงื•ื ื’ื•, ืขืœื™ืš ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื™ืช ื”ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ืช ืœื ืกื™ืขื” ืฉืœืš. ื–ื›ื•ืจ ืืช ื”ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืฉืืชื” ื”ื•ืœืš ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ื”ืŸ ื•ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื™ืช ืชืชื ื”ื’ ื‘ืžื–ื’ ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ืฉื•ื ื”. ื‘ื—ื™ืจืช ื”ืจื›ื‘ ื”ืžืชืื™ื ืœื ืกื™ืขื” ืฉืœื›ื ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžื ื•ืข ืชืงืœื•ืช ื‘ืจื›ื‘ ื•ืœื”ื™ืชืงืข ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืฉืืชื ืœื ืžื›ื™ืจื™ื.

ื”ืื ื”ื ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘-Kph ืื• Mph?

Kph, ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื ืฉื ืกืขื• ื‘ืฉืขื”, ื•-Mph, ืžื™ื™ืœื™ื ืฉื ืกืขื• ื‘ืฉืขื”, ื”ื ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ืžื™ื“ื” ื”ืžืฉืžืฉื•ืช ืœื”ืฆื’ืช ืžื’ื‘ืœื•ืช ื”ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช. ื›ืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ื”ืžื™ื“ื” ืฉื‘ื”ืŸ ื”ื™ื ืžืฉืชืžืฉืช. ืงื•ื ื’ื• ืžืฉืชืžืฉืช ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื ืœืฉืขื” ืœืžื“ื™ื“ื”. ืื ืืชื” ืžืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื›ืžื• ืืจื”"ื‘, ืžื™ืื ืžืจ ื•ืœื™ื‘ืจื™ื” ื”ืžืฉืชืžืฉื•ืช ื‘-MPH, ืžื“ื™ื“ืช ื”-KpH ืขืœื•ืœื” ืœื‘ืœื‘ืœ ืื•ืชืš, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ ืœืœืžื•ื“ ื•ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ื”ืžืจื” ืฉืœ ืฉื ื™ ื”ืžื“ื“ื™ื.

ืžื”ื ืชื ืื™ ื”ื“ืจืš ื‘ืงื•ื ื’ื•?

ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืขื“ื›ื•ืŸ ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื‘ืงื•ื ื’ื•, ื”ื›ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ื™ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ื’ืจื•ืข, ื•ืชืงื ื™ ื”ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื ืžื•ื›ื™ื. ืชื ืื™ ื”ื“ืจืš ื™ื—ืžื™ืจื• ื‘ืขื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืจื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืžื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ ืขื“ ืžืื™, ื›ืš ืฉืกื‘ื™ืจ ืœื”ื ื™ื— ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ื”ื ืขื” 4 ื’ืœื’ืœื™ื ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ื–ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื ื”. ืจืง 10% ืžืชื•ืš 13,000 ืง"ืž ื”ื›ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื ื‘ืืจืฅ ืžืจื•ื”ื˜ื™ื. ืื ืฉื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืฉื ื™ ื”ืจื—ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื™ื™ื - RN1 ื•-RN2, ืื‘ืœ ื—ืœืงื ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ื’ืจื•ืข.

ื”ืื ื–ื” ื‘ื˜ื•ื— ืœื ื”ื•ื’ ื‘ืœื™ืœื”?

ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื‘ืœื™ืœื” ืขืฉื•ื™ื” ืœื”ื™ืจืื•ืช ืžื•ื›ืจืช ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ืžื•ืช. ื™ืฉ ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืื•ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœื ืกื•ืข ื‘ืœื™ืœื” ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืืฃ ืžื›ื•ื ื™ืช ืื—ืจืช ืขืœ ื”ื›ื‘ื™ืฉ ืื™ื ื” ืžืฉืชื•ื•ื” ื‘ืฉืขื•ืช ื”ื™ื•ื. ืขื ื–ืืช, ืื ืืชื ืžืชื›ื ื ื™ื ืœื‘ืงืจ ื‘ืงื•ื ื’ื•, ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื‘ืœื™ืœื” ืœื ืžื•ืžืœืฆืช ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืœืืœื™ืžื•ืช ืื• ืฉื•ื“ื“ื™ื. ืฉื•ื“ ืžื–ื•ื™ืŸ ื‘ื›ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื ื•ื‘ืžื—ืกื•ืžื™ื ืžื–ื•ื™ืคื™ื ืืคืฉืจื™ ื‘ืœื™ืœื” ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื–ื•. ื—ื•ืฅ ืžื–ื”, ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื‘ืœื™ืœื” ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื” ืฉืืชื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื–ื”ืจ ืžืžื›ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืœืœื ืื•ืจื•ืช ื•ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื ืžืฉื•ื˜ื˜ื™ื.

ื”ืื ืชืžืจื•ืจื™ื ืงืฉื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื ื” ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื ื”ื’ื™ ืชื™ื™ืจื™ื?

ืงื•ื ื’ื• ืฉื•ื›ื ืช ื‘ืืจืฅ ืฉื”ืฆืจืคืชื™ื ื—ื™ื• ื‘ื” ืคืขื, ื›ืš ืฉื”ืฉืคื” ื“ื‘ืงื” ืขื“ ื”ื™ื•ื. ืงืจื™ืืช ื”ืฉืœื˜ื™ื ื‘ืงื•ื ื’ื• ืขืฉื•ื™ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืืชื’ืจ ืื• ื‘ืขื™ื” ืžืžืฉื™ืช ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ ื”ืžืžื•ืฆืข. ืชืฉื™ืžื• ืœื‘ ืฉืจื‘ื™ื ืžื”ืชืžืจื•ืจื™ื ืฉืชืชืงืœื• ื‘ื”ื ื‘ืงื•ื ื’ื• ื”ื ืœืจื•ื‘ ื‘ืฆืจืคืชื™ืช. ื–ื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ื”ื›ื™ ื˜ื•ื‘ ืื ืชื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืงื“ื™ืฉ ื›ืžื” ืฉืขื•ืช ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื›ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ื™ื ื‘ืฆืจืคืชื™ืช.

ื”ืื ื ื”ื’ื™ื ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื™ื ื‘ืงื•ื ื’ื•?

ื›ืŸ, ืงื•ื ื’ื• ื”ื ื ื”ื’ื™ื ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื™ื. ื”ื ื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืœื ื™ื–ืžื™ื ื• ืื•ืชืš ืœืžื™ืจื•ืฅ, ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉืจื•ื‘ื ื™ืœื›ื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื”ืจ ืžืžืš. ื™ืฉ ืžื’ื‘ืœืช ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช, ืฉื”ื™ื 69 ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื ืœืฉืขื”, ื›ืš ืฉื”ื ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื ืกื•ืข ืžื”ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื–ื”. ืขื ื–ืืช, ื›ื‘ื™ืฉื™ ืงื•ื ื’ื• ืื™ื ื ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ื˜ื•ื‘, ืžื” ืฉื’ื•ืจื ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืœืชืื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ื›ื‘ื™ืฉ.

ืงื•ื ื’ื• ื ื•ืชื ื™ื ืœืขืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ืื•ืชื•ืช ืœื”ืชืจื™ืข ื‘ืคื ื™ ื ื”ื’ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ืคืขื ืฉื”ื ืคื•ื ื™ื ืœื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืื—ืจ. ื”ื ื’ื ืขื•ืงื‘ื™ื ืื—ืจ ืฉืœื˜ื™ ื”ื“ืจืš ื•ื—ื•ืงื™ ื”ื“ืจืš ื‘ืงืคื™ื“ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืœืชื™ื™ืจื™ื ืœื ืชื”ื™ื” ื‘ืขื™ื” ืขื ื ื”ื’ื™ื ืคื–ื™ื–ื™ื ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื”ื–ื•.

ื”ืื ืžืกืคื™ืง ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ื‘ืืจื”"ื‘ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื’ืŸ ืขืœื™ืš ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœ ืชืื•ื ื”?

ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื›ืžื• ืฉืืกื•ืจ ืœื ื”ื•ื’ ื‘ืงื•ื ื’ื• ืขื ืจื™ืฉื™ื•ืŸ ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ืืžืจื™ืงืื™, ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื‘ืงื•ื ื’ื• ืขื ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ื‘ืืจื”"ื‘ ืื™ื ื” ืžืกืคื™ืงื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื’ืŸ ืขืœื™ืš ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœ ืชืื•ื ื”. ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื—ืœืง ืžืคื•ืœื™ืกื•ืช ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื•ืช ืžืืคืฉืจื•ืช ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ืช, ืขืœื™ืš ืœืคื ื•ืช ืœืกืคืง ืฉืœืš ืžืจืืฉ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืจืื•ืช ืื ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืืจื”"ื‘ ื—ืœ ืขืœื™ืš. ื—ืœืง ืžืคื•ืœื™ืกื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ื•ืช ืื™ื ืŸ ืžื›ืกื•ืช ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื‘ืงื•ื ื’ื• ืขืงื‘ ื”ืชื ืื™ื ื”ื ืžื•ื›ื™ื ื•ื”ืžืกื•ื›ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื›ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื.

ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื‘ืงื•ื ื’ื•

ื‘ืงื•ื ื’ื• ื™ืฉ ื™ืขื“ื™ ืชื™ื™ืจื•ืช ืจื‘ื™ื ืฉืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœื‘ืงืจ ื‘ื”ื. ืœื ื”ื•ื’ ื‘ืžื›ื•ื ื™ืช ื›ืชื™ื™ืจ ื•ืœืฆืืช ืœืื˜ืจืงืฆื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ืคื•ืช ื‘ืืจืฅ ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื›ื™ืฃ ื•ืžืจื’ืฉ. ืื ืืชื” ืžื—ืคืฉ ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืฉื”ื™ ืœื”ืจื•ื•ื™ื— ื›ืกืฃ, ืื•ืœื™ ืืชื” ืชื•ื”ื” ืื ืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืจื•ื•ื™ื— ืงืฆืช ื›ืกืฃ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื ื”ื’ ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื”ื–ื•. ื™ืฉ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืฉืืชื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืงื—ืช ื‘ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ืœืคื ื™ ืฉืชื—ืœื™ื˜ ืกื•ืคื™ืช.

ื”ืื ื™ืฉ ืžืฉืจื•ืช ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื‘ืงื•ื ื’ื•?

ื›ืžื• ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช, ื™ืฉื ื ืžืกืคืจ ืจื‘ ืฉืœ ืืžืฆืขื™ ืชื—ื‘ื•ืจื” ื™ื‘ืฉืชื™ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืื–ืจื—ื™ื ืžืงื•ืžื™ื™ื ื•ืชื™ื™ืจื™ื ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื”. ื›ืืฉืจ ืืชื” ืžืกืชื›ืœ ืขืœ ื”ืจื—ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืขืžื•ืกื™ื ืฉืœ ืงื•ื ื’ื•, ืชืจืื” ื›ืœ ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ืจื›ื‘ ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ ื”ืงื™ื™ื ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืฉืœืš. ื›ืœื™ ืจื›ื‘ ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื™ื ืืœื• ื›ื•ืœืœื™ื ืžืฉืื™ื•ืช, ืื•ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืกื™ื, ืžื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื•ืขื•ื“. ืœื ื”ื’ื™ื ืืœื” ื™ืฉ ืจื™ืฉื™ื•ืŸ ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ืงื•ื ื’ื•ืœื–ื™, ื•ื–ื• ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืฉื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ืช.

ื”ืื ืื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ื’ื™ืฉ ืžื•ืขืžื“ื•ืช ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื‘ืงื•ื ื’ื•?

ืื ืืชื” ืžืขื•ื ื™ื™ืŸ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืžืฉื”ื• ืื—ืจ ืžืœื‘ื“ ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจ ื‘ืืชืจื™ ื”ืชื™ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ืช, ืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื”ืจื‘ื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื. ืœืžืจื‘ื” ื”ืฆืขืจ, ืœื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืงื‘ืœ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื‘ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื›ืชื™ื™ืจ ื‘ืงื•ื ื’ื•. ืžืฉืจื•ืช ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ืื™ื ืŸ ืคืชื•ื—ื•ืช ืœืชื™ื™ืจื™ื ืื• ืœืื–ืจื—ื™ ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื–ืจื”. ืจื™ืฉื™ื•ืŸ ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ ืื™ื ื• ืžืกืคื™ืง ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื‘ืืจืฅ.

ื”ื“ืจืš ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืขื‘ื•ืจืš ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื‘ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื‘ืงื•ื ื’ื• ื”ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืชื•ืฉื‘ ืงื•ื ื’ื• ื•ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืง ื‘ืจื™ืฉื™ื•ืŸ ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ืฉืœ ืงื•ื ื’ื•. ื—ืœืง ืžื”ื ื”ื’ื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ื”ื ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื›ืžื” ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ืฉื›ืจืช ืจื›ื‘. ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื—ืœืง ืžื”ืฉื›ืจื•ืช ืจื›ื‘ ืœื ื™ืืคืฉืจื• ืœืš ืœื ื”ื•ื’ ื‘ืžื›ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ืŸ, ื”ืŸ ื™ื›ืœืœื• ื ื”ื’ ื›ืฉืืชื” ืฉื•ื›ืจ ืจื›ื‘ ืžื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ืฉืœื”ืŸ.

ื”ืื ืื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ื’ื™ืฉ ื‘ืงืฉื” ืœืชื•ืฉื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืงื•ื ื’ื•?

ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืจื›ื‘ ื•ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ื›ื ื”ื’ ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื”, ืืชื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืชื•ืฉื‘ ืงื•ื ื’ื• ื•ื‘ืขืœ ืจื™ืฉื™ื•ืŸ ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ืฉืœ ืงื•ื ื’ื•. ืกืขื™ืฃ 18 ืœื—ื•ืง ืžืก' 23-96 ืœื—ื•ืง ืงื•ื ื’ื• ืงื•ื‘ืข ื›ื™ ื–ืจ ื‘ืŸ 16 ืœืคื—ื•ืช ืฉื ื›ื ืก ืœืžื“ื™ื ื” ืจืฉืื™ ืœื”ืชื’ื•ืจืจ ื‘ืงื•ื ื’ื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื’ืฉืช ื‘ืงืฉื” ืœื›ืจื˜ื™ืก ืชื•ืฉื‘ ืชื•ืš ืฉืžื•ื ื” ื™ืžื™ื ืœืื—ืจ ื›ื ื™ืกืชื•.

ื›ืžื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ื ื”ื’ ืžืฉืื™ืช ืœื”ืจื•ื•ื™ื— ื‘ืงื•ื ื’ื•?

ืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ื›ื ื”ื’ ืงื•ื ื’ื• ืื ืืชื” ืชื•ืฉื‘ ืงื•ื ื’ื• ื•ื‘ืจืฉื•ืชืš ืจื™ืฉื™ื•ืŸ ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ืฉืœ ืงื•ื ื’ื•. ื™ืฉ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื‘ืืจืฅ. ื›ืืฉืจ ืืชื” ืžื‘ืงืจ ื‘ืงื•ื ื’ื•, ืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืจืื•ืช ื”ืจื‘ื” ื ื”ื’ื™ ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื•ื ื”ื’ื™ ืžืฉืื™ื•ืช. ืื–ืจื— ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ ื›ื ื”ื’ ืžืฉืื™ืช ื‘ืงื•ื ื’ื• ืžืจื•ื•ื™ื— ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ื›-148,000 ืคืจื ืง ืงื•ื ื’ื•ืœื–ื™ ืœื—ื•ื“ืฉ. ื”ืžืฉื›ื•ืจื•ืช ื ืขื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ 71,200 ืคืจื ืง ืงื•ื ื’ื•ืœื–ื™ ืœ-233,000 ืคืจื ืง ืงื•ื ื’ื•ืœื–ื™.

ื™ืขื“ื™ ื˜ื™ื•ืœ ื”ื“ืจื›ื™ื ื”ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื™ื ื‘ืงื•ื ื’ื•

ื”ืจืคื•ื‘ืœื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ืงื•ื ื’ื• ื‘ื“ืจืš ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืœืื—ื“ ืžื™ืขื“ื™ ื”ืชื™ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืืงื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืืคืจื™ืงื”. ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื–ื• ื”ื™ื ืืจืฅ ื”ื’'ื•ื ื’ืœื™ื ื”ืžื”ื‘ื™ืœื™ื ืฉื‘ื” ื—ื™ื™ื ืžื—ืฆื™ืช ืžื’ื•ืจื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืฉืคืœื”, ืคื™ืœื™ ื”ื™ืขืจ ื•ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ ื”ืฉื™ืžืคื ื–ื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื. ืœื”ืœืŸ ื™ืขื“ื™ ื”ื˜ื™ื•ืœ ื”ืžืคื•ืจืกืžื™ื ื‘ืงื•ื ื’ื• ืฉืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ืœืจืฉื™ืžื” ืฉืœื›ื ื‘ื˜ื™ื•ืœ ืฉืœื›ื.

Parc National d'Odzala

ืคืืจืง ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ืื—ื“ ื”ืคืืจืงื™ื ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ื™ื ื”ืขืชื™ืงื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืืคืจื™ืงื”. ื”ืคืืจืง ื›ื•ืœืœ ืคืจื•ืกื” ืขืฆื•ืžื” ืžื™ืขืจ ื”ื’ืฉื ื”ื’ื™ื ืื•-ืงื•ื ื’ื•ืœื™, ืฉื”ื•ื ื’ื ืื—ื“ ื”ืžืขื•ื–ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื’ื•ืจื™ืœื•ืช ืฉืคืœื” ื•ืคื™ืœื™ ื™ืขืจ. Parc National d'Ozala ืžืฆื™ืข ืืช ืื—ืช ืžื—ื•ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื˜ื™ื•ืœ ื”ืžืขื˜ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืงื•ื ื’ื• ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืžืงื•ืžื™ื™ื ื•ืชื™ื™ืจื™ื ืฉืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื‘ืงืจ ื‘ืฉืœื•ืฉืช ื”ืžื—ื ื•ืช ื”ืžืฆื•ื™ื ื™ื ืฉืœื”ื ื”ืคื•ืขืœื™ื ื‘ืฉื˜ื—ื” ื”ื ืจื—ื‘.

ื”ื•ืจืื•ืช ื ืกื™ืขื”:

  1. ืžืฉื“ื” ื”ืชืขื•ืคื” ืฉืœ ืงื™ื ืฉืืกื” ืกืขื• ื™ืฉืจ ืขื“ ืฉืชื’ื™ืขื• ืœ-Mbandaka.
  2. ื›ืฉืชื’ื™ืขื• ืœ-Mbandaka, ืคื ื• ืฉืžืืœื” ื•ืกืขื• ื™ืฉืจ ืขื“ ืฉืชื’ื™ืขื• ืœ-Parc National d'Odzala.

Parc National Nouabale-Ndoki

ืืชืจ ืžื•ืจืฉืช ืขื•ืœืžื™ ื–ื” ืฉืœ ืื•ื ืกืง"ื• ืžืื– 2012 ื”ื•ื ื‘ื™ืชื ืฉืœ ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื•ืช ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืคื™ืœื™ ื™ืขืจ, ื’ื•ืจื™ืœื•ืช ื‘ืฉืคืœื” ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™ืช, ืฉื™ืžืคื ื–ื™ื ื•ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืกื›ื ืช ื”ื›ื—ื“ื”. ืื ืืชื” ื—ื•ื‘ื‘ ืฆื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื•ืžื—ืคืฉ ืžืงื•ื ืฉืœื™ื•, ื–ื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ื”ืžืงื•ื ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขื‘ื•ืจืš. ื”ืคืืจืง ื”ื•ื ื’ื ื‘ื™ืชื ืฉืœ ืœืžืขืœื” ืž-300 ืžื™ื ื™ ืฆื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื•ืžื”ื•ื•ื” ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ื ื“ื™ืจื” ืœืžื“ื‘ืจ ื™ืขืจ ืฉืœื ืฉืื™ื ื• ืžื™ื•ืฉื‘ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ื™ื ืื ื•ืฉื™ื™ื

ื”ื•ืจืื•ืช ื ืกื™ืขื”:

  1. ืžืฉื“ื” ื”ืชืขื•ืคื” ืฉืœ ืงื™ื ืฉืืกื” ืกืขื• ื™ืฉืจ ืขื“ ืฉืชื’ื™ืขื• ืœื’ืžื ื”.
  2. ืžื’ืžื ื”, ืกืขื• ื‘ืžืขื‘ื•ืจืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœื—ืฆื•ืช ืืช ื‘ืจื™ื›ืช ื”ืžื™ื ืขื“ ืฉืชื’ื™ืขื• ืœ-Parc National Nouable-Ndoki.

Parc National Conkouati-Douli

ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืœื•ืฉืช ื”ืคืืจืงื™ื ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ื™ื ื‘ืงื•ื ื’ื•, ื”ืคืืจืง ื”ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ื”ื—ื“ืฉ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืื– ื”ื•ืฉืง ื‘ืฉื ืช 1999. ื”ื•ื ื’ื ื ื—ืฉื‘ ืœืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืคืืจืงื™ื ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”. ืคืืจืง ื–ื” ื›ื•ืœืœ ื—ื•ืคื™ื ื•ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืช ืžื ื’ืจื•ื‘ื™ื, ืกื•ื•ืื ื” ื•ื™ืขืจื•ืช ื’ืฉื, ืฉื”ื ื‘ื™ืชื ืฉืœ ืžื™ื ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื, ื›ื•ืœืœ ื’ื•ืจื™ืœื•ืช, ืคื™ืœื™ื, ืฉื™ืžืคื ื–ื™ื, ื“ื•ืœืคื™ื ื™ื ื•ืžื ื“ืจื™ืœื™ื.

ื”ื•ืจืื•ืช ื ืกื™ืขื”:


  1. ืžืฉื“ื” ื”ืชืขื•ืคื” ื‘ืจื–ื•ื•ื™ืœ, ืกืขื• ื™ืฉืจ ืขื“ ืฉืชื’ื™ืขื• ืœ-Pointe-Noire.
  2. ื›ืฉืชื’ื™ืขื• ืœ-Pointe-Noire, ืคื ื• ื™ืžื™ื ื”.
  3. ืกืขื• ื™ืฉืจ ืขื“ ืฉืชื’ื™ืขื• ืœ-Parc National Conkouati-Douli.

ื‘ืจื–ื•ื•ื™ืœ

ืขื™ืจ ื–ื• ื ืงืจืื” ืขืœ ืฉื ืžื™ื™ืกื“ื” ืคื™ื™ืจ ืกื‘ื•ืจื ืŸ ื“ื” ื‘ืจืื–ื”, ื—ื•ืงืจ ืื™ื˜ืœืงื™-ืฆืจืคืชื™, ื‘ืฉื ืช 1880. ืขื ื›ืžื” ืืจื›ื™ื˜ืงื˜ื•ืจื” ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืช ืื˜ืจืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช, ื•ืกื•ืœืœื” ื™ืคื”ืคื™ื” ืขืœ ืฉืคืช ื”ื ื”ืจ, ืžื•ืฉืœืžืช ืœืชืฆืคื™ืช ืขืœ ื ื”ืจ ืงื•ื ื’ื•, ื‘ืจื–ื•ื•ื™ืœ ื”ื™ื ื”ืžืงื•ื ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ืฉืืชื” ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ืงืฉื™ื‘ ืœืงื•ืœ ื”ื˜ื‘ืข.

ื”ื•ืจืื•ืช ื ืกื™ืขื”:


  1. ืžืฉื“ื” ื”ืชืขื•ืคื” ืงื™ื ืฉืืกื” ืกืขื• ื™ืฉืจ ืขื“ ืฉืชื’ื™ืขื• ืœืื–ื•ืจ ื‘ืจื–ื•ื•ื™ืœ.

ืคื•ื™ื ื˜-ื ื•ืืจ

Pointe-Noire ื”ื™ื ื”ืขื™ืจ ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœื” ื‘ืงื•ื ื’ื•, ื•ื”ื™ื ืขืฉื™ืจื” ื‘ื ืคื˜ ื•ืจื›ื‘ื™ ืฉื˜ื—. ืžืœื‘ื“ ื–ืืช, ื”ืขื™ืจ ื”ื–ื• ืขืฉื™ืจื” ื’ื ื‘ืžืกืขื“ื•ืช ืžืคื•ืืจื•ืช, ืžืœื•ื ื•ืช ื ื•ืฆืฆื™ื ื•ืžื•ืขื“ื•ื ื™ ืœื™ืœื”. ืื ืืชื ืžื—ืคืฉื™ื ื—ื•ื•ื™ืช ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืขื™ืจ ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื–ื•, ื–ื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ื”ืžืงื•ื ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขื‘ื•ืจื›ื ืœื—ืงื•ืจ ื•ืœื”ื™ืฉืืจ ื‘ื•.

ื”ื•ืจืื•ืช ื ืกื™ืขื”:

  1. ืžืฉื“ื” ื”ืชืขื•ืคื” ืฉืœ ืงื™ื ืฉืืกื”, ืคื ื• ืฉืžืืœื”.
  2. ืกืขื• ื™ืฉืจ ืขื“ ืฉืชื’ื™ืขื• ืœ-Pointe-Noire

Lac Tele Reserve

ืงื•ื ื’ื• ื™ื“ื•ืขื” ื‘ืื“ืžืชื” ื”ืขืฆื•ืžื”, ื”ื›ื•ืœืœืช ื’'ื•ื ื’ืœื™ื ื•ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื. ืื ืืชื ืžื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ื™ื ื•ื”ืชื™ื™ืจื™ื ืฉืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื”ืขืžื™ืง ื•ืœื‘ืงืจ ื‘ืื˜ืจืงืฆื™ื•ืช ืฉื‘ื”ืŸ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืžืคื•ืจืกืžืช, ื–ื”ื• ื”ื™ืขื“ ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ. ืื’ื ื–ื” ืžื•ืงืฃ ื‘ื™ืขืจื•ืช ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืช ืฉื ื•ืชืจื• ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ื—ืงืจื™ื ื•ื”ื•ื ื‘ื™ืชื ืฉืœ ื›-100,000 ื’ื•ืจื™ืœื•ืช ืฉืคืœื”.

ื”ื•ืจืื•ืช ื ืกื™ืขื”:

  1. ืžืฉื“ื” ื”ืชืขื•ืคื” ืฉืœ ืงื™ื ืฉืืกื”, ืคื ื• ื™ืžื™ื ื”
  2. ืกืข ื™ืฉืจ ืขื“ ืฉืชื’ื™ืข ืœ-Mbandaka
  3. ื›ืฉืชื’ื™ืข ืœ-Mbandaka, ืคื ื” ืฉืžืืœื”
  4. ืกืขื• ื™ืฉืจ ืขื“ ืฉืชื’ื™ืขื• ืœืื’ื ื˜ืœ

ืงื‘ืœ ืืช ืจื™ืฉื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ ืฉืœืš ืชื•ืš ืฉืขืชื™ื™ื

ืื™ืฉื•ืจ ืžื™ื™ื“ื™

ืชืงืฃ ืœ-1-3 ืฉื ื™ื

ืžืฉืœื•ื— ืืงืกืคืจืก ืœื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื

ืงื‘ืœ ืืช ื”-IDP ืฉืœืš ืขื›ืฉื™ื•

ื—ื–ืจื” ืœืžืขืœื”