ืžื”ื™ืจ, ืงืœ ื•ื‘ืžื—ื™ืจ ืกื‘ื™ืจ: ื”ื’ืฉ ื‘ืงืฉื” ืœืจื™ืฉื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ ืฉืœืš ืขื•ื“ ื”ื™ื•ื!โž”

ืžื“ืจื™ืš ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื‘ื’'ื™ื‘ื•ื˜ื™

ื’'ื™ื‘ื•ื˜ื™ ื”ื™ื ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื™ืคื”ืคื™ื™ื” ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ืช. ื—ืงื•ืจ ืืช ื›ืœ ื–ื” ื‘ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื›ืืฉืจ ืืชื” ืžืงื‘ืœ ืืช ืจื™ืฉื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ ืฉืœืš

2021-07-23 ยท 9 ื“ืงื•ืช

ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืืช ื—ื•ื•ื™ืช ื”ืกื™ื•ืจ ื”ืืคืจื™ืงืื™ ืฉืœืš ืœื›ื“ืื™ืช, ื’'ื™ื‘ื•ื˜ื™ ื—ื™ื™ื‘ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืžืกืœื•ืœ ืฉืœืš. ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืžืžื•ืงืžืช ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ืช ื‘ืงืจืŸ ืืคืจื™ืงื”, ืฉื ื”ื™ื ื ืžืฆืืช ื‘ืงืฆื” ื”ืžื–ืจื—ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื‘ืฉืช ื”ืฆืžื•ื“ื” ืœืžืคืจืฅ ืขื“ืŸ ื•ืœื™ื ืกื•ืฃ. ื’'ื™ื‘ื•ื˜ื™ ืžืฆื™ืขื” ื ื•ืคื™ื ืžื’ื•ื•ื ื™ื ืžืื•ื“, ื”ื—ืœ ืžื—ื•ืคื™ ื—ื•ืœ ื•ื—ืœื•ืงื™ ื ื—ืœ ื•ืขื“ ื—ื•ืœ ื›ื”ื” ื”ืื•ืคื™ื™ื ื™ ืœืื–ื•ืจื™ ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืช ื—ื•ืฃ. ื›ื ืžืœ ืื–ื•ืจื™, ื›ืœื›ืœืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืžื•ืฉืคืขืช ืžืชืขืฉื™ื•ืช ื”ืชื“ืœื•ืง ื•ื”ืกืคื ื•ืช.

ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืืช ืฉื”ื•ืชื›ื ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืœื ื™ืชื ืช ืœื ื™ื”ื•ืœ, ืื™ืฉื•ืจ ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ (IDP) ื”ื•ื ื”ื›ืจื—ื™ ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืฉื›ื•ืจ ืจื›ื‘ ื‘ืงืœื•ืช, ื•ื‘ื›ืš ืœื”ืงืœ ืขืœ ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื”ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื‘ื’'ื™ื‘ื•ื˜ื™ ื•ื—ืงืจ ื”ืžื™ืงื•ืžื™ื ื”ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื™ื ืฉืœื”. ื”ื”ื™ืชืจ ื”ื "ืœ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ื’ื ืœื”ืฆื™ืข ืœื›ื ืœื•ื— ื–ืžื ื™ื ื’ืžื™ืฉ, ืฉื”ื•ื ืื™ื“ื™ืืœื™ ืœืžื™ ืฉืจื•ืฆื” ืœืขืงื•ื‘ ืื—ืจ ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืœื•. ื™ืชืจ ืขืœ ื›ืŸ, ื–ื” ืžืืคืฉืจ ืœืš ืœื’ืฉืช ืœืžื™ืงื•ืžื™ื ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ื™ื ืฉืœื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื—ืงื•ืจ ื‘ืขืช ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืชื—ื‘ื•ืจื” ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”.

ืื™ืš ื”ืžื“ืจื™ืš ื”ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœืš?

ื–ื” ื‘ื˜ื•ื— ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคื™ืง ืืช ื”ืžืจื‘ ืžื”ื ืกื™ืขื•ืช ื”ืขืชื™ื“ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœืš; ื—ื•ื‘ื” ืœืชื›ื ืŸ ืžืจืืฉ. ื‘ื”ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”, ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืชื›ื•ื ืŸ ืžืจืืฉ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืงื‘ืœืช ืžื™ื“ืข ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉื™ ืขืœ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืฉื‘ื” ืืชื” ืขื•ืžื“ ืœื‘ืงืจ. ืžื“ืจื™ืš ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืกืคืง ืœื›ื ืคืจื˜ื™ื ืฉื‘ื•ื•ื“ืื™ ื™ื”ืคื›ื• ืืช ื”ื˜ื™ื•ืœ ืฉืœื›ื ืœื’'ื™ื‘ื•ื˜ื™ ืœื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ื ืขื™ืžื”. ืคืจื˜ื™ื ืืœื• ื™ื›ืœืœื• ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืœื—ืงื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”, ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื™ืคื™ื ื‘ื”ื ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœื‘ืงืจ, ื•ืืœ ืชืขืฉื” ื›ืชื™ื™ืจ ื‘ื’'ื™ื‘ื•ื˜ื™.

ืžื“ืจื™ืš ืžืงื™ืฃ ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ื’ื ืœื”ืงื ื•ืช ื™ื“ืข ืจื‘ ืขืจืš ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœื—ืงื•ืจ ื‘ื‘ื˜ื—ื” ื•ื‘ื™ืขื™ืœื•ืช ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืืชืจื™ื ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื‘ื’'ื™ื‘ื•ื˜ื™ ื›ื™ื•ื ื›ืชื™ื™ืจ. ืงืจื ืขื•ื“ ืื ืืชื” ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื“ืขืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขืœ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”, ืื ืฉื™ื”, ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื” ื•ืžืฆื‘ ื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ืœืคื ื™ ื”ื ืกื™ืขื” ืœืฉื. ืงืจื™ืื” ืขืœ ืžื“ืจื™ืš ื–ื” ื”ื™ื ื“ืจืš ืžืฆื•ื™ื ืช ืขื‘ื•ืจืš ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืขืœ ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ื ื”ืœืœื•.

ืžื™ื“ืข ื›ืœืœื™

ื’'ื™ื‘ื•ื˜ื™ ื”ื™ื ืœืœื ืกืคืง ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื™ืคื”ืคื™ื™ื”, ื•ื›ืžื• ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืืคืจื™ืงืื™ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช ืฉื™ื“ื•ืขื•ืช ื‘ื ื•ืฃ ื”ื™ืคื” ืฉืœื”ืŸ, ืขื“ื™ืฃ ืœื—ืงื•ืจ ืื•ืชื” ื‘ื›ื‘ื™ืฉ ืคืชื•ื—. ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืžื•ืฉืคืขืช ืžืžื•ืฆื ืขืจื‘ื™, ืืคืจื™ืงืื™ ื•ืื•ืงื™ืื ื™. ื”ืื˜ืจืงืฆื™ื•ืช ื‘ืืจืฅ ืžื’ื•ื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ: ื—ื•ืคื™ื ืœื’ืœื™ืฉื” ื•ืฉื—ื™ื™ื”; ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื•ืช ืœื’ืœื™ืฉืช ืจื•ื— ื•ื ื”ื™ื’ื”; ื•ืื’ืžื™ ืžืœื— ืœืกื™ื•ืจ ื”ื ืจืง ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืคืขื™ืœื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืืชื” ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื”ื–ื•.

ืžื™ืงื•ื ื’ื™ืื•ื’ืจืคื™

ื’'ื™ื‘ื•ื˜ื™ ื“ื—ื•ืกื” ื‘ืชื•ืš ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืกื•ืžืœื™ื”, ืืจื™ืชืจื™ืื” ื•ืืชื™ื•ืคื™ื” ื•ื ืžืฆืืช ื‘ืฆืžื•ื“ ืœื™ื ื”ืื“ื•ื. ื”ื—ืฆื™ ื”ืžื–ืจื—ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืžืคื•ืฆืœ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžืคืจืฅ ืขื“ืŸ, ื”ืžืกืคืง ืืช ืจื•ื‘ ืงื• ื”ื—ื•ืฃ ืฉืœื•. ื”ื’ื™ืื•ื’ืจืคื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืžื’ื•ื•ื ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื”ื—ืœ ืžืžื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ืžื•ืคืจื“ื™ื ื‘ืจืžื” ืžืžื–ืจื— ื•ืžืžืขืจื‘ ื•ืขื“ ืœื”ืจื™ื ื˜ืจืฉื™ื™ื ื‘ืฆืคื•ืŸ. ื”ืคืกื’ื” ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื‘ืื” ืœื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื‘ื”ืจ ืžื•ืกื, ื•ื”ื ืงื•ื“ื” ื”ื ืžื•ื›ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœื• ื ืžืฆืืช ื‘ืื’ื ื”ืžืœื•ื— ืฉืœ ืืกืœ, ืฉืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ื“ื™ื•ื•ื—ื™ื ื”ื•ื ื”ืžืฉื˜ื— ื”ื ืžื•ืš ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื™ื‘ืฉืช ืืคืจื™ืงื”.

ืฉืคื•ืช ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจื•ืช

ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ื•ื–ื›ืจ ืœืขื™ืœ, ืฉืชื™ ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ื”ืืชื ื™ื•ืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ื‘ื’'ื™ื‘ื•ื˜ื™ ืžื“ื‘ืจื•ืช ื‘ืฉืคื” ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื” ืงื•ืฉื™ืช. ื”ืจืคื•ื‘ืœื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืžื›ื™ืจื” ื’ื ื‘ืฆืจืคืชื™ืช ื•ื‘ืขืจื‘ื™ืช ื›ืฉืชื™ ื”ืฉืคื•ืช ื”ืจืฉืžื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ืŸ. ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืกื•ืžืœื™ืช ื”ื™ื ื”ืฉืคื” ื”ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื”, ืื‘ืœ ื”ื™ื ืœื ื ืœืžื“ืช ื‘ื‘ืชื™ ืกืคืจ ื•ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืจื—ื•ืงื•ืช ื ื›ืชื‘ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ื™ื ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื”.

ืžื“ื•ื•ื—ื™ื ื›ื™ ืื—ื•ื– ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืžื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื–ื• ื”ื ืจื‘ ืœืฉื•ื ื™ื™ื. ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉืคื” ืขืจื‘ื™ืช ื ืœืžื“ืช ื›ืฉืคื” ืจืืฉื•ื ื”, ืฆืจืคืชื™ืช ื ื—ืฉื‘ืช ื›ืืžืฆืขื™ ื”ื•ืจืื” ืœืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ื‘ื‘ืชื™ ืกืคืจ ื™ืกื•ื“ื™ื™ื ื•ืชื™ื›ื•ื ื™ื™ื.

ืฉื˜ื— ืื“ืžื”

ื”ืฉื˜ื— ื”ื›ื•ืœืœ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื”ื•ื 23,200 ืงืž"ืจ. ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ืžื–ื›ื™ืจื•ืช ืœืขืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืื•ืฆืจ ื”ื’ื™ืื•ื’ืจืคื™ ืฉืœ ืืคืจื™ืงื”, ื’'ื™ื‘ื•ื˜ื™ ืžืืจื— ื›ืžื” ืžื”ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื”ื’ื™ืื•ืชืจืžื™ืช ื•ื”ืกื™ืกืžื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืขื•ืœื. ื—ืœืง ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืžืฉื˜ื—ื• ืžื›ื•ืกื” ื‘ื–ืœืช, ืฉื”ื™ื ืชื•ืฆืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืชืคืจืฆื•ื™ื•ืช ื’ืขืฉื™ื•ืช ืฉืงืจื• ื‘ืขื‘ืจ. ื”ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื”ื•ื•ืœืงื ื™ืช ื”ื™ื ื’ื ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืœื”ืชืจื—ื‘ื•ืช ืœื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืื•ืžื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื—ืฆื™ ื”ืื™ ืขืจื‘ ืœืืคืจื™ืงื”.

ื”ึดื™ืกื˜ื•ึนืจึดื™ึธื”

ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ื, ื”ืื™ื˜ืœืงื™ื ื•ื”ืฆืจืคืชื™ื ื”ื™ื• ื”ืžืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ื™ื ื”ืคืขื™ืœื™ื ื”ื™ื“ื•ืขื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืืคืจื™ืงืื™ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-1800. ื’'ื™ื‘ื•ื˜ื™ ื”ื™ื ืื—ืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™ื•ืช ืฉื”ืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื, ื•ื”ืขื ื”ืฆืจืคืชื™ ื”ื•ื ื–ื” ืฉื”ืฉืคื™ืข ืจื‘ื•ืช ืขืœ ืžืฆื‘ื” ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ืžื”. ืจืง ื‘ืฉื ืช 1900, ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื’'ื™ื‘ื•ื˜ื™ ื”ืคื›ื• ืชื•ืงืคื ื™ื™ื ืขื ื”ื“ืจื™ืฉื” ืœืขืฆืžืื•ืช ืžื”ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ื”ืฆืจืคืชื™ืช. ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ, ื‘-27 ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ 1977 ืงื™ื‘ืœื” ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืขืฆืžืื•ืช ืจืฉืžื™ืช ืžื”ืฆืจืคืชื™ื.

ื”ื ืฉื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื”ื™ื” ื—ืกืŸ ื’ื•ืœื“ ืืคื˜ื™ื“ื•ืŸ ื•ื”ืื•ืžื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืชื—ืช ื”ืžืžืฉืœ ืฉืœื• ืขื“ ืฉื ืช 1987. ื”ืฉื‘ื˜ื™ื ื”ืืคืืจื™ื ื•ื”ืกื•ืžืœื™ื™ื ื”ืงืฉื•ืจื™ื ืงืฉืจ ื”ื“ื•ืง ืœื—ืฆื™ ื”ืื™ ืขืจื‘ ื”ื™ื• ื”ืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ืืคืจื™ืงื” ืฉืื™ืžืฆื• ืืช ื”ืืกืœืื. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1990, ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืžืคืจืฅ ื”ื—ืœื” ื•ื’ื•ืœื“ ืืคืฉืจื” ืืช ื ื•ื›ื—ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื‘ื ื”ืฆืจืคืชื™ ืœื—ื•ืฉ ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื”.

ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืœืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืœืžืจื‘ื” ื”ืฆืขืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ื™ื, ืžืžืฉืœืช ื’'ื™ื‘ื•ื˜ื™ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืžืœืืช ืชืคืงื™ื“ ืืžื‘ื™ื•ื•ืœื ื˜ื™ ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ืงืฉืจ ื—ื–ืง ื˜ื•ื‘ ืขื ืฉืชื™ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช, ื”ืื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ืฆืจืคืชื™ื•ืช, ื‘ื”ืชืืžื”. ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืฉื™ืชืคื” ืคืขื•ืœื” ืขื ื“ื•ื‘ืื™ ื‘ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ื ืงืจืืช ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ ื“ื•ืจืืœื”, ืฉืžื˜ืจืชื” ืœื–ืจื– ืืช ื”ืชืงื“ืžื•ืชื” ืฉืœ ื’'ื™ื‘ื•ื˜ื™ ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื™ื ืชื™ืงืจื "ื“ื•ื‘ืื™ ืฉืœ ืžื–ืจื— ืืคืจื™ืงื”".

ืžึถืžึฐืฉืึธืœึธื”

ืœื’'ื™ื‘ื•ื˜ื™ ื™ืฉ ืžืžืฉืœื” ืžืกื•ื’ ืจืคื•ื‘ืœื™ืงื” ืขื ื”ืฉืงืคื” ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช ื•ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช ืžืื•ื“ ืœื ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื”.

ื—ื•ืงืชื” ืžืขื ื™ืงื” ืืช ื”ืกืžื›ื•ืช ื”ื ืฉื™ืื•ืชื™ืช ืœืžืžืฉืœื” ื”ืžืกืคืงืช ืžืฉื˜ืจ ื—ืฆื™ ื ืฉื™ืื•ืชื™. ื™ืชืจื” ืžื›ืš, ื”ืคืจืœืžื ื˜ ื•ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื—ื•ืœืงื™ื ืืช ื”ืกืžื›ื•ืช ื”ืžื—ื•ืงืงืช. ืจืืฉ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื”ื•ื ื”ื ืฉื™ื ื•ืื™ืœื• ืจืืฉ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื”ื•ื ืจืืฉ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื”.

ืœืžืžืฉืœืช ื’'ื™ื‘ื•ื˜ื™ ืฉืœื•ืฉ ื–ืจื•ืขื•ืช ื ืคืจื“ื•ืช, ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ื”ืจืฉื•ืช ื”ืžื‘ืฆืขืช, ื”ืžื—ื•ืงืงืช ื•ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ืช. ื‘ืจืฉื•ืช ื”ืžื‘ืฆืขืช, ื”ื ืฉื™ื ื™ื“ื•ืข ื›ืจืืฉ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื”ืžืžื ื” ืืช ืจืืฉ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื”, ื•ื ื™ืชื ื•ืช ืœื• ื—ืžืฉ ืฉื ื™ื ืœื›ื”ื•ื ื” ืื—ืช. ื”ืจืฉื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ืช ืžื™ื•ืฆื’ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ื•ื”ื™ื ื‘ืœืชื™ ืชืœื•ื™ื” ื‘ืจืฉื•ืช ื”ืžื—ื•ืงืงืช ื•ื”ืจืฉื•ืช ื”ืžื‘ืฆืขืช. ื‘ืจืืฉ ื”ืจืฉื•ืช ื”ืžื—ื•ืงืงืช ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ืžื•ืขืฆืช ื”ืฉืจื™ื ื•ื”ืคืจืœืžื ื˜.

ืชื™ื™ืจื•ืช

ื”ืชื™ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื’'ื™ื‘ื•ื˜ื™ ืžืฉื—ืงืช ืชืคืงื™ื“ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ ื‘ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื™ืช ื”ืคื™ืชื•ื— ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”. ื”ืื•ืžื” ืฉื•ืืคืช ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ื™ืขื“ ืฉืœ ืžืฉื™ื›ืช ื—ืฆื™ ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืชื™ื™ืจื™ื ืžื“ื™ ืฉื ื” ืขื“ ืฉื ืช 2030. ื—ื–ื•ืŸ ื–ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืžื‘ืงืฉ ืœืžื ืฃ ืจื•ื•ื—ื™ ืžื˜"ื— ื•ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉื™ืกื™ื™ืขื• ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ ืœืื ืฉื™ื” ื•ืœื›ืœื›ืœื” ื”ืฆื•ืžื—ืช ืฉืœื”. ืžื•ืžื—ื™ื ื˜ื•ืขื ื™ื ืฉื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืชืฉื™ื’ ื–ืืช ื‘ืงืœื•ืช ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืื˜ืจืงืฆื™ื•ืช ื”ื ื™ืฉื” ื”ืจื‘ื•ืช ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ืืจืฅ.

ืžื ืงื•ื“ืช ืžื‘ื˜ ืœืฉื•ื ื™ืช, ืืคืืจ ื•ืกื•ืžืืœื™ ื”ืŸ ืฉืชื™ ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ื”ืืชื ื™ื•ืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ื‘ื’'ื™ื‘ื•ื˜ื™. ื™ื“ื•ืข ืฉืฉืชื™ ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ื”ืืชื ื™ื•ืช ื“ื•ื‘ืจื•ืช ืืช ื”ืฉืคื” ื”ืžื•ื‘ื ืช ื”ื ืงืจืืช ืงื•ืฉื™ืช. ืงื”ื™ืœืช ืืคืืจ ืžืชื’ื•ืจืจืช ื‘ืฆืคื•ืŸ ื•ื‘ืžืขืจื‘ ืžืคืจืฅ ืชื“ื’'ื•ืจื”, ื”ืžืื•ื›ืœืก ื‘ื“ืœื™ืœื•ืช. ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืœืฆื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื”ืชืคื•ืฆื” ืฉืœ ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื•ืช ืืคืจ ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื–ื• ืขื•ืงื‘ืช ืื—ืจ ื“ืคื•ืก ืžืฉื•ืœืฉ ื•ืžื•ืืจืš ื‘ืžืงืฆืช, ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื” ืœืขืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช "ืžืฉื•ืœืฉ ืืคืืจ".

ืฉืชื™ ืขื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ื•ืœื˜ื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืช ืœื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื‘ื’'ื™ื‘ื•ื˜ื™. ื”ืืงืœื™ื ื”ืœื•ื”ื˜ ืœืขืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ืžืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ืขื•ื ื” ืงืจื” ื”ื ืžืฉื›ืช ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืžืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ ืขื“ ืืคืจื™ืœ ื•ืขืœ ืืงืœื™ื ื“ืžื•ื™ ื™ื ืชื™ื›ื•ื ื™ ืขื ืœื—ื•ืช ื ืžื•ื›ื” ื”ื ืžืฉื›ืช ืžืžืื™ ืขื“ ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ. ืขืœื™ื™ื” ื‘ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจืช ื”ืืจืฅ ืžื•ืฉืคืขืช ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืžืจื•ื— ื”ื—ืžืกื™ืŸ ื”ื—ืžื” ื”ื ื•ืฉื‘ืช ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื™ื‘ืฉืชื™ ื•ืชื•ืจืžืช ืœื›ืžื•ืช ื”ืžืฉืงืขื™ื. ื”ืืงืœื™ื ื”ืขื“ื™ืŸ ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืžื•ืฉืš ืืœื™ื• ืื ืฉื™ื ืžื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื.

ื•ื™ื–ื•ืช ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื•ืช

ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืžืกืžื›ื™ื ื”ื“ืจื•ืฉื™ื ืœื›ื ื™ืกื” ืœื’'ื™ื‘ื•ื˜ื™ ื›ื•ืœืœื™ื ื“ืจื›ื•ืŸ ืฉืืžื•ืจ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืชืงืฃ ืœื›ืœ ื”ืฉื”ื•ืช ืฉืœืš ื›ืชื™ื™ืจ. ืžื’ื‘ืœืช ื–ืžืŸ ื–ื• ืชืงืคื” ืจืง ืขื“ 31 ื‘ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 2020. ื•ื™ื–ื” ื”ื ื™ืชื ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฉื’ืจื™ืจื•ืช ื’'ื™ื‘ื•ื˜ื™ ื”ื™ื ื’ื ืžืกืžืš ื ื•ืกืฃ ืื ืืชื” ืžืชื›ื ืŸ ืœื‘ืงืจ ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื›ืชื™ื™ืจ. ืื™ืฉื•ืจ ืจืคื•ืื™ ื”ืžืขื™ื“ ืขืœ ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ ื ื’ื“ ืงื“ื—ืช ืฆื”ื•ื‘ื” ื”ื•ื ื’ื ืชื ืื™ ื”ื›ืจื—ื™ ื‘ื›ื ื™ืกื” ืœืžื“ื™ื ื” ืืคืจื™ืงืื™ืช ื–ื•.

ื ื“ืจืฉืช ื’ื ืื™ืฉื•ืจ ืจืคื•ืื™ ื”ืžืขื™ื“ ืขืœ ื‘ื“ื™ืงืช ื ื’ื™ืฃ COVID-19 ืขื ื”ื›ื ื™ืกื”. ื”ืžืกืžืš ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืชืงืฃ ืœ-72 ืฉืขื•ืช ืœืคื—ื•ืช. ืขื ื”ื’ืขืชื›ื ืœืืจืฅ ื™ืฉ ืœืขืจื•ืš ื‘ื“ื™ืงืช ืกืคื•ื’ื™ืช ื ื•ืกืคืช, ื•ืืชื ืžืชื‘ืงืฉื™ื ืœื”ืžืชื™ืŸ ืœืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื”ืจืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ื™ืืคืฉืจื• ืœื›ื ืœื ืกื•ืข ื•ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืชื—ื‘ื•ืจื” ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ืช. ื›ืืฉืจ ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”, ืกื˜ื ื“ืจื˜ื™ ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ืžื™ื ื™ืžืœื™ื™ื ืฆืคื•ื™ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื ื”ื•ื’ื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ื•ืชื™ื™ืจื™ื ื›ืื—ื“.

ืฉืืœื•ืช ื ืคื•ืฆื•ืช ืฉืœ IDP

ื˜ื™ื•ืœ ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื–ืจื” ื‘ื ื•ื—ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืœื•ื— ื”ื–ืžื ื™ื ืฉืœืš ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืขืœื•ืช ืืช ืฉืžื—ืช ื”ืžืกืข, ื•ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืืช ืžื” ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื˜ืจื—ื” ืœื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ืžืขื ื’ืช. ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื‘ืžื›ื•ื ื™ืช ืฉืœืš ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ืื•ืคื˜ื™ืžืœื™ืช ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ื–ืืช. ื‘ื”ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”, ืฉืืœื” ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ืช ืฉืืชื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืฉืื•ืœ ืืช ืขืฆืžืš ืœืคื ื™ ืฉืืชื” ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื ื”ื•ื’ ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื–ืจื” ื”ื™ื ื”ืื ืžืžืฉืœืชื” ื“ื•ืจืฉืช ืžืžืš ืœืงื‘ืœ ืื™ืฉื•ืจ ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ (IDP). ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื›ืืฉืจ ืฉื•ืงืœื™ื ืืช ื’'ื™ื‘ื•ื˜ื™, ืงื‘ืœืช ืจื™ืฉื™ื•ืŸ ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ ืฉืœ ื’'ื™ื‘ื•ื˜ื™ ื”ื™ื ื“ืจื™ืฉื” ื—ื•ื‘ื”. ื”ื™ืชืจ ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ืชื ืื™ ืžื•ืงื“ื ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืฉื•ืงืœื™ื ืืช ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœื ื”ื•ื’ ื‘ื’'ื™ื‘ื•ื˜ื™, ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืืœื” ื”ืžื‘ืงืจื™ื ื›ืชื™ื™ืจื™ื.

ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื— ื˜ื™ื•ืœ ื‘ื˜ื•ื— ืœื’'ื™ื‘ื•ื˜ื™, ื”- IDP ื”ื•ื ืžืกืžืš ื ืกื™ืขื” ื”ื›ืจื—ื™ ืœืฉืืช. ื”ื”ื™ืชืจ ืžืืคืฉืจ ืœื ื”ื•ื’ ื‘ืขืจื™ื ื•ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ื’'ื™ื‘ื•ื˜ื™ ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื—ืœืงื”. ืงื‘ืœืช ืื™ืฉื•ืจ ื–ื” ื”ื™ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ื” ื•ื‘ื—ื™ื ื, ืฉื›ืŸ ื”ื™ื ืืžื•ืจื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืืคืฉืจื™ืช ืœืœื ืžืืžืฅ ื‘ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜ ื‘ืกื™ื•ืข ืื™ื’ื•ื“ ื”ื ื”ื’ื™ื ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™. ื›ื“ื™ ืœื‘ืจืจ ืขืœ ื”ืชื ืื™ื ื”ืžื•ืงื“ืžื™ื ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืฉื™ื ืืช ื™ื“ืš ืขืœ ื”ืžืขื ืง ื”ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ ื”ื–ื”, ื”ืžืฉื™ื›ื• ืœืงืจื•ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื— ื—ื•ืคืฉื” ืžืจื’ื™ืขื” ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื’'ื™ื‘ื•ื˜ื™.

ืžื™ ืฆืจื™ืš IDP?

ืงื‘ืœืช IDP ื–ื” ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉืื“ื ืฉื ื•ืกืข ืœืขืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ืœื—ื•"ืœ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœื™ื•. ื”ื”ื™ืชืจ ื”ื•ื ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉื™ืืคืฉืจ ืœืš ืœื ื”ื•ื’ ื‘ืจื›ื‘ ืžืฉืœืš ื‘ื ื•ื—ื•ืช ืฉืœืš ื›ืชื™ื™ืจ. ืขื ืื™ืฉื•ืจ ื–ื”, ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืชืจื’ื ืืช ื”ืจื™ืฉื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืจื’ื™ืœ ืฉืœืš ืœ-12 ืฉืคื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช, ืžื” ืฉืžื•ืขื™ืœ ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉืืชื” ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื ื”ื•ื’ ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืฉืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ื” ืื™ื ื ื“ื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืฉืคื” ื”ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœ ื’'ื™ื‘ื•ื˜ื™, ื”- IDP ืžื•ืžืœืฅ ื›ืžืกืžืš ื ืกื™ืขื” ืœืจื•ื‘ ื”ื–ืจื™ื ืฉื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื.

ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื—ืฉื‘ ื›ื“ืจื™ืฉืช ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื” ื‘ื’'ื™ื‘ื•ื˜ื™ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืืœื” ืฉืขืกื•ืงื™ื ื•ืื™ื ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืงื—ืช ืืช ื”ื˜ืจื—ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืชื ืฉืื•ืช ืขืœ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืชื—ื‘ื•ืจื” ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืœืžื˜ืจื•ืช ืขืกืงื™ื ืื• ื ืกื™ืขื•ืช. ืื•ืชื” ื ื•ื—ื•ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื—ื•ืœ ืขืœ ืžื™ ืฉืžืชื›ื ื ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืชื•ืฉื‘ ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื”. ืขื IDP ืชืงืฃ ื•ืจื™ืฉื™ื•ืŸ ืจื’ื™ืœ, ืืชื” ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืจืฉืื™ ืœื ื”ื•ื’ ื‘ื›ื‘ื™ืฉื™ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืืชื” ืžืงื‘ืœ ืืช ืจื™ืฉื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”.

ื”ืื ืจื™ืฉื™ื•ืŸ ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ืžืงื•ืžื™ ืชืงืฃ ื‘ื’'ื™ื‘ื•ื˜ื™?

ืจื™ืฉื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ืฉืœืš ื‘ื›ื‘ื™ืฉื™ ื’'ื™ื‘ื•ื˜ื™ ืื™ื ื• ืžืกืคื™ืง ื›ื“ื™ ืœืืคืฉืจ ืœืš ืœื ื”ื•ื’ ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื”ื–ื•. ืžืœื‘ื“ ืจื™ืฉื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ ืฉืœืš, ื›ืืฉืจ ืืชื” ื ืžืฆื ื‘ื’'ื™ื‘ื•ื˜ื™, ืขืœื™ืš ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืง ื’ื ื‘ืจื™ืฉื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ ืื• IDP ื›ืžืกืžืš ืชื•ืžืš. ื–ื• ืื—ืช ืžืื•ืชืŸ ื“ืจื™ืฉื•ืช ื”ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื‘ื’'ื™ื‘ื•ื˜ื™ ืฉื›ื“ืื™ ืœื–ื›ื•ืจ ืœืคื ื™ ื”ื›ื ื™ืกื” ืœืžื“ื™ื ื”. ืขื ื–ืืช, ื”- IDP ืื™ื ื• ืชื—ืœื™ืฃ ืœืจื™ืฉื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื”ืจื’ื™ืœ ืฉืœืš, ื•ื›ื›ื–ื”, ื™ืฉ ืœืฉืืช ืฉื ื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ื—ื“ ืชืžื™ื“.

ืžืœื‘ื“ ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื‘ื›ื‘ื™ืฉื™ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”, ื”- IDP ื”ื•ื ื’ื ืžืกืžืš ืžื•ืขื™ืœ ืื ืชื—ืœื™ื˜ ืœื”ื™ืฉืืจ ืœืฆืžื™ืชื•ืช ื•ืœื ืกื•ืช ืœืชืคื•ืก ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื‘ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื‘ื’'ื™ื‘ื•ื˜ื™. ืขื ื”ืจื™ืฉื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ ืฉืœืš ื•ื”-IDP, ืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื’ื™ืฉ ืžื•ืขืžื“ื•ืช ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื‘ื’'ื™ื‘ื•ื˜ื™ ื•ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืžื›ื•ื ื™ืช ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืืชื” ืžืงื‘ืœ ืืช ืจื™ืฉื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ืฉืœืš ื‘ื’'ื™ื‘ื•ื˜ื™. ื–ื” ื’ื ื™ืืคืฉืจ ืœืš ืœื”ืชืืžืŸ ื‘ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื‘ื’'ื™ื‘ื•ื˜ื™ ื‘ืžืจื—ืงื™ื ืจื—ื•ืงื™ื, ื›ืžื• ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ืœืžื“ื™ื ื” ืฉื›ื ื”.

ื”ืื ืื ื™ ืฆืจื™ืš IDP ื‘ืขืจื™ื ื•ื‘ืžื—ื•ื–ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื’'ื™ื‘ื•ื˜ื™?

IDP ื”ื•ื ืžืกืžืš ื ืกื™ืขื” ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื–ืจื™ื ื”ืžืชื›ื ื ื™ื ืœื ื”ื•ื’ ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื–ืจื”. ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ืืชื” ืชื™ื™ืจ, ืื™ืฉ ืขืกืงื™ื ืื• ืชื•ืฉื‘ ืขืชื™ื“ื™ ื”ืžืชื›ื ืŸ ืœื ื”ื•ื’ ื‘ื’'ื™ื‘ื•ื˜ื™ ื•ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”, ื”- IDP ื™ืขื–ื•ืจ ืœืš ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืคืขื™ืœื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืœืœื•. ื›ืคื™ ืฉืฆื•ื™ืŸ ืœืขื™ืœ, ื”ื™ืชืจ ื–ื” ืœื ื™ื—ืœื™ืฃ ืืช ืจื™ืฉื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ ืื• ื”ืจื’ื™ืœ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”. ื”ืจื™ืฉื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืจื’ื™ืœ ื•ื”-IDP ื”ื ืžืกืžื›ื™ื ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ืคืจื“ื™ื ืœื ืฉื™ืื” ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉืชื—ืœื™ื˜ ืœื ืกื•ืข ื‘ื›ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื–ืจื”.

ืžืชื™ ืืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘-IDP ืฉืœื™?

ื™ืฉ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘-IDP ื‘ืขืช ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืจื—ื•ืงื” ืฉืžืฆืคื” ืžืžืš ืœืงื‘ืœ ืืช ื”ืจื™ืฉื™ื•ืŸ. ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ืื ืืชื” ื ื•ื”ื’ ื‘ื’'ื™ื‘ื•ื˜ื™ ืขื ื”ืจื™ืฉื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ ืฉืœืš, ืืชื” ื’ื ืฆืจื™ืš ืืช ื”ื”ื™ืชืจ ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ื›ืœ ืžืœื‘ื“ ืชื—ืœื™ืฃ ืœืจื™ืฉื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ ืฉืœืš. ืื ืื™ื ืš ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื—ื•ื•ืช ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื”ืงืฉื•ืจื•ืช ืœืชื ื•ืขื” ื‘ืขืช ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื–ืจื”, ืื–ื™ ื”-IDP ื•ื”ืจื™ืฉื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืจื’ื™ืœ ืฉืœืš ื”ื ืžืกืžื›ื™ื ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ืœืฉืืช ื‘ืขืช ื”ืคืขืœืช ืžื›ื•ื ื™ืช.

ืขื ื”-IDP, ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืคืจืฉ ืืช ื”ืจื™ืฉื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืจื’ื™ืœ ืฉืœืš ืœืฉืชื™ื ืขืฉืจื” ืฉืคื•ืช. ื‘ื“ืจืš ื–ื•, ืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืœื”ืฆื™ื’ ืืช ืžืกืžื›ื™ ื”ื ืกื™ืขื” ื”ืจืœื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ื™ื ืœืจืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ื•ืช ืœืžืงืจื” ืฉืชื™ืงืจืื™ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื. ื”-IDP ื ื•ืชืŸ ืœืื•ื›ืคื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ืืช ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื” ื›ืชื•ื‘ ื‘ืจื™ืฉื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ืฉืœืš, ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืืช ื”ืฉืคื” ื”ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืื– ื›ืคื™ ืฉืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืจืื•ืช, ื”ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื‘ื’'ื™ื‘ื•ื˜ื™ ื”ื™ื•ื ื”ื™ื ืœืœื ื˜ืจื—ื” ื›ืœ ืขื•ื“ ื™ืฉ ืœืš ืืช IDP.

ืžื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื’ื™ืฉ ื‘ืงืฉื” ืœ- IDP?

ื ื”ื’ื™ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ืจื™ืฉื™ื•ืŸ ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื‘ืชื•ืงืฃ ืžื•ืกืžื›ื™ื ืœื”ื’ื™ืฉ ื‘ืงืฉื” ืœ- IDP. ื”-IDP ื‘ืขืฆื ืžืขื ื™ืง ืœืš ืืช ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœื ื”ื•ื’ ื‘ื›ื‘ื™ืฉ ืฉืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื–ืจื”. ืขื ื–ืืช, ืชื–ื›ื•ืจืช ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื ืฉื”ืขืงื•ืจื™ื ืœืขื•ืœื ืื™ื ื ืžื•ื›ืจื™ื ื›ืชื—ืœื™ืฃ ืœืจื™ืฉื™ื•ืŸ ื ื”ื™ื’ื”. ื”ื”ื™ืชืจ ื”ื•ื ืžืกืžืš ื ื•ื—, ื›ืš ืฉื›ืืฉืจ ืืชื” ื ื•ื”ื’ ื‘ื’'ื™ื‘ื•ื˜ื™, ื•ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ื™ื ืœื ื”ืฉืคื” ื”ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืจืฉื•ื™ื•ืช, ืืชื” ื‘ืขืฆื ืžืจืื” ืœื”ื ืืช ื”ื”ื™ืชืจ ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื•ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืชืจื’ื ืืช ื”ืจื™ืฉื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœืš.

ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉืืชื” ืžื•ื›ืŸ ืœื”ื’ื™ืฉ ื‘ืงืฉื” ืœ-IDP, ื‘ืงืจ ื‘ื“ืฃ ื”ื‘ืงืฉื” ืฉืœ ืื™ื’ื•ื“ ื”ื ื”ื’ื™ื ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ ื•ื‘ื—ืจ ื—ื‘ื™ืœืช IDP ืฉืชืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืœืœื’ื™ื˜ื™ืžื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ IDP ืฉืœืš. ืœื”ืœืŸ ื”ืชื ืื™ื ื”ืžื•ืงื“ืžื™ื ืœื‘ืงืฉืชืš:

  • ืขื•ืชืง ื“ืจื›ื•ืŸ (ื‘ืžื™ื“ืช ื”ืฆื•ืจืš)
  • ืจื™ืฉื™ื•ืŸ ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื‘ืชื•ืงืฃ ืžืžืฉืœืชื™
  • ืชืžื•ื ื” ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœ ืคืกืคื•ืจื˜ ืฉืœ ืขืฆืžืš

ืžืชื™ ืื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ื’ื™ืฉ ื‘ืงืฉื” ืœ- IDP?

ืœื“ืขืช ืื ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืฉื‘ื” ืชื‘ืงืจ ื“ื•ืจืฉืช IDP ื”ื™ื ื“ื‘ืจ ืขื™ืงืจื™ ืฉืขืœื™ืš ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืœืคื ื™ ื”ื’ืฉืช ื‘ืงืฉื” ืœืจื™ืฉื™ื•ืŸ. ืื ืืชื” ื ื•ื”ื’ ื‘ื’'ื™ื‘ื•ื˜ื™ ืขื ื”ืจื™ืฉื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ ืฉืœืš, ื”-IDP ื—ื™ื•ื ื™. ืœื”ื’ืฉืช ื‘ืงืฉื” ืœืžืขื ืง ื–ื” ืื™ืŸ ื–ืžืŸ ืžืกื•ื™ื. ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื ื•ืกืขื™ื ืœื—ื•"ืœ ื”ื ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืืœื” ืฉืžื’ื™ืฉื™ื ื‘ืงืฉื” ืœ- IDP.

ืื™ื’ื•ื“ ื”ื ื”ื’ื™ื ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ ื ื•ืชืŸ ื”ื›ื ื” ืžื”ื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ืจื™ืฉื™ื•ืŸ ื–ื”. ื‘ื˜ื•ื•ื— ืฉืœ ืฉืขืชื™ื™ื, ื”ื ื›ื‘ืจ ื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœื”ืขื ื™ืง ืืช ื–ื”, ืฉืชื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ื•ืจื™ื“ ื•ืœื”ื“ืคื™ืก ื›ื“ื™ ืœื ื”ื•ื’ ื‘ืจื›ื‘.

ื›ืžื” ื–ืžืŸ ืชืงืฃ IDP?

ืชื•ืงืคื• ืฉืœ IDP ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ืขืœื•ืช ื”ื™ื™ืฉื•ื ืฉืœืš. ื”ืชื•ืงืฃ ื”ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืื ืืชื” ืžืงื‘ืœ ืืช ืฉืœืš ืžืื™ื’ื•ื“ ื”ื ื”ื’ื™ื ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ ื”ื•ื ืฉื ื” ืื—ืช. ื™ืฉ ื’ื ื—ื‘ื™ืœื•ืช ืœืฉื ืชื™ื™ื ื•ืฉืœื•ืฉ. ื–ื›ื•ืจ ื›ื™ ื‘ืขืช ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘-IDP, ืจื™ืฉื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื”ืจื’ื™ืœ ืฉืœืš ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื’ื ืœื’ื™ื˜ื™ืžื™ ืœืคื—ื•ืช ืœืฉื ื” ืื—ืช. ื”-IDP ื—ืกืจ ื˜ืขื ืื ืœื”ื™ืชืจ ื”ืžืงื•ื‘ืœ ืฉืœืš ื™ืฉ ืชืงื•ืคืช ื—ื•ืงื™ื•ืช ืžืชื—ืช ืœืฉื ื”.

ืœื˜ื™ื•ืœ ืงืฆืจ ื‘ื’'ื™ื‘ื•ื˜ื™ ืžืกืคื™ืงื” IDP ืฉืœ ืฉื ื”, ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืื ืœื ืชื™ืกืขื• ืœืžื“ื™ื ื” ืื—ืจืช ื‘ืฉืœื•ืฉ ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ื‘ืื•ืช. ืื ืชืจืฆื• ืœื ืกื•ืข ืœื—ื•"ืœ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ืฉื ื” ื‘ืžืฉืš ืฉืœื•ืฉ ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ื‘ืื•ืช, IDP ืœืฉืœื•ืฉ ืฉื ื™ื ื”ื•ื ื”ื—ื‘ื™ืœื” ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืจื›ื•ืฉ. IDP ืขื ืชื•ืงืฃ ืืจื•ืš ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ื•ื ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉืขืœื™ืš ืœืฉืงื•ืœ ืื ืชื™ืฉืืจ ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืœื–ืžืŸ ืžื” ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืชื•ื›ืœ ืœื ื”ื•ื’ ืชื•ืš ื›ื“ื™ ืงื‘ืœืช ืจื™ืฉื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”.

ื”ืื IDP ืžื—ืœื™ืฃ ืืช ืจื™ืฉื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ ืฉืœืš?

ืœ-IDP ื™ืฉ ืชื•ืงืฃ, ื•ืื ื”ื—ืœื˜ืชื ืœื”ื™ืฉืืจ ื‘ืืจืฅ ืœืฆืžื™ืชื•ืช, ืืชื ื ื“ืจืฉื™ื ืœื”ื’ื™ืฉ ื‘ืงืฉื” ืœืจื™ืฉื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ืฉืœื›ื. ื ื ื™ื— ืฉืืชื” ื ื•ื”ื’ ื‘ืขืจื™ ื’'ื™ื‘ื•ื˜ื™, ื”-IDP ื”ื•ื ืžืกืžืš ืฉื™ืืคืฉืจ ืœืื›ืคื™ ืชื ื•ืขื” ืœื”ืขืจื™ืš ืืช ื™ื›ื•ืœืชืš ื‘ื ื”ื™ื’ื”. ื–ื” ื’ื ื”ื™ืชืจ ื ื•ื— ืื ืชื—ืœื™ื˜ื• ืœื ืกื•ืข ื‘ืžืจื—ืงื™ื ื”ืจื—ื•ืงื™ื ืฉืœ ื’'ื™ื‘ื•ื˜ื™, ื›ืžื• ื›ื ื™ืกื” ืœืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืฉื›ื ื•ืช ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ืŸ ืžื—ืกื•ืžื™ ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช. ื”-IDP ื”ื•ื ืžืกืžืš ืฉืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ืœื”ื.

ื›ืืฉืจ ืืชื” ืžืงื‘ืœ ืืช ื”-IDP ืฉืœืš ืžืื™ื’ื•ื“ ื”ื ื”ื’ื™ื ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™, ืืชื” ืžื•ืจืฉื” ื›ืขืช ืœื ืกื•ืข ืœ-200 ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช ื‘ืจื›ื‘ ืžืœื‘ื“ ื’'ื™ื‘ื•ื˜ื™. ื”-IDP ืžืชืจื’ื ืืช ื”ื”ื™ืชืจ ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ ืฉืœืš ืœ-12 ืฉืคื•ืช. ืœื›ืŸ, ื›ืืฉืจ ืืชื” ื ื•ื”ื’ ื‘ื’'ื™ื‘ื•ื˜ื™, ื•ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ื™ื ืœื ืฉืคืช ื”ืจืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ื•ืช, ื”-IDP ืœืžืขืฉื” ืคื•ืขืœ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืชืจื’ื•ื ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉื›ืชื•ื‘ ื‘ืจื™ืฉื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืกื˜ื ื“ืจื˜ื™ ืฉืœืš.

ืžื” ืขืœื™ื™ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืื ืื™ื‘ื“ืชื™ ืืช ื”-IDP ืฉืœื™?

ืื ืืชื” ืžืื‘ื“ ืืช ื”ืขืงืจื•ืŸ ืฉืœืš ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื–ืจื”, ืืชื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืฉื™ื ืืช ื™ื“ืš ืขืœ ืื™ืฉื•ืจ ื—ื“ืฉ ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืชื”ื™ื” ืœืš ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœื ื”ื•ื’. ืœืžืจื‘ื” ื”ืžื–ืœ, ืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืกืคืง ืคืชืจื•ืŸ ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืžื”ื™ืจ ืฉืœ ื”-IDP ืฉืื‘ื“. ืžืฉืœื•ื— ืฉืœ ื”-IDP ื”ื—ื“ืฉ ืœืžื™ืงื•ืžืš ื”ืžื“ื•ื™ืง. ื›ืœ ืฉืขืœื™ืš ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื”ื•ื ืœืชืช ืœื ื• ืืช ื›ืชื•ื‘ืชืš ื”ืžื“ื•ื™ืงืช ื•ื”ืื™ืฉื•ืจ ื”ื—ื“ืฉ ืฉืœืš ื™ื™ืฉืœื— ืœื‘ื™ืชืš.

ื”ืฉื›ืจืช ืจื›ื‘ ื‘ื’'ื™ื‘ื•ื˜ื™

ืžื˜ื™ื™ืœื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืžื—ืคืฉื™ื ื›ืžื” ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืœื™ื”ื ื•ืช ืžื”ื—ื•ืคืฉื” ืฉืœื”ื ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื–ืจื”. ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื‘ืžื›ื•ื ื™ืช ืžืฉืœืš ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืจื ืชื•ืจื ืœื˜ื™ื•ืœ ืžืจื’ืฉ ื•ื ื™ืชืŸ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื ื™ื”ื•ืœ. ื–ื” ืœื ืจืง ื™ื”ืคื•ืš ืืช ื”ื˜ื™ื•ืœ ืฉืœืš ืœืžืจื’ืฉ ื™ื•ืชืจ; ื–ื” ื’ื ื™ื™ืชืŸ ืœืš ื™ื•ืชืจ ื–ืžืŸ ืœื™ื”ื ื•ืช ืžื”ืื˜ืจืงืฆื™ื•ืช ื”ืจื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”. ื”ืฉื›ืจืช ืจื›ื‘ ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื“ืจืš ื–ื•ืœื” ื•ืœืœื ื˜ืจื—ื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช. ืงืจื ืœืžื˜ื” ืื ื›ืžื” ืžื”ืคืจื˜ื™ื ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ืฉืืชื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื–ื›ื•ืจ ื‘ืขืช ื”ืฉื›ืจืช ืจื›ื‘ ื‘ื’'ื™ื‘ื•ื˜ื™.

ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืœื”ืฉื›ืจืช ืจื›ื‘

ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืฉื›ืจืช ืจื›ื‘ ื‘ื’'ื™ื‘ื•ื˜ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืชื‘ืฆืข ื‘ื›ืžื” ื“ืจื›ื™ื. ื‘ื ื•ื—ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื—ืฉื‘ ื‘ื™ืชื™, ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืฉื›ื•ืจ ืจื›ื‘ ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืฉื›ืจืช ืจื›ื‘ ืžืงื•ื•ืŸ. ืื—ืจ ื”ื•ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจ ื‘ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ ื”ืฉื›ืจืช ืจื›ื‘ ื”ืžืžื•ืงืžื™ื ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ืฉืืœื™ื• ืืชื” ืขื•ืžื“ ืœื ืกื•ืข. ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื, ื”ื–ืžื ืช ืจื›ื‘ ื‘ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜ ื”ื™ื ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ื ื•ื—ื” ื•ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืชื™ื™ืจื™ื. ื–ื” ื ื•ื—, ืงืœ, ื•ืœื ื“ื•ืจืฉ ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืืžืฅ ื‘ืœื™ืกื™ื ื’ ืจื›ื‘ ืœื˜ื™ื•ืœ ืฉืœืš.

ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ื ื”ืžืงื•ื•ื ื™ื ื”ื–ืžื™ื ื™ื ื‘ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜, Kayak ื”ื˜ื‘ื™ืขื” ืืช ื—ื•ืชืžื” ื›ืื—ื“ ื”ืกืคืงื™ื ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืจื›ื‘ื™ ืœื™ืกื™ื ื’ ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืืคืจื™ืงื”. ื—ื‘ืจืช ื”ืฉื›ืจื” ื‘ืขืœืช ืžื•ื ื™ื˜ื™ืŸ ื–ื• ืงื™ื™ืžืช ืฉื ื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช ื•ืœืขืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ื ื—ืฉื‘ืช ืœื—ื“ืฉื ื™ืช ื‘ืฉื•ืง ื”ืฉื›ืจืช ื”ืจื›ื‘ ื”ื–ืจ, ื”ืžืฆื™ืขื” ืœืœืงื•ื—ื•ืชื™ื” ืืช ื”ืžื—ื™ืจื™ื ื”ื ืžื•ื›ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืขืกืง. ืœื—ื‘ืจื” ื–ื• ื™ืฉ ืฆื•ื•ืช ืœื‘ื‘ื™ ืืœื™ื• ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืคื ื•ืช ื•ืœื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ืฉืืœื•ืชื™ื›ื ื”ื ื•ื’ืขื•ืช ืœื‘ื™ืงื•ืจื™ื›ื ื‘ืื•ืžื” ื”ืžืงืกื™ืžื” ื”ื–ื•.

ืžืกืžื›ื™ื ื“ืจื•ืฉื™ื

ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ ื”ืฉื›ืจืช ืจื›ื‘ ืœื ื‘ืืžืช ื‘ื•ื“ืงื™ื ืื ืœืœืงื•ื—ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื ื™ืฉ IDP. ืขื ื–ืืช, ืื™ ืจื›ื™ืฉืช ื”ื”ื™ืชืจ ืชื”ื•ื•ื” ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื—ืžื•ืจื•ืช ืื ืชื™ืชืคืก ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืื•ื›ืคื™ ืชื ื•ืขื” ืžืงื•ืžื™ื™ื ืœืœื ื”-IDP ื›ื ื”ื’. ืœืคื™ื›ืš, ื‘ื“ื™ืงืช ื”ืชืงื ื™ื ื•ื”ื“ืจื™ืฉื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืงื“ืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจืช ื”ื”ืฉื›ืจื” ื”ื™ื ื”ื›ืจื—ื™ืช ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืœื™ืกื™ื ื’ ืฉืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ืจื›ื‘ื™ื ืฉืœื”. ื™ืฉื ื ืชื ืื™ื ืžื•ืงื“ืžื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืชืจ ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ืžืคื•ืจืฉื™ื ืœื”ืฉื›ืจืช ืจื›ื‘ ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื”.

ื‘ื’ื“ื•ืœ, ื”ืขืงื•ืจื™ื ื•ืจื™ืฉื™ื•ืŸ ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ืจื’ื™ืœ ื”ื ืžืกืžื›ื™ ื”ื ืกื™ืขื” ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืฉืืช ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื–ืจื”. ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ, ื–ื›ืจื• ืฉืœื ื›ืœ ืื“ื ืจืฉืื™ ืœืฉื›ื•ืจ ืจื›ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื’'ื™ื‘ื•ื˜ื™. ื”ืจืฉื•ืžื•ืช ืฉืœืš ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื•ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื—ื“, ื•ืืชื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื’ื™ืœ ืžืกื•ื™ื ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื“ื•ืจืฉืช ื”ื’ื‘ืœืช ื’ื™ืœ. ืชื‘ืงืฉื• ืžื›ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืงื‘ื•ืข ืืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ื‘ืื™ื ืœืคื ื™ ืฉืชื”ื™ื” ื›ืฉื™ืจ ืœื”ืฉื›ืจืช ืจื›ื‘:

  • ืชืขื•ื“ืช ื–ื”ื•ืช ืจืฉืžื™ืช ื•ื“ืจื›ื•ืŸ ื‘ืชื•ืงืฃ
  • ืชืฉืœื•ื ื“ืžื™ ืฉื›ื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ื›ืจื˜ื™ืก ืืฉืจืื™ ืชืงืฃ
  • ืจื™ืฉื™ื•ืŸ ื ื”ื™ื’ื” (ื ื”ื™ื’ื”) ื‘ืชื•ืงืฃ
  • ืžื’ื‘ืœืช ื’ื™ืœ ืžื™ื ื™ืžืœื™ืช ืฉื‘ื” ื”ื ื”ื’ื™ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืœืคื—ื•ืช ื‘ื ื™ 21 ื•ืžืขืœื”. ืกื•ื›ื ื•ื™ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ืงื•ื‘ืขื•ืช ืžื’ื‘ืœืช ื’ื™ืœ ืœื”ืฉื›ืจืช ืจื›ื‘ ื‘ื’ื™ืœืื™ 70 ืขื“ 75 ืฉื ื™ื.

ืกื•ื’ื™ ืจื›ื‘

ื‘ื—ื™ืจืช ื”ืจื›ื‘ ื”ืžืชืื™ื ืœื˜ื™ื•ืœ ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœืืจืฅ ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ืžื”ื ื” ื›ืฉืืชื” ืžื—ืคืฉ ืžื›ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜. ืกื•ื’ ื”ืจื›ื‘ ื”ืžื•ืฉืœื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ื”ืขื“ืคื” ืฉืœืš ืชืžื™ื“ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื ืงื•ื“ืช ื”ืฉื™ืงื•ืœ ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ืช ืฉืœืš ื‘ืขืช ื”ืœื™ืกื™ื ื’. ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉืืชื” ืจื’ื™ืœ ืœื ื”ื•ื’ ื‘ืžื›ื•ื ื™ืช ืฉืžืจื ื™ืช, ืืœ ืชืฉื›ื•ืจ ืจื›ื‘ ืฉื˜ื—. ื•ืื– ืฉื•ื‘, ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉืืชื” ืจื’ื™ืœ ืœื ื”ื•ื’ ื‘ืžื›ื•ื ื™ืช ืื•ื˜ื•ืžื˜ื™ืช, ื ืกื• ืœื”ืชืจื—ืง ืžืจื›ื‘ื™ื ืขื ืชื™ื‘ืช ื”ื™ืœื•ื›ื™ื ื™ื“ื ื™ืช.

ืœืžืจื‘ื” ื”ืžื–ืœ, ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืฉื›ื•ืจ ืกื•ื’ื™ ืจื›ื‘ ืฉื•ื ื™ื. ืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื›ืžื• ื—ืกื›ื•ื ื™, ื™ื•ืงืจื”, ืžื™ื ื™, ืจื›ื‘ ืฉื˜ื—, ื˜ื ื“ืจ ืื• ืงื•ืžืคืงื˜ื™. ื”ืจื›ื‘ ื”ื”ืฉื›ืจื” ื”ืžื™ื™ื ืกื˜ืจื™ืžื™ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ื•ื ืžื›ื•ื ื™ืช ืกื“ืืŸ ืœื ืกื™ืขื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื“ื ื‘ื•ื“ื“ ืื• ื˜ื ื“ืจ ืœื ืกื™ืขื•ืช ืืจื•ื›ื•ืช ื‘ื—ื‘ืจืช ืื ืฉื™ื ืื”ื•ื‘ื™ื ืื• ื—ื‘ืจื™ื. ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืฉื›ื•ืจ ืจื›ื‘ื™ ื™ื•ืงืจื” ื’ื ื‘ื’'ื™ื‘ื•ื˜ื™ ื‘ืžื—ื™ืจ ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื‘ื›ื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืœื™ืกื™ื ื’.

ื“ืจื™ืฉื•ืช ื’ื™ืœ

ื›ืžื• ืจื•ื‘ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืืคืจื™ืงื”, ื’ื™ืœ 18 ื”ื•ื ื“ืจื™ืฉืช ื”ื’ื™ืœ ื”ืžื™ื ื™ืžืœื™ ืœื ื”ื’ื™ื. ืœื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื•ืžืจ ืืช ืื•ืชื• ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืชื™ื™ืจื™ื ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื“ื•ืจืฉืช ื’ื™ืœ ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ืฉืœ 21 ืฉื ื™ื ืœืคื ื™ ืฉืžื•ืชืจ ืœืš ืœื ื”ื•ื’ ื‘ื›ื‘ื™ืฉื™ ื’'ื™ื‘ื•ื˜ื™. ื“ืจื™ืฉืช ื”ื’ื™ืœ ื”ื ืžื•ื›ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื”ืฉื›ืจืช ืจื›ื‘ ื‘ื’'ื™ื‘ื•ื˜ื™ ืžืฉืชื ื” ืžื—ื‘ืจืช ื”ืฉื›ืจื” ืื—ืช ืœืื—ืจืช. ืจื•ื‘ ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ ื”ืฉื›ืจืช ื”ืจื›ื‘ ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืžืฆืคื™ื ืžืžืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืŸ 21 ืœืคื—ื•ืช ืœืคื ื™ ืฉืชื•ื›ืœ ืœืฉื›ื•ืจ ืืช ืื—ื“ ืžื›ืœื™ ื”ืจื›ื‘ ืฉืœื”ื.

ื’ื ื”ื’ื™ืœ ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื”ืฉื›ืจืช ืจื›ื‘ ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืขื•ื‘ืจ, ืืš ืœืขืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืืฉืจ ืœื, ื”ื ืžืืคืฉืจื™ื ื—ื•ืคืฉื” ืขื“ 70 ืขื“ 75 ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉื›ื•ืจ ืžื”ื ืจื›ื‘. ื“ืจื™ืฉื” ืขื“ื™ื ื” ืฉืœ ื—ืœืง ืžืืจื’ื•ื ื™ ื”ืฉื›ืจืช ื”ืจื›ื‘ ืฉืœื”ื ื”ื™ื ืฉืœืœืงื•ื—ื•ืชื™ื”ื ื™ื”ื™ื” ืœืคื—ื•ืช ืจื™ืฉื™ื•ืŸ ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ืœืฉื ื” ืื—ืช. ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ืžื•ืฆืขื™ื ื’ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื›ืžื” ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ืฉื›ืจื” ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ืŸ ื ื”ื’ื™ื ืœื”ืฉื›ืจื” ืœืžืงืจื” ืฉืื™ื ืš ื ื”ื’ ื‘ืขืฆืžืš.

ืขืœื•ืช ื”ืฉื›ืจืช ืจื›ื‘

ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื‘ื’'ื™ื‘ื•ื˜ื™ ื›ืขืช ืชื“ืจื•ืฉ ืžืžืš ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืžื›ื•ื ื™ืช ืืžื™ื ื”, ื•ื‘ื• ื–ืžื ื™ืช, ืžืฉืชืœืžืช. ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉืืชื” ืžื—ืคืฉ ืชืขืจื™ืฃ ื ื•ื—, ืื™ืŸ ืœื”ืชืคืฉืจ ืขืœ ื—ื•ื•ื™ืช ื”ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ืฉื”ืžื›ื•ื ื™ืช ืžืขื ื™ืงื” ืœืš. ืชืขืจื™ืฃ ื”ื”ืฉื›ืจื•ืช ื‘ื’'ื™ื‘ื•ื˜ื™ ื”ื•ื ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ 148 ื“ื•ืœืจ ืœื™ื•ื. ื‘ืขืช ื”ืฉื›ืจืช ืจื›ื‘ ื ืกื• ืœื‘ืจืจ ืื•ื“ื•ืช ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื•ืœื•ื•ื“ื ื›ื™ ืืชื ืžืฆื™ื™ื ื™ื ืืช ื”ืฆืจื›ื™ื ืฉืœื›ื ื›ืš ืฉื”ื ื™ืฆื™ืขื• ืืช ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœื”ืขื“ืคืชื›ื.

ืขื ืจื›ื‘ ืฉื›ื•ืจ ื‘ื’'ื™ื‘ื•ื˜ื™, ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืกื™ื™ืจ ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืชื™ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ื™ื“ื•ืขื™ื ืฉืœื” ื•ืœื™ื”ื ื•ืช ืžื”ืคืืจ ื”ืงื‘ื•ืข ื•ืžื”ื™ืกื•ื“ ื”ืขืฉื™ืจ ื•ื”ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ืฉื›ื— ืฉืœื”. ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืจื™ืฉ ืžื–ื•ืžื ื™ื ืžื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ื–ื”, ื ืกื” ืœื”ืคื—ื™ืช ืืช ื”ื•ืฆืื•ืช ื”ื“ืœืง ืฉืœืš ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืฉื›ืจืช ืจื›ื‘ ื”ื“ื•ืจืฉ ื™ื•ืจื• ื“ื™ื–ืœ. ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœื ืคื˜, ื”ื’ืจืกื” ืฉื”ื•ื–ื›ืจื” ืœืขื™ืœ ืžืชืื™ืžื” ืœื™ื“ื™ื“ื•ืชื™ื•ืช ืืงื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื•ื‘ื“ืจืš ื–ื• ืžืืคืฉืจืช ืœืš ืœืฆืืช ืœืžืจื—ืงื™ื ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ื™ื ืขื ื ื™ืฆื•ืœ ื ืžื•ืš ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื“ืœืง.

ืคื•ืœื™ืกืช ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืจื›ื‘

ืคืจื˜ ืฉื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื–ื›ื•ืจ ื”ื•ื ืฉื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ื”ื ืกื™ืขื•ืช ืฉืœืš ืื™ื ื• ืžื›ืกื” ื ื–ืงื™ื ืืคืฉืจื™ื™ื ืœืจื›ื‘ ื•ื’ื ื™ื‘ื” ื‘ืจื›ื‘ ื”ืžื•ืฉื›ืจ ืฉืœืš. ืœื›ืŸ ื™ืฉ ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืžืงื™ืฃ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžื ื•ืข ื”ื™ื›ืจื•ืช ืขื ืฆืจื•ืช ืžืกื•ื’ ื–ื”. ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืฆื“ ื’' ื•ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืฉืจื™ืคื•ืช ื ื™ืชื ื™ื ืœืžืจื‘ื” ื”ืžื–ืœ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืจื•ื‘ ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ ื”ื”ืฉื›ืจื”. ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ื”ืฉื›ืจื” ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืžื•ืชืงื ื™ื ื‘ืืชืจื™ ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜ ืฉืœื”ื ืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ื›ื“ื™ ืœืœืงื•ื—ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื ืœืงื‘ืœ ืžื•ืฉื’ ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืขืœื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื—.

ื•ื™ืชื•ืจ ืขืœ ื ื–ืงื™ ื”ืชื ื’ืฉื•ืช (CDW) ื•ื”ื’ื ื” ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื•ื“ ื”ื ืจืง ื›ืžื” ื”ื•ืจืื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช ืฉืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื›ืœื•ืœ ื‘ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ื”ื”ืฉื›ืจื” ืฉืœืš. ื”ืชืฉืœื•ื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื—ื™ื ืืœื• ืฉื•ื ื” ืžืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื”ืฉื›ืจื” ืื—ื“ ืœืื—ืจ, ืืš ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœืกืคืง ื”ืฆืขื•ืช ืžื—ื™ืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืฉืœ ื”ืืชืจ ืฉืœื”ืŸ. ื›ืš, ื”ืœืงื•ื—ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืงื‘ืœ ืžื•ืฉื’ ื›ืžื” ื™ืขืœื” ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืฉืœื”ื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืจื›ื‘ ืฉื”ื ื™ืฉื›ืจื•.

ืฆื™ืœื•ื ืื’ื ืื‘ื” ืžืืช ืื•ื•ื” ืžื˜ืœื™

ื—ื•ืงื™ ื”ื“ืจืš ื‘ื’'ื™ื‘ื•ื˜ื™

ื—ื•ืงื™ ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื•ืชืงื ื•ืช ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื‘ื“ืง ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื›ืœ ืžื™ ืฉืžืชื›ื ืŸ ืœื ืกื•ืข ื‘ื›ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื–ืจื”. ื–ื” ืžื•ื ืข ื”ื˜ืœืช ืงื ืกื•ืช ื•ืขื•ื ืฉื™ื ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœื™ื™ื ืฉื”ืื•ื›ืคื™ื ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืชืช ืœืชื™ื™ืจื™ื. ื”ืงื“ืฉืช ื–ืžืŸ ื•ืžืืžืฅ ืœื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ืืช ื”ื—ื•ืงื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ืœืœื ืกืคืง ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœืš ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื—ืœืงื” ื•ื ื™ืชื ืช ืœื ื™ื”ื•ืœ. ืžื“ืจื™ืš ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœืš ืœืœืžื•ื“ ื›ืžื” ืžื›ืœืœื™ ื”ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ืฉืžื™ื•ืฉืžื™ื ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื’'ื™ื‘ื•ื˜ื™.

ืชืงื ื•ืช ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช

ื‘ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื‘ื’'ื™ื‘ื•ื˜ื™, ืžืคื” ื”ื™ื ืœื ืจืง ื”ืžืกืžืš ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœืฉืืช ืื™ืชืš ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ืคืขืœืช ืจื›ื‘. ื”ื’ื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืฆืจื™ืš ื’ื ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืง ื‘ืจื™ืฉื™ื•ืŸ ื ื”ื™ื’ื”. ืœืชื™ื™ืจื™ื, ืจื™ืฉื™ื•ืŸ ืœื ืžืกืคื™ืง ื›ื“ื™ ืœืืคืฉืจ ืœืš ืœื ืกื•ืข ื‘ื›ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื ื’'ื™ื‘ื•ื˜ื™ื™ื. ื”-IDP ื”ื•ื ืžืกืžืš ืžืขื‘ืจ ื ื•ืกืฃ ืฉื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœืœื•ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืจื™ืฉื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœืš ื‘ืขืช ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื–ื•. ืฉื ื™ ื”ืžืกืžื›ื™ื ืื™ื ื ื ื™ืชื ื™ื ืœื”ืคืจื“ื”, ื•ืื™ ื”ื‘ืืช ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื ืขืœื•ืœื” ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœื™ื•ืช.

ืžื’ื‘ืœื•ืช ื’ื™ืœ ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื”ืŸ ืคืจื˜ ื ื•ืกืฃ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœืงื—ืช ื‘ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ื‘ืขืช ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื‘ื’'ื™ื‘ื•ื˜ื™. ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืžืื•ื“ ืžืงืคื™ื“ื” ืขืœ ื’ื™ืœ ื”ื ื”ื’ื™ื ืฉืœื”. ืชืงืจืช ื’ื™ืœ ืฉืœ ื’ื™ืœ 18 ื ื“ืจืฉืช ืœื ื”ื’ื™ื ืžืงื•ืžื™ื™ื. ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœ ืชื™ื™ืจ, ืžื™ื•ืฉื ื‘ืืจืฅ ื’ื™ืœ ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ืฉืœ 21 ืฉื ื™ื. ืฉืชื™ื™ื” ื”ื™ื ื’ื ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคืช ืฉืžืื•ื“ ืžื•ืคื—ืชืช ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื ื”ื™ื’ื”. ืœื›ื‘ื“ ืืช ื›ืœ ื›ืœืœื™ ื”ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื”ืœืœื• ื”ื•ื ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ ืื ืืชื” ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื—ืกื•ืš ืžืขืฆืžืš ืฆืจื•ืช ืขื ื”ืจืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ื•ืช.

ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื‘ืฉื›ืจื•ืช

ื’'ื™ื‘ื•ื˜ื™ ืžื˜ื™ืœื” ืชืงื ื•ืช ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ืžื—ืžื™ืจื•ืช ืžืื•ื“ ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืฉืชื™ื™ื”. ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืžืชื™ืจื” ืจืง 0.08% ืœืœื™ื˜ืจ ืืœื›ื•ื”ื•ืœ ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื“ื ืฉืœ ื”ื ื”ื’. ืชืงืŸ ื–ื” ื—ืœ ืื ืืชื” ื ื•ื”ื’ ืœื‘ื“. ืื ืืชื” ื ื•ื”ื’ ืขื ื‘ืŸ ืœื•ื•ื™ื”, ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ืฉืœืš ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื ืงื™ื™ื” ืžื›ืœ ืืœื›ื•ื”ื•ืœ. ืื ืชืชืคืกื• ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืจืžื•ืช ื”ืืžื•ืจื•ืช ื‘ื“ื, ืืชื ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ืœื”ื–ืขื™ืง ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืจืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ื•ืช, ื•ื”ืŸ ื™ืื›ืคื• ืืช ื”ืขื•ื ืฉื™ื ื‘ื”ืชืื.

ื”ืขื•ื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื’'ื™ื‘ื•ื˜ื™ ืขืœื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื—ืžื•ืจื™ื ืื ื ืชืคืกื™ื ืขื ืจืžืช ืืœื›ื•ื”ื•ืœ ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ื‘ื“ื ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช. ืื•ืชื• ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื•ืžืจ ืื ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืืชื” ืžืขื•ืจื‘ ื‘ืชืื•ื ื” ืขื ืืœื›ื•ื”ื•ืœ ืฉืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืงื™ื™ื ื‘ื’ื•ืคืš. ื’ื–ืจ ื“ื™ืŸ ื•ื”ืขืžื“ื” ืœื“ื™ืŸ ื”ื ืจืง ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืกื ืงืฆื™ื•ืช ื”ื—ืžื•ืจื•ืช ืฉื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื˜ื™ืœ ืขืœื™ืš ื›ืืฉืจ ื ืชืคืกืช ื‘ืขืช ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื‘ืฉื›ืจื•ืช.

ืœืคื ื™ ื ื”ื™ื’ื”

ืœืคื ื™ ืฉืืชื ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืœื ื”ื•ื’ ื‘ื’'ื™ื‘ื•ื˜ื™ ืขื ืžืคืช ื”ืื–ื•ืจ ืฉืœื›ื, ื›ื“ืื™ ืœื ืกื•ืช ืœื”ื“ื’ื™ื ืืช ืชืงื ื™ ื”ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ืžืงื•ื‘ืœื™ื ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื”. ืžื” ืฉืžื•ืชืจ ื•ืืกื•ืจ ื‘ื—ื•ืฅ ืฉื•ื ื” ืžืžื“ื™ื ื” ืœืžื“ื™ื ื”, ื•ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื•ืืกื•ืจ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืœืคื ื™ ืฉืืชื” ื ื›ื ืก ืœืžื•ืฉื‘ ื”ื ื”ื’. ื™ืฉ ืฆื•ืจืš ืœื”ื›ื™ืจ ืืช ืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื— ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื” ื‘ื’'ื™ื‘ื•ื˜ื™.

ืื™ืชื•ืชื™ ืคื ื™ื™ื” ื‘ืฆื•ืžืช

ื”ืื˜ื” ืื• ืขืฆื™ืจื” ื”ื™ื ื’ื ืื“ื™ื‘ื•ืช ื ืคื•ืฆื” ื‘ืฆืžืชื™ื ื•ื‘ื›ื™ื›ืจื•ืช, ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื›ืฉืจื›ื‘ ื›ื‘ืจ ื ื›ื ืก ืื• ืœืคื ื™ื›ื. ืขื“ื™ืคื•ืช ืชืžื™ื“ ื ื™ืชื ืช ืœืจื›ื‘ ืฉืžื’ื™ืข ืจืืฉื•ืŸ. ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ ืœืฆื•ืžืช ืื• ืœื›ื™ื›ืจ, ื ื™ืชื ืช ืขื“ื™ืคื•ืช ืœืจื›ื‘ ืฉื ืžืฆื ื‘ืฆื“ ื™ืžื™ืŸ. ืื ืืชื” ื ืžืฆื ื‘ืฆื•ืžืช ืืจื‘ืขื” ื›ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ื, ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ืงื“ื™ืžื” ื ื™ืชื ืช ืœืจื›ื‘ ืžืฉืžืืœ.

ื—ึฒื ึธื™ึธื”

ืขื ื”ื’ืขืชืš ืœื™ืขื“, ื”ืฉืืจ ืืช ื”ืจื›ื‘ ืฉืœืš ืจืง ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืชืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ืจื™ื˜ื•ืจื™ื”. ื”ื—ื ื” ืืช ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื™ืช ืฉืœืš ื‘ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ืžื•ืืจื™ื ืื ื”ืื–ื•ืจ ืืคืœื•ืœื™. ื”ื™ื• ืžื•ื“ืขื™ื ืœืชืขืจื™ืคื™ ื”ื—ื ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”, ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืœื ืชื–ื“ืขื–ืข ืขื ื”ื•ืฆืื•ืช ืืคืฉืจื™ื•ืช. ื–ื›ื•ืจ ืชืžื™ื“ ืœื ืขื•ืœ ืืช ื›ื ื™ืกื•ืช ื”ืจื›ื‘ ืฉืœืš ื•ืœืขื•ืœื ืืœ ืชืฉืื™ืจ ืืช ื”ื ื›ืกื™ื ืฉืœืš ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืจื›ื‘ ืฉืœืš.

ื•ื“ื ืฉืืชื” ื•ื”ืจื›ื‘ ืฉืœืš ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ื˜ื•ื‘ ืœืคื ื™ ื”ื ื”ื™ื’ื”

ื›ื ื”ื’ ืžื•ื“ืข, ืกื•ืžื›ื™ื ืขืœื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืขืจื ื™ ื•ืœื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืฉืคืข ืžืืœื›ื•ื”ื•ืœ ืœืคื ื™ ื”ื ื”ื™ื’ื”. ืื ืฉื™ื ืขื ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœื™ื ืžืœื ื”ื•ื’, ืœืžืขื˜ ืื ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ืืช ื”ืฆื™ื•ื“ ื”ืžืชืื™ื, ืœืžืฉืœ, ืžืฉืงืคื™ื™ื ืžืจืฉื, ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœื”ื ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื ื”ื™ื’ื”. ื•ื“ื ื‘ืจืฆื™ืคื•ืช ืฉื”ืจื›ื‘ ืฉืœืš ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ืžืงื•ื‘ืœ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื“ื™ืงืช ื”ืžืฆื‘ืจ, ื”ื‘ืœืžื™ื, ื”ืฆืžื™ื’ื™ื ื•ื”ืžื ื•ืข ืฉืœื•. ื™ืชืจ ืขืœ ื›ืŸ, ื™ืฉ ื ืคื— ื’ื– ืžืชืื™ื ืœื›ืœ ื”ื˜ื™ื•ืœ ืฉืœืš.

ืชืงื ื™ื ื›ืœืœื™ื™ื ืœื ื”ื™ื’ื”

ื‘ืขืช ื ื”ื™ื’ื”, ื”ื™ื–ื”ืจ, ื•ื”ืชื—ืฉื‘ ื‘ืจื—ื•ื‘ ื•ื‘ืฉืœื˜ื™ ื”ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื‘ื’'ื™ื‘ื•ื˜ื™. ื”ืชื—ืžืง ืžื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉืขืœื•ืœ ืœื”ืกื™ื˜ ืืช ื”ืžื™ืงื•ื“ ืฉืœืš, ืœืžืฉืœ, ืฆืœื™ืœื™ื ืžื”ื˜ืœืคื•ืŸ ื”ื ื™ื™ื“ ืฉืœืš. ืœืื•ืจ ื–ื”, ืืœ ืชืงืจืื• ื”ื•ื“ืขื•ืช ืื• ืชืงื‘ืœื• ืฉื™ื—ื•ืช ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื‘ืจื›ื‘. ืื ื–ื” ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ืžื ืข, ื”ืฉืืจ ืืช ื”ืจื›ื‘ ืฉืœืš ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื—ื ื™ื” ืžื•ืชืจ ืœืคื ื™ ืฉืชื‘ื“ื•ืง ืืช ื”ื˜ืœืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœืš.

ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ, ื–ื›ื•ืจ ืœื—ื’ื•ืจ ืืช ื—ื’ื•ืจืช ื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื•ืช ืฉืœืš ื•ืœืคืขื•ืœ ืœืคื™ ื”ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืชืจืช ืฉื ืื›ืคืช ื‘ืจื—ื•ื‘. ื‘ืขืช ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื‘ื’'ื™ื‘ื•ื˜ื™, ืžื™ืงื•ื“ ืฉืœ ื”ืื–ื•ืจ ืฉื‘ื• ืืชื” ื”ื•ืœืš ืœื‘ืงืจ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœืš ืœื ื•ื•ื˜ ื‘ืงืœื•ืช ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ.

ืžื’ื‘ืœืช ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช

ืžื’ื‘ืœื•ืช ื”ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื‘ื” ืืชื” ื”ื•ืœืš ืœื‘ืงืจ ื”ืŸ ืคืจื˜ื™ื ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ืฉื›ื“ืื™ ืœืงื—ืช ื‘ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ื‘ืขืช ื ื”ื™ื’ื”. ื’'ื™ื‘ื•ื˜ื™ ืขื•ืงื‘ืช ืื—ืจ ื™ื—ื™ื“ืช ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื ืœืฉืขื”, ื•ื™ืฉ ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ืขืœื™ื•ื ื” ืœื ืœื—ืจื•ื’ ืžืžื›ืกื•ืช ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืžื•ืคืจื–ื•ืช. ืžื’ื‘ืœื•ืช ื”ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืžืฉืชื ื•ืช ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื˜ืจื™ื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ื’'ื™ื‘ื•ื˜ื™. ืžื›ืกืช ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ 50 ืงืž"ืฉ ื ื™ื›ืจืช ื‘ืขื™ื™ืจื•ืช ื•ื‘ืขืจื™ื, 30 ืงืž"ืฉ ื‘ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ืžืื•ื›ืœืกื™ื ื‘ื›ื‘ื“ื•ืช; ื•ื”ื’ื‘ืœืช 80 ืงืž"ืฉ ื‘ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ื›ืคืจื™ื™ื.

ื”ื™ืฉืืจื•ืช ืžืชื—ืช ืœืžื’ื‘ืœื•ืช ื”ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืืžื•ืจื•ืช ืœื ืจืง ืชืžื ืข ืžื›ื ืœื”ืกืชื‘ืš ืืœื ื’ื ืชืขื–ื•ืจ ืœื›ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืขืจื ื™ื™ื ื•ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ื“ืขื™ื ืœืžื” ืฉืงื•ืจื” ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื›ื ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื ื”ื™ื’ื”. ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื“ืจืš ืื™ื“ื™ืืœื™ืช ืœื”ื™ืžื ืข ืžืชืื•ื ื•ืช ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœื™ื•ืช, ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ืขืช ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื‘ืฉื˜ื—ื™ื ืžืื•ื›ืœืกื™ื ื‘ื›ื‘ื“ื•ืช ืฉื‘ื”ืŸ ื”ืจื—ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืฆืคื•ืคื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ. ื™ืชืจ ืขืœ ื›ืŸ, ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืื™ื˜ื™ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ื™ื ื“ืจืš ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ืœื™ื”ื ื•ืช ืžื”ื ื•ืฃ ืฉืืชื” ื”ื•ืœืš ืœื‘ืงืจ ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื‘ืžื›ื•ื ื™ืช.

ื—ื•ืงื™ ื—ื’ื•ืจื•ืช ื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื•ืช

ืœืคื ื™ ืฉืชืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื ืกื•ืข ื‘ื’'ื™ื‘ื•ื˜ื™ ืžืฉื“ื” ื”ืชืขื•ืคื”, ื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื•ืช ืฉืœืš ื”ื™ื ื‘ืจืืฉ ื•ื‘ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื”ื—ืœืง ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื˜ื™ื•ืœ ืฉืœืš. ื›ืืžืฆืขื™ ื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื•ืช, ื—ื’ื•ืจืช ื—ื’ื•ืจืช ื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื•ืช ื”ื›ืจื—ื™ืช ื‘ืืจืฅ. ืื ืžื—ืœื” ืžื•ื ืขืช ืžืžืš ืœื—ื’ื•ืจ ื—ื’ื•ืจืช ื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื•ืช, ืขืœื™ืš ืœืงื‘ืœ ืื™ืฉื•ืจ ืจืคื•ืื™ ืžืจื•ืคื. ืžืœื‘ื“ ื—ื’ื•ืจืช ื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื•ืช, ืžืฉื•ืœืฉ ืื–ื”ืจื”, ื—ื‘ื™ืœืช ืกื™ื•ืข ืจืคื•ืื™ ื•ืžื˜ืฃ ื”ื ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ื”ื›ืจื—ื™ื™ื ืœืฉืžื™ืจื” ื‘ืžื›ื•ื ื™ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื— ื ืกื™ืขื” ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื”.

ื›ืœืœื™ื ืžื—ืžื™ืจื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื™ื•ืฉืžื™ื ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœ ื™ืœื“ ื›ื ื•ืกืข ื‘ืจื›ื‘ ืฉืœืš. ื™ืœื“ ืฉื’ื•ื‘ื”ื• ืžืชื—ืช ืœ-1.35 ืžื˜ืจ, ืื• ื‘ืŸ 3 ืขื“ 11 ืฉื ื™ื, ื ื“ืจืฉ ืœืœื‘ื•ืฉ ืืช ื”ื”ื’ื‘ืœื” ื”ืžืชืื™ืžื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื— ืืช ืฉืœื•ืžื•. ื™ืชืจื” ืžื›ืš, ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืžืชื—ืช ืœื’ื™ืœ 13 ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœื™ื ืœืžื™ืงื•ื ืขืœ ืžื•ืฉื‘ ื”ื ื•ืกืข ื”ืงื“ืžื™. ื™ืชืจ ืขืœ ื›ืŸ, ื™ืœื“ ืฉื’ื™ืœื• ืฉื ื” ื•ืžื˜ื” ื•ืžืฉืงืœื• 9 ืง"ื’ ื•ืžื˜ื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืžื•ืงื ื‘ืžื•ืฉื‘ ื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื•ืช ืžืชืื™ื.

ื”ื•ืจืื•ืช ื ืกื™ืขื”

ื‘ืขืช ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื‘ื’'ื™ื‘ื•ื˜ื™, ืžื™ืงื•ื“ ืฉืœ ื”ืื–ื•ืจ ืฉื‘ื• ืืชื” ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื‘ืงืจ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœืš ืœื ื•ื•ื˜ ื‘ืงืœื•ืช ื‘ืžื™ืงื•ื. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ืขืœื™ื›ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืœื”ื™ื›ื ืก ืœื›ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืชื•ืš ื›ื“ื™ ื ืกื™ืขื” ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœืืชืจ ื‘ืงืœื•ืช ืืช ื™ืขื“ื›ื. ื”ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื”ื ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื‘ืงืฉ ืžื™ื“ืข ื›ื–ื”. ื ื”ื’ื™ ื”ื•ื‘ืœื” ื”ื ื’ื ืื ืฉื™ื ืื™ื“ื™ืืœื™ื™ื ืœืฉืื•ืœ, ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืžื•ืฆืงื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื‘ืงืฉ ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ื›ืืœื”.

ืฉืœื˜ื™ ืชื ื•ืขื”

ื›ืžื• ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช, ืชืžืจื•ืจื™ื ืจื’ื™ืœื™ื ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ื‘ื›ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื ื‘ื’'ื™ื‘ื•ื˜ื™ื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื•ืช ื”ื ื”ื’ื™ื. ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื ืกื™ืขืชื›ื, ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืœื”ื ื™ื— ืฉืชืชืงืœื• ื‘ืกื™ืžื ื™ื ืืœื•, ื•ืชื‘ื—ื™ื ื• ืฉื—ืœืงื ื‘ืœืขื“ื™ื™ื ืœื›ื‘ื™ืฉื™ ื”ืืจืฅ. ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžื ื•ืข ืžืขืฆืžืš ืœื”ืกืชื‘ืš ื•ืœื”ื–ื“ืขื–ืข ืžืžื” ืฉื”ื ืžืชื›ื•ื•ื ื™ื ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื ื”ื™ื’ื”, ืขืœื™ืš ืœื”ืชืืžืฅ ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืขืœื™ื”ื ืžืจืืฉ, ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืงืจื™ืื” ืขืœื™ื”ื ื‘ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜, ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื— ื ืกื™ืขื” ื—ืœืงื” ื•ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื”.

ื”ืจืฉื™ืžื” ืฉืœื”ืœืŸ ื”ื™ื ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื•ืช ืชืžืจื•ืจื™ื ื›ืœืœื™ื•ืช ืฉื›ื“ืื™ ืœื“ืขืช ืœืคื ื™ ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื‘ื’'ื™ื‘ื•ื˜ื™:

  • ืชืžืจื•ืจื™ื ื—ื•ื‘ื”- ืื™ื ื ื”ืฆืขื•ืช ืืœื ืžืฉืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื›ืืฉืจ ื ื“ืจืฉ ืœื‘ืฆืข ืžืฉื™ืžื” ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช. ื”ื ื ืงืจืื™ื ืœืคืขืžื™ื ืฉืœื˜ื™ ืžื™ื“ืข ืื• ื™ื™ืขื•ืฅ, ื•ื™ืฉ ืœืขืงื•ื‘ ืื—ืจื™ื”ื ื‘ืงืคื“ื ื•ืช, ื•ื›ื›ืืœื”, ื”ื ืื•ืœื™ ื”ืชืžืจื•ืจื™ื ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื’'ื™ื‘ื•ื˜ื™ ืฉื›ื“ืื™ ืœื”ื›ื™ืจ
  • ืชืžืจื•ืจื™ื ืื•ืกืจื™ื- ืžืฉืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ื‘ื›ืœ ืกื•ื’ื™ ื”ื›ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื ื‘ืืจืฅ. ื”ื ื ื•ืขื“ื• ืœื”ื’ื‘ื™ืœ ืกื•ื’ื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื ืฉืœ ื›ืœื™ ืจื›ื‘ ื•ืชืžืจื•ื ื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ื”ื’ื“ืจืช ืžื’ื‘ืœื•ืช ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืื• ืื™ืกื•ืจ ืคื ื™ื•ืช ืคืจืกื”
  • ืฉืœื˜ื™ ืื–ื”ืจื” - ื”ื ืœืจื•ื‘ ืื“ื•ืžื™ื ืื• ืฆื”ื•ื‘ื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ื™ืขืฅ ืœื ื”ื’ื™ื ืขืœ ืกื›ื ื” ืืคืฉืจื™ืช. ื”ื ื ื•ืขื“ื• ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืœื”ืชืจื™ืข ื‘ืคื ื™ ื ื”ื’ื™ื ืžืคื ื™ ืกื›ื ื•ืช ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœื™ื•ืช
  • ืฉืœื˜ื™ ืžื™ื“ืข - ื”ื ื”ืชืžืจื•ืจื™ื ื”ื ืคื•ืฆื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื’'ื™ื‘ื•ื˜ื™ ื•ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืžืกืคืงื™ื ืžื™ื“ืข ื›ืœืœื™ ืขืœ ื”ื“ืจืš ื‘ื” ื ื•ืกืข ื ื•ืกืข
  • ืชืžืจื•ืจื™ื ืขื“ื™ืคื•ืช- ื ื•ืขื“ื• ืœื”ื‘ื”ื™ืจ ืœืžื™ ื™ืฉ ืขื“ื™ืคื•ืช ื‘ื›ื‘ื™ืฉ ืื• ื‘ืฆื•ืžืช ืฉืœืคื ื™ื•

ื–ื›ื•ืช ืžืขื‘ืจ

ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืืคืจื™ืงืื™ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ืขื•ืงื‘ื•ืช ืื—ืจ ืื•ืชืŸ ื”ื ื—ื™ื•ืช ืชืขื‘ื•ืจื” ื›ืžื• ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืื™ื—ื•ื“ ื”ืื™ืจื•ืคื™. ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœ ื’'ื™ื‘ื•ื˜ื™, ื›ืžื• ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืคื”, ื ื”ื’ื™ื ื’'ื™ื‘ื•ื˜ื™ื™ื ืขื•ืงื‘ื™ื ืื—ืจ ื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ื”ื™ืžื ื™ืช. ืœื ืจืง ื”ืจื›ื‘ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืชืจื’ืœ ื–ืืช, ืืœื ื’ื ืื–ืจื—ื™ื ื•ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ืจื›ื‘. ื‘ื ืงื•ื“ื” ืฉื‘ื” ืื ืฉื™ื ื—ื•ืฆื™ื ืขื•ื‘ืจ ืื•ืจื—, ื”ืขื“ื™ืคื•ืช ื”ื™ื ืืฆืœื. ืœืขื•ืœื ืืœ ืชืชืขืงืฉ ืœืชื‘ื•ืข ื–ื›ื•ืช ืงื“ื™ืžื” ื‘ื›ืœ ืคืขื ืฉืืชื” ืžืชืงืจื‘ ืœื”ื•ืœื›ื™ ืจื’ืœ.

ื’ื™ืœ ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื—ื•ืงื™

ื’ื™ืœ ื”ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื”ื—ื•ืงื™ ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื’'ื™ื‘ื•ื˜ื™ ื”ื•ื 18 ืฉื ื™ื. ืขื ื–ืืช, ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ืฉื›ืจื” ื“ื•ืจืฉื•ืช ืžืœืงื•ื—ื•ืชื™ื”ืŸ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื ื™ 21 ืœืคื—ื•ืช ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื ื™ืฉืื™ืœื• ืืช ืจื›ื‘ื™ื”ื. ืžืœื‘ื“ ื“ืจื™ืฉืช ื’ื™ืœ ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืกืคืงื™ ื”ืฉื›ืจื” ืจื‘ื™ื ื’ื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื‘ื“ื•ืง ืื ื”ืœืงื•ื— ืฉืœื”ื ืžื—ื–ื™ืง ื‘ืจื™ืฉื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ืฉืœื”ื ืœืžืฉืš ืฉื ื” ืื—ืช ืœืคื—ื•ืช. ื™ืชืจ ืขืœ ื›ืŸ, ื“ืจื™ืฉืช ื’ื™ืœ ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ืืฃ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื•ื˜ืœืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ื ืืœื” ืื ืชืจืฆื• ืœืฉื›ื•ืจ ืจื›ื‘ ื™ื•ืงืจื”.

ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขืžื•ื“ ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื“ืจื™ืฉื•ืช ืœืจื™ืฉื™ื•ืŸ ื ื”ื™ื’ื”, ืขืœ ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืืช ืžื‘ื—ืŸ ื”ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื”ืขื™ื•ื ื™ ื•ื”ืžืขืฉื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”. ื”ืจืฉืžื” ืœื‘ื™ืช ืกืคืจ ืœื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื‘ืืจืฅ ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœืš ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืืช ื”ื‘ื—ื™ื ื”, ืื‘ืœ ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื‘ื’'ื™ื‘ื•ื˜ื™ ื›ื‘ืจ ื–ืžื™ื ื™ื ืื ืืชื” ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืขื•ื“ ืขืœ ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื”. ืื ืืชื” ืชื™ื™ืจ ืฉืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ื™ืฉืืจ ืื• ืœื”ื’ื™ืฉ ื‘ืงืฉื” ืœืชื•ืฉื‘ื•ืช, ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ืžื•ืชืจืช ืจืง ืœืื—ืจ ืฉืขื‘ืจืช ื”ืŸ ืืช ื‘ื—ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื”ืขื™ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ืŸ ื”ืžืขืฉื™ืช.

ื—ื•ืงื™ ืขืงื™ืคื”

ืžืœื‘ื“ ื—ื•ืงื™ ื”ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ืฉื”ื•ื–ื›ืจื• ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื” ื‘ื’'ื™ื‘ื•ื˜ื™, ืœืขืงื™ืคื” ื‘ื›ื‘ื™ืฉื™ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื™ืฉ ื›ืœืœื™ื ืฉื™ืฉ ืœืขืงื•ื‘ ืื—ืจื™ื”ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื ื”ื’ื™ื ื–ืจื™ื ื•ื™ืœื™ื“ื™ื ื›ืื—ื“. ืœื‘ื™ืจื•ืจ ื ื•ืกืฃ ืขืœื™ื”ื, ืงืจื ืืช ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ืขืœ ืขืงื™ืคื” ื‘ืืจืฅ:

  • ืืกื•ืจ ืœืขืงื•ืฃ ื‘ื’ื‘ืฉื•ืฉื™ ืจื—ื•ื‘, ื‘ืคื™ืชื•ืœื™ื, ื‘ืฆื•ื•ืืจื™ ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืง, ื‘ืฆืžืชื™ื ื•ื‘ืฆื•ืžืชื™ื ืฉืœ ืขื•ื‘ืจื™ ืื•ืจื—
  • ื‘ืขืช ื ืกื™ืขื” ื‘ื’'ื™ื‘ื•ื˜ื™, ื‘ื“ื•ืง ืืช ื”ื ืชื™ื‘ ื”ืฉืžืืœื™ ื•ื”ื™ืžื ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื›ื‘ื™ืฉ ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืขืงื™ืคื”
  • ืขืงื™ืคื” ื‘ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ืงื•ื“ืจื™ื ืฉื‘ื”ื ื™ืฉ ืจืื•ืช ืœืงื•ื™ื” ืขืœ ื”ื›ื‘ื™ืฉ ื”ื™ื ืžืื•ื“ ืœื ืžืขื•ื“ื“ืช
  • ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื ืชื™ื‘ ืื—ืจ ื•ืขืงื™ืคื” ื‘ืชื—ื ืช ืื•ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืก ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœื™ื ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื”
  • ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืขืจื ื™ื™ื ื‘ืขืช ืขืงื™ืคืช ื‘ืฉื˜ื—ื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืขื™ืจื•ื ื™ื™ื ื•ืžื˜ืจื•ืคื•ืœื™ื ื™ื. ื‘ืžื™ื“ืช ื”ืืคืฉืจ, ืขืฉื” ื–ืืช ื›ืืฉืจ ืžืกืœื•ืœื™ ื›ื‘ื™ืฉ ื–ืžื™ื ื™ื

ืฆื“ ื ื”ื™ื’ื”

ื›ืžื• ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื, ื’'ื™ื‘ื•ื˜ื™ ืคื•ืขืœืช ืœืคื™ ื›ืœืœ ืชื ื•ืขื” ืฉืžืขื“ืฃ ืืช ื”ืฆื“ ื”ื™ืžื ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื›ื‘ื™ืฉ. ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื–ื”, ืืชื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืฆืคื•ืช ื›ื™ ืžื•ืฉื‘ ื”ื ื”ื’ ืžืžื•ืงื ื‘ืฆื“ ืฉืžืืœ ืฉืœ ื”ืจื›ื‘. ืืชื” ืœืœื ืกืคืง ืชื™ืื‘ืง ืื ืืชื” ืžืžื“ื™ื ื” ืฉืขื•ืงื‘ืช ืื—ืจ ืชื ื•ืขื” ืฉืžืืœื™ืช ื›ืžื• ืื•ืกื˜ืจืœื™ื” ื•ืžืชื›ื ื ืช ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืจื›ื‘ ื’'ื™ื‘ื•ื˜ื™.

ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื™ืžื ืข ืžื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืื ืชื—ืœื™ื˜ ืœื ื”ื•ื’ ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื–ื•, ืชื•ื›ืœ ืœืชืจื’ืœ ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืืช ืื—ืช ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื•ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœืขืฆืžืš ืœื”ืชืื™ื ืืช ืขืฆืžืš ืœืชื ื•ืขื” ืฉืœื”ืŸ.

ื›ืœืœื™ ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื‘ื’'ื™ื‘ื•ื˜ื™

ืื ืืชื ื ื•ืกืขื™ื ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ื•ืžื—ืœื™ื˜ื™ื ืœื ืกื•ืข ื‘ื›ื‘ื™ืฉื™ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื‘ื” ืืชื ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ืœื‘ืงืจ, ื ื”ื•ื’ ืœื”ืงืคื™ื“ ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื—ื•ืงื™ ื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ืฉืœื”ื ื•ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ืชืžื™ื“ ืืช ื”ื’ื™ืฉื” ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœื›ื ื‘ื ื”ื™ื’ื”. ืขื ื™ื—ืก ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื ื›ื•ืŸ ื‘ื›ื‘ื™ืฉ ื–ืจ, ืชื”ื™ื” ืคื—ื•ืช ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœื”ื–ืขื™ืง ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืชื ื•ืขื”.

ื ืกื• ืชืžื™ื“ ืœื“ื‘ื•ืง ื‘ืชืงื ื™ ื”ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื•ื”ืงืคื™ื“ื• ืขืœ ื›ืœืœื™ ื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื— ืชืžื™ื“ ืืช ื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื•ืชื›ื. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื–ืžืŸ, ื ืกื” ืœืฆืคื•ืช ื‘ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื‘ื’'ื™ื‘ื•ื˜ื™ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืขื•ื“ ืขืœ ื”ืคืขื™ืœื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืงืฉื•ืจื•ืช ืœืชื ื•ืขื” ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื”.

ืชืงืœื” ื‘ืจื›ื‘

ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืžื ื•ืข ืชื ืื™ื ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืชืงืœื•ืช ื”ืงืฉื•ืจื•ืช ืœืจื›ื‘, ืืš ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ื”ื ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ืžื ืขื™ื ื‘ืฉืœ ื ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ืžื•ืช. ื›ืืฉืจ ืžื•ืฆื’ื™ื ื‘ืžืฆื•ืงื” ืžืกื•ื’ ื–ื”, ื–ื›ืจื• ืชืžื™ื“ ืœื ืœื”ื™ื›ื ืก ืœืคืื ื™ืงื” ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืื•ื›ืคื™ ืชื ื•ืขื” ื™ื’ื™ืขื• ืืœื™ื›ื. ืชืงืจื™ื•ืช ื”ืงืฉื•ืจื•ืช ืœืชื ื•ืขื”, ืื ืื™ื ืŸ ืžื˜ื•ืคืœื•ืช ื›ืจืื•ื™, ืขืœื•ืœื•ืช ืœื”ืจื•ืก ืืช ื”ื˜ื™ื•ืœ ืฉืœืš. ืœื›ืŸ, ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื™ืžื ืข ืžืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืžืฆื‘ ืœื ื ืขื™ื ืžืกื•ื’ ื–ื”, ืœื”ืœืŸ ืจืฉื™ืžื” ืื™ื ืคื•ืจืžื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืขืœื™ืš ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื™ืช ืฉืœืš ืžืชืงืœืงืœืช ื‘ื›ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื ื‘ื’'ื™ื‘ื•ื˜ื™ื™ื:

  1. ื”ืคื•ืš ืืช ื”ืจื›ื‘ ืฉืœืš ื‘ื•ืœื˜ ื›ื›ืœ ื”ืืคืฉืจ. ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช, ืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื“ืœื™ืง ืืช ืื•ืจื•ืช ื”ื—ื™ืจื•ื ืฉืœืš ื›ื“ื™ ืœืกืคืจ ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืืชื” ื ืชืงืœ ื‘ื‘ืขื™ื™ืช ื ื”ื™ื’ื”. ื›ืืฉืจ ืžืฉืื™ืจื™ื ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืžื•ื’ืŸ ื•ืžืชืื™ื, ื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืื•ืชื•ืช ืื–ื”ืจื” ื‘ืจื•ืจื™ื, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ื ื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืชืจืื”, ืื‘ื•ืงื•ืช ืื• ืžืฉื•ืœืฉ ื–ื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื–ืขื™ืง ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืขืœ ื ื•ื›ื—ื•ืช ื”ืจื›ื‘ ืฉืœืš. ื–ื” ื”ื’ื™ื•ื ื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืžืงื ืืช ืžื›ืฉื™ืจ ื”ื”ืชืจืื” ืฉืœืš ื‘ืžืจื—ืง ืจื‘ ืžืื—ื•ืจื™ ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื™ืช ืฉืœืš ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืชื—ืฉื‘ ื‘ื ื”ื’ื™ื ืื• ื’ื•ืจืžื™ ืชื ื•ืขื” ื‘ืงืจื‘ืช ืžืงื•ื.
  2. ืฆื ืžื”ืจื—ื•ื‘. ื ืกื” ืœื”ืจื—ื™ืง ืืช ืจื›ื‘ืš ืžื”ื›ื‘ื™ืฉ ืขื ื”ืชืจืื”. ืื ืืชื” ืœื›ื•ื“ ื‘ืžื ืขื•ืœ ืจืฉืช ืฉืœ ืฉืขื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืžืก, ื‘ืจื— ืžื”ืจื›ื‘ ืฉืœืš ื•ื˜ื™ื™ืœ ื‘ื–ื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืœืื–ื•ืจ ืื—ืจ. ืื ืืชื ื ื•ืกืขื™ื ื‘ื›ื‘ื™ืฉ ืกื•ืืŸ ืื• ืฉืžื›ื•ื ื™ืชื›ื ื ื•ืชืจืช ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชืฃ, ืฆื ื‘ืฆื“ ื”ื ื•ืกืข. ืื ืืชื” ื”ื‘ืขืœื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื™ืช, ื ืขืœ ืื•ืชื” ื•ื”ืฉืื™ืจ ืคืชืง ื”ืžื›ื™ืœ ืืช ืžืกืคืจ ื”ื˜ืœืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœืš ืขืœ ื”ืฉืžืฉื” ื”ืงื“ืžื™ืช ืื ืื•ื›ืคื™ ืชื ื•ืขื” ืขื•ืฆืจื™ื ืœื™ื“ ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื™ืช ืฉืœืš. ืื—ืจืช, ืื ืืชื” ืฉื•ื›ืจ, ื ืกื” ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืงืฉืจ ืขื ืกืคืง ื”ืฉื›ืจืช ื”ืจื›ื‘ ืฉืœืš ืœืคื ื™ ืฉืืชื” ืขื•ื–ื‘ ื•ืžื ื•ื—ื” ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืžื•ื’ืŸ.
  3. ืฉืžื•ืจ ืืช ื›ื ื™ืกื•ืช ื”ื›ื ื™ืกื” ื ืขื•ืœื™ื. ืื ืืชื” ื ืžืฆื ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ืžื•ื’ืŸ ืฉื‘ื• ืื ืฉื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืื•ืชืš, ื ืกื” ืœืขืžื•ื“ ืžื ื’ื“ ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืจื›ื‘ ืฉืœืš. ืœืขื•ืœื ืืœ ืชืคืชื— ืืช ื”ื“ืœืชื•ืช ืฉืœืš, ืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ื—ื’ื•ืจืช ื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื•ืช ืฉืœืš ืžื—ื•ื‘ืจืช ื•ื ืกื” ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืงืฉืจ ืขื ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืฉืืชื” ืžื›ื™ืจ ืื• ืœืกืคืง ื”ืฉื›ืจืช ื”ืจื›ื‘ ืฉืœืš.
  4. ื”ืคืขื™ืœื• ืขื™ืจื ื•ืช. ื™ืฉ ืฆื•ืจืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื–ื”ื™ืจ ื•ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืงื‘ืœืช ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช ืœืคื ื™ ืฉืžื‘ืงืฉื™ื ืขื–ืจื” ืžื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื. ืื ืืชื” ืžื˜ื™ืœ ืกืคืง ื‘ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืกืžื•ื›ื™ื ืฉืžื ืกื™ื ืœืขื–ื•ืจ, ื”ื™ืฉืืจ ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืจื›ื‘ ื•ื”ื•ืจื“ ืืช ื”ื—ืœื•ืŸ ืžืกืคื™ืง ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœืฉืžื•ืข ืืช ืงื•ืœืš. ืื ืขื–ืจื” ื‘ื“ืจืš, ืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื“ื—ื•ืช ื‘ื ื™ืžื•ืก ืกื™ื•ืข ืžืื—ืจื™ื ื•ืœื”ื•ื“ื•ืช ืœื”ื.

ื”ืžืฉื˜ืจื” ืขื•ืฆืจืช

ื›ืืฉืจ ืืชื ื‘ื ืกื™ืขืช ื—ื•ืฅ, ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื›ื ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื ืกื™ืขื” ื‘ื›ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื ืฉืœื•, ื”ืชื›ื•ื ื ื• ืœืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืฉื™ื™ืขืฆืจื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฉื•ืžืจื™ ื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ืื• ื”ืžืฉื˜ืจื” ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ืช. ื–ื›ื•ืจ ืชืžื™ื“ ืœื”ื™ืฉืืจ ืจื’ื•ืข ื•ืœื ืœื”ืจื’ื™ืฉ ืžืื•ื™ื ืžื ื•ื›ื—ื•ืชื ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžื ื•ืข ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื›ืœืฉื”ืŸ. ื ืกื” ืœืžืžืฉ ืืช ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืชื™ืš ื›ื ื”ื’, ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืื ืืชื” ืžื•ื“ืข ืœื›ืš ืฉืœื ื‘ื™ืฆืขืช ืขื‘ื™ืจืช ืชื ื•ืขื” ื›ืœืฉื”ื™. ืขื ื–ืืช, ื–ื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ืžื™ืžื•ืฉ ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืืœื• ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื” ืžืื•ื“.

ื”ื“ืœืง ืžื™ื“ ืืช ืื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืžืคื’ืข ืฉืœืš ื›ืืฉืจ ืขื•ืฆืจื™ื ืื•ืชืš ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืื•ื›ืคื™ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”. ืจืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ื‘ื•ื•ื“ืื™ ื™ื‘ื“ืงื• ืืช ืžืกืžื›ื™ ื”ื ืกื™ืขื” ืฉืœื›ื ื•ื™ื•ื“ื™ืขื• ืœื›ื ืžื™ื“ ืื ื‘ื™ืฆืขืชื ืขื‘ื™ืจื•ืช ืชื ื•ืขื” ื›ืœืฉื”ืŸ. ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ื–ื”, ื”ื™ื” ืžื ื•ืžืก ืžืกืคื™ืง ื›ื“ื™ ืœื‘ืจืš ืื•ืชื, ื•ื”ืจืื” ืœื”ื ืžื™ื“ ืืช ื”ืจื™ืฉื•ืžื™ื ืฉืœืš ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ื”ืจื™ืฉื™ื•ืŸ, ื”ื“ืจื›ื•ืŸ ื•ื”-IDP ืฉืœืš. ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ, ืฆื™ื™ืชื• ืœื›ืœ ื”ื”ื ื—ื™ื•ืช ืฉื™ื™ื ืชื ื• ืœื›ื.

ืฉื•ืืœ ื”ื ื—ื™ื•ืช

ื‘ื”ื™ื•ืชืš ืžื˜ื™ื™ืœ ืฉืžื ืกื” ืœื”ืกืชื›ืœ ืขืœ ื”ืžืฆื•ื™ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื’'ื™ื‘ื•ื˜ื™, ืืชื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื—ืงืจ ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื–ืจื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืืชื’ืจ. ืœืžื–ืœื›ื, ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ ื”ืื•ืžื” ื™ื“ื•ืขื™ื ื›ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ ืœื‘ ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื•ืžื–ืžื™ื ื™ื ืœืชื™ื™ืจื™ื. ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื“ื•ื‘ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช, ื—ืงืจ ื’'ื™ื‘ื•ื˜ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืืชื’ืจ ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืจื•ื‘ ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื” ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืชืงืฉืจ ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื‘ืจืžืช ื”ืฉื™ื—ื”.

ืžื—ืกื•ืžื™ื

ื›ืืฉืจ ืžืคืขื™ืœื™ื ืžื›ื•ื ื™ืช ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื–ืจื”, ืœืคืขืžื™ื ื–ื” ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ืžื ืข ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ืžื—ืกื•ืžื™ื, ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื›ืืฉืจ ืขื•ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช. ื–ื” ื‘ื•ืœื˜ ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืœืœื ื—ื•ืฃ ื›ืžื• ื’'ื™ื‘ื•ื˜ื™, ืฉื ื”ื™ื ืžื•ืงืคืช ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื’ื ื•ืช ื‘ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ื™ื‘ืฉืชื™ื™ื. ืจืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ืžืงื•ืžื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืฆื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ื‘ืžื—ืกื•ืžื™ ื”ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ื”ืœืœื•, ื•ื–ื” ื ื•ืจืžืœื™ ืฉื”ืŸ ื™ื‘ื“ืงื• ืืช ืžืกืžื›ื™ ื”ื ืกื™ืขื” ืฉืœื›ื ืื• ื™ื‘ืงืฉื• ืžื” ืžื˜ืจืช ื”ื›ื ื™ืกื” ืฉืœื›ื ืœื’ื‘ื•ืœ.

ืืชื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื ื•ืžืก ื›ืœืคื™ื”ื ื•ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ืœืš ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืžืกืžื›ื™ ื ืกื™ืขื” ืจืœื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ื™ื ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ื”ืจื™ืฉื™ื•ืŸ, ื”ื“ืจื›ื•ืŸ ื•ื”-IDP ืฉืœืš. ื›ืฉื”ื ืฉื•ืืœื™ื ืฉืืœื•ืช, ืืชื” ืืžื•ืจ ืœืขื ื•ืช ืขืœื™ื”ืŸ ื‘ื›ื ื•ืช. ืื ื”ื ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ืฉืคื” ืฉืœืš, ื ืกื” ืœืชืงืฉืจ ืื™ืชื ื“ืจืš ื”ืฉืคื” ื”ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืื• ื”ืชืงืŸ ื™ื™ืฉื•ื ืชืจื’ื•ื ื‘ื˜ืœืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœืš. ื™ืชืจ ืขืœ ื›ืŸ, ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื ืžื‘ืงืฉื™ื ืจืฉื•ืช ืœื‘ื“ื•ืง ืืช ื”ืจื›ื‘ ืฉืœืš, ื”ื™ื” ืžืกืคื™ืง ืžื—ื•ื™ื‘ ืœืชืช ืœื”ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช.

ื˜ื™ืคื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื

ื—ืงืจ ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื‘ืžื›ื•ื ื™ืช ื™ื“ื•ืข ื›ื™ื“ื•ืข ื ื•ื— ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื›ืœื™ ืชื—ื‘ื•ืจื”. ืขื ื–ืืช, ืื ืืชื” ื”ื ื”ื’ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“, ืชื”ื™ื” ื ื˜ื™ื™ื” ืœืœื›ืช ืœืื™ื‘ื•ื“ ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื ื”ื™ื’ื”. ื›ื›ื–ื”, ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืœืฉืื•ืœ ื”ื ื—ื™ื•ืช ื”ื•ื ื“ืจืš ืžืฆื•ื™ื ืช ืœื”ื™ืžื ืข ืžื”ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ื”ื–ื•. ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ื’ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื›ืœื™ ื˜ื•ื‘ ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžืฆื•ื ื”ื ื—ื™ื•ืช ื ืกื™ืขื” ื•ืœืืชืจ ืืช ื›ื‘ื™ืฉื™ ื”ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ. ื–ื” ื™ื‘ื˜ื™ื— ื˜ื™ื•ืœ ื ื™ื”ืœ ื•ืžืจื’ืฉ.

ืชื ืื™ ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื‘ื’'ื™ื‘ื•ื˜ื™

"ื”ืื ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื” ื‘ื’'ื™ื‘ื•ื˜ื™" ื”ื™ื ืฉืืœื” ืื—ืช ืฉื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื”ืจื”ืจ ื‘ื” ื›ืžื˜ื™ื™ืœ. ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื–ื• ืžื“ื•ื•ื—ืช ื›ืžืกื•ื›ื ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื˜ื™ื™ืœื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื. ื›ืชืคื™ ื›ื‘ื™ืฉ ื•ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ ืจื’ืœ ื ืขื“ืจื™ื ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ื‘ื’'ื™ื‘ื•ื˜ื™. ื’ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ื›ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื•, ื•ื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื•ื•ืช ืกื™ื‘ื” ืขื‘ื•ืจื›ื ืœื”ื™ืงืœืข ืœืชืื•ื ื”. ื ื”ื’ื™ ืžื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืžื“ื•ื•ื—ื™ื ื›ืคื–ื™ื–ื™ื, ื•ืชืžื™ื“ ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื™ืžื ืข ืžื”ื ื›ืืฉืจ ื ืชืงืœื™ื ื‘ื”ื. ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื‘ืœื™ืœื” ื”ื™ื ื’ื ืžืกื•ื›ื ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื›ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื ืœืจื•ื‘ ืžื•ืืจื™ื ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื’ืจื•ืขื” ื‘ืจื•ื‘ ืื–ื•ืจื™ื”.

ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื›ื‘ื™ืฉ ืื˜ื•ื ื˜ื•ื‘ ื”ื•ื ื“ื‘ืจ ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืžืืœื™ื• ื‘ื’'ื™ื‘ื•ื˜ื™, ืื™ืŸ ื–ื” ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืฉืฆืจื™ืš ืœื ืงื•ื˜ ืžืฉื ื” ื–ื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื‘ื’'ื™ื‘ื•ื˜ื™. ื ื”ื’ื™ื ืžืงื•ืžื™ื™ื ืžืชืขืœืžื™ื ืœืจื•ื‘ ืžืชืžืจื•ืจื™ ื ื”ื™ื’ื”, ื•ื”ื ืชืžื™ื“ ื—ื•ืจื’ื™ื ืžื”ืžื’ื‘ืœื•ืช ื”ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื’ื“ืจื•ืช ื‘ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืฉืœื”ื. ืžื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืฆื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื—ื•ื‘ื” ืœื”ืคื’ื™ืŸ ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื•ืช ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ืžื’ื•ื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœื ืชื—ืœื™ื˜ ืœื ื”ื•ื’ ื‘ื’'ื™ื‘ื•ื˜ื™.

ืกื˜ื˜ื™ืกื˜ื™ืงืช ืชืื•ื ื•ืช

ืขืœ ืคื™ ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืฉืคื•ืจืกืžื• ืฉืœ ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™, ืžืงืจื™ ื”ืžื•ื•ืช ื‘ืชืื•ื ื•ืช ื“ืจื›ื™ื ื‘ื’'ื™ื‘ื•ื˜ื™ ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืœ-245 ื‘ืฉื ืช 2018, ืฉื”ื 3.74% ืžื”ืชืื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืงืฉื•ืจื•ืช ืœืชื ื•ืขื” ืฉืชื•ืขื“ื• ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื”. ื’'ื™ื‘ื•ื˜ื™ ืžื“ื•ืจื’ืช ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื”-38 ื‘ืขื•ืœื, ืขื ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืชืžื•ืชื” ืฉืœ 30.19 ืœื›ืœ 100,000 ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ื.

ื›ืœื™ ืจื›ื‘ ื ืคื•ืฆื™ื

ื›ืœื™ ืจื›ื‘ ืคืจื˜ื™ื™ื ื‘ืฆื•ืจืช ืžื›ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืกื“ืืŸ, ื˜ื ื“ืจื™ื ื•ืื•ืคื ื•ืขื™ื ื”ื ืืžืฆืขื™ ื”ืชื—ื‘ื•ืจื” ื”ื ืคื•ืฅ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื’'ื™ื‘ื•ื˜ื™. ืขื ื–ืืช, ืœื ืœื›ื•ืœื ื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ืœื•ืงืกื•ืก ืœืงื ื•ืช ืžื›ื•ื ื™ืช ืžืฉืœื•. ื›ื›ื–ื”, ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืชื ืฉืื™ื ืขืœ ื›ืœื™ ืชื—ื‘ื•ืจื” ืื—ืจื™ื ืœื”ืกืชื•ื‘ื‘. ื—ืœืง ืžืจื›ื‘ื™ ื”ืชื—ื‘ื•ืจื” ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ืช ื”ื ืคื•ืฆื™ื ื‘ืืจืฅ ื”ื ืžื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื•ืื•ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืกื™ื.

ืžืฆื‘ ื”ื›ื‘ื™ืฉ

ื“ื•ื•ื— ื›ื™ ืชื ืื™ ื”ื›ื‘ื™ืฉ ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื’'ื™ื‘ื•ื˜ื™ ืชืžื™ื“ ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื ืžืชื•ื—ื–ืงื™ื ืœืขืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ืช. ืœืžืจื•ืช ื–ืืช, ืœืžื“ื™ื ื” ื™ืฉ ืžื•ื ื™ื˜ื™ืŸ ืจืข ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ื ื”ื’ื™ื ืฉืœื”, ืฉืœืขืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ืžืชืขืœืžื™ื ืžื—ื•ืงื™ ื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ื•ืœืขืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ื—ื•ืจื’ื™ื ืžื”ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืชืจืช ื‘ื›ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื. ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื’ื ื ืงืจืืช ืœืขืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ื™ืขื“ืจ ืชืžืจื•ืจื™ื ื•ื ื•ื›ื—ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ืงืจ ืžื‘ื•ื™ืช, ืžื” ืฉืขืœื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ื’ื•ืจื ืœืชืงืœื•ืช ืชื ื•ืขื” ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื”.

ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื ื”ื™ื’ื”

ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ื•ื–ื›ืจ ืงื•ื“ื ืœื›ืŸ, ื”ื›ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื ืžืชื•ื—ื–ืงื™ื ื”ื™ื˜ื‘ ื•ืœืขืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื‘ื’'ื™ื‘ื•ื˜ื™. ืขื ื–ืืช, ื–ื” ืœื ืžืกืชื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉืจื•ื‘ ื”ื ื”ื’ื™ื ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื”ื ืคื–ื™ื–ื™ื ื•ืœืขืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ืžื ื™ื—ื™ื ื‘ืฆื“ ืืช ื›ืœืœื™ ื”ื ื”ื™ื’ื”. ื ื”ื’ื™ื ืžืงื•ืžื™ื™ื ืžืชืขืœืžื™ื ืžืฉืœื˜ื™ ื ื”ื™ื’ื”, ื•ื”ื ืชืžื™ื“ ื—ื•ืจื’ื™ื ืžื”ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืชืจืช ื”ืžื•ื’ื“ืจืช ื‘ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืฉืœื”ื. ืžื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืฆื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื—ื•ื‘ื” ืœื”ืคื’ื™ืŸ ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื•ืช ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ืžื’ื•ื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœื ืชื—ืœื™ื˜ ืœื ื”ื•ื’ ื‘ื’'ื™ื‘ื•ื˜ื™.

ื˜ื™ืคื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื

ื™ืฉื ื ืคืจื˜ื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ื”ืงืฉื•ืจื™ื ืœื ื”ื™ื’ื” ืฉื›ื“ืื™ ืœืฉื™ื ืœื‘ ืืœื™ื”ื ื‘ืขืช ื ืกื™ืขื” ื‘ื›ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื ืฉืœ ื’'ื™ื‘ื•ื˜ื™. ื™ื—ื™ื“ืช ื”ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื›ืœื™ ืจื›ื‘ ื’'ื™ื‘ื•ื˜ื™ื™ื ื”ื™ื ื›ื–ื• ืฉืื•ืœื™ ืชืจืฆื” ืœื“ืขืช ืœืคื ื™ ืฉืชืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื ืกื•ืข. ืงืจื ืขื•ื“ ืขืœื™ื”ื ืขื ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ ืœืžื˜ื”.

ืง"ืž ืœื”ืฆื’ืช ืžื’ื‘ืœื•ืช ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช

ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื ืœืฉืขื” ื”ื™ื ื™ื—ื™ื“ืช ื”ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืกื˜ื ื“ืจื˜ื™ืช ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื’'ื™ื‘ื•ื˜ื™. ื™ืฉ ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ืขืœื™ื•ื ื” ืœื ืœื—ืจื•ื’ ืžืžื›ืกื•ืช ื”ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช. ืžื’ื‘ืœื•ืช ื”ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืžืฉืชื ื•ืช ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื˜ืจื™ื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ื’'ื™ื‘ื•ื˜ื™. ืžื›ืกืช ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ 50 ืงืž"ืฉ ื ื™ื›ืจืช ื‘ืขื™ื™ืจื•ืช ื•ื‘ืขืจื™ื, 30 ืงืž"ืฉ ื‘ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ืžืื•ื›ืœืกื™ื ื‘ื›ื‘ื“ื•ืช; ื•ื”ื’ื‘ืœืช 80 ืงืž"ืฉ ื‘ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ื›ืคืจื™ื™ื. ืงื ืกื•ืช ื ืื›ืคื™ื ืื ื™ืชื’ืœื” ืฉืืชื” ืขื•ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืชืจืช ืฉืœ ื›ื‘ื™ืฉื™ ื’'ื™ื‘ื•ื˜ื™.

ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื‘ื’'ื™ื‘ื•ื˜ื™

ื’'ื™ื‘ื•ื˜ื™ ืžื•ื›ืจืช ืœืขืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ื›ืื—ืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืืคืจื™ืงื”. ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ื”ืคืฉื™ืขื” ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื–ื• ื ืžื•ื›ื™ื ืžืื•ื“, ื•ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืื•ื“ ืžืกื‘ื™ืจื™ ืคื ื™ื ืœืชื™ื™ืจื™ื. ืœืื•ืžื” ื™ืฉ ื’ื ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืช ื ืกื™ืขื•ืช ืžื‘ื•ืกืกืช, ื•ื–ื• ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืฉื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื–ื•ื›ื” ืœื‘ื™ืงื•ืจื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืฉืœ ื–ืจื™ื ืžื›ืœ ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ื’'ื™ื‘ื•ื˜ื™ ืžืฆื™ืขื” ืฉืœืœ ืžื“ื”ื™ื ืฉืœ ืื˜ืจืงืฆื™ื•ืช, ื•ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืขืฉื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื”ื™ื ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืœืฆืคื•ืช ืœื• ื‘ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจ ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื”.

ืขื ื”ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉื”ื•ื–ื›ืจื• ืœืขื™ืœ ืฉืžืฆื™ืขื” ื’'ื™ื‘ื•ื˜ื™, ืื™ืŸ ื–ื” ืžืคืชื™ืข ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื—ื™ื•ืช ื“ืจืš ืงื‘ืข ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื”. ืžื“ืจื™ืš ื–ื” ื™ืกืคืง ืคืจื˜ื™ื ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ื’ื™ืฉ ื‘ืงืฉื” ืœืชื•ืฉื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื’'ื™ื‘ื•ื˜ื™. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ื–ื” ื’ื ื™ื™ืชืŸ ืคืจื˜ื™ื ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ืžื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืœืงื—ืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื›ื ื”ื’ ื‘ืืจืฅ.

ืกืข ื‘ืชื•ืจ ืชื™ื™ืจ

ื•ืื›ืŸ, ื›ืœ ื”ื ื•ืคืฉื™ื ื‘ื’ื™ืœ ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื—ื•ืงื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื ื”ื•ื’ ื‘ื’'ื™ื‘ื•ื˜ื™ ื›ืœ ืขื•ื“ ื™ืฉ ืœืš ืืช ื”ืžืกืžื›ื™ื ื”ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ื™ื. ื‘ื”ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”, ื™ืฉื ืŸ ื“ืจื™ืฉื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ืžื•ืช ืฉืขืœื™ืš ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืง ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืชื•ื›ืœ ืœื ื”ื•ื’ ื‘ื›ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื ื‘ื’'ื™ื‘ื•ื˜ื™ื™ื. ืจืืฉื™ืช, ืขืœื™ืš ืชืžื™ื“ ืœืฉืืช ืืช ืจื™ืฉื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื”ืจื’ื™ืœ ืฉืœืš.

ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืžื—ื™ื™ื‘ืช ืื•ืชืš ืœืฉืืช ืืช ื”ืจื™ืฉื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœืš ืขื ื”-IDP ืื ืืชื” ื–ืจ. ื™ืชืจ ืขืœ ื›ืŸ, ื”ืงืคื“ ืœืฉืืช ืชืžื™ื“ ืืช ื”ื“ืจื›ื•ืŸ ืฉืœืš ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื•ื ื ื‘ื“ืง ืœืขืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืจืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ื•ืช ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœื ื™ืขืฆืจื• ืื•ืชืš ืขืœ ื™ื“ื.

ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื›ื ื”ื’

ืื™ืฉื•ืจ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ื•ื ืžืกืžืš ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ ืฉืืชื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืื ืืชื” ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ื›ื ื”ื’ ื‘ื’'ื™ื‘ื•ื˜ื™. ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ, ืขืœื™ืš ืœื”ื’ื™ืฉ ื‘ืงืฉื” ืœืจื™ืฉื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื”ืจื’ื™ืœ ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืื ืืชื” ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืขื‘ื•ืจืš ืจื›ื‘ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืจื•ื•ื™ื— ื›ืกืฃ. ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื’ืฉืช ื”ื‘ืงืฉื” ืœืจื™ืฉื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื™ืœื™ื“ื™ื, ืืชื” ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฉื ืฉื ืชืžื™ื“ ืืช ืจื™ืฉื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื•ื”-IDP ืฉืœ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืฉืœืš. ืฉื ื™ ื”ืžืกืžื›ื™ื ื ื™ืฉืื™ื ืชืžื™ื“ ื™ื—ื“ ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืชื•ื›ืœ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ื›ื ื”ื’ ื›ืœ ืขื•ื“ ื‘ืงืฉืช ื”ืจื™ืฉื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœืš ื ืžืฉื›ืช.

ื”ื’ืฉ ื‘ืงืฉื” ืœืชื•ืฉื‘ื•ืช

ื›ืžื• ื›ืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืื—ืจืช, ืœืคื ื™ ืฉืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœื—ื™ื•ืช ื“ืจืš ืงื‘ืข ื‘ื’'ื™ื‘ื•ื˜ื™, ืืชื ื ื“ืจืฉื™ื ืœื”ื’ื™ืฉ ื‘ืงืฉื” ืœืื™ืฉื•ืจ ืฉื”ื™ื™ื” ื‘ืฉื’ืจื™ืจื•ืช ื’'ื™ื‘ื•ื˜ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”. ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื”ื”ื™ืชืจ, ืžืฆื•ืคื” ืžืžืš ื’ื ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืง ื‘ืืฉืจืช ื›ื ื™ืกื”. ืื ืืชื” ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ื‘ืืจืฅ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืกืคืง ืืช ื”ืืžืฆืขื™ื ืฉืœืš, ื–ื” ื’ื ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ ืœืงื‘ืœ ืื™ืฉื•ืจ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืื• ืจื™ืฉื™ื•ืŸ ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืชื•ื›ืœ ืœืขืกื•ืง ื‘ืžืงืฆื•ืข ืœืคื™ ื‘ื—ื™ืจืชืš.

ื”ืžืกืžื›ื™ื ื”ื ื“ืจืฉื™ื ืœืงื‘ืœืช ื”ื™ืชืจ ืฉื”ื™ื™ื” ื‘ื’'ื™ื‘ื•ื˜ื™ ื”ื ื”ื‘ืื™ื:

  • ื˜ื•ืคืก ื‘ืงืฉื”
  • ืฆื™ืœื•ืžื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื™ื
  • ื“ึทืจื›ึผื•ึนืŸ
  • ืขื•ืชืง ื ื•ื˜ืจื™ื•ื ื™ ืฉืœ ืžืกืžืš ื ืกื™ืขื” ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ื“ืจื›ื•ืŸ
  • ืขื“ื•ืช ืœื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช

ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช

ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื’'ื™ื‘ื•ื˜ื™ ืื ืชืžืฆื ืืช ื”ื ื˜ื™ื™ื” ืœื”ื™ืฉืืจ ื–ืžืŸ ืจื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืื• ืงื‘ื•ืข ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื”. ื‘ืฉืœ ื™ื•ืคื™ื• ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื”ื›ื—ื™ืฉื•, ืจื‘ื™ื ืžืชืื”ื‘ื™ื ื•ืžืชืคืชื™ื ืœื—ื™ื•ืช ื•ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ื‘ืืจืฅ.

ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืœื”ืžื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืจื™ืฉื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœืš ื‘ื’'ื™ื‘ื•ื˜ื™?

ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉื”ื—ืœื˜ืชื ืœื”ื™ืฉืืจ ืœืฆืžื™ืชื•ืช ื‘ื’'ื™ื‘ื•ื˜ื™, ื—ื•ื‘ื” ืœืจื›ื•ืฉ ืืช ืจื™ืฉื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™. ืงื‘ืœืช ืจื™ืฉื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ืฉืœ ื’'ื™ื‘ื•ื˜ื™ ืžื—ื™ื™ื‘ืช ืื•ืชืš ืœื”ื’ื™ืฉ ื“ืจื™ืฉื•ืช ืžื•ืงื“ืžื•ืช ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืชืขื•ื“ืช ื–ื”ื•ืช, ื˜ื•ืคืก ื‘ืงืฉื”, IDP ื•ืจื™ืฉื™ื•ืŸ ื ื”ื™ื’ื”. ื™ืชืจื” ืžื›ืš, ืขืžื™ื“ื” ื‘ืžื‘ื—ื ื™ ื”ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื”ืžืขืฉื™ื™ื ื•ื”ืชื™ืื•ืจื˜ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื ื“ืจืฉืช ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืชื”ื™ื” ื›ืฉื™ืจ ืœืงื‘ืœ ืืช ืจื™ืฉื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ืฉืœ ื’'ื™ื‘ื•ื˜ื™.

ื”ื™ืขื“ื™ื ื”ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื™ื ื‘ื’'ื™ื‘ื•ื˜ื™

ื‘ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจื” ื”ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื” ื•ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืช ื”ื ืกื™ืขื•ืช ื”ืžื‘ื•ืกืกืช ื‘ื’'ื™ื‘ื•ื˜ื™, ื–ืจื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืžืชืคืชื™ื ืœื‘ืงืจ ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืืคืจื™ืงืื™ืช ื–ื•. ื”ื•ื ืžืฆื™ืข ื”ืจื‘ื” ืื˜ืจืงืฆื™ื•ืช ื•ืคืขื™ืœื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœืกืคืง ืืช ืจื•ื— ื”ื”ืจืคืชืงื ื•ืช ืฉื‘ืš. ื›ื•ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื”ื™ืฉื’ ื™ื“ืš ื‘ืกื™ื•ืข ืฉืœ IDP. ืืชื” ืœืœื ืกืคืง ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื— ืืช ื”ืžืขื ืง ื”ื–ื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืงื•ื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ื ื—ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื™ื’ื•ื“ ื”ื ื”ื’ื™ื ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™.

ื”ืื•ืžื” ืื™ื“ื™ืืœื™ืช ืœื”ื™ื—ืงืจ ืขื ืจื›ื‘, ื•ื‘ื—ืจื ื• ืืช ื™ืขื“ื™ ื”ืจื›ื‘ ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืงื—ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืืช ืฉื”ื•ืชื›ื ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื”ื ื”ื“ืจืช ื”ื–ื• ืœืžืคื’ืฉ ืžื”ื ื” ื•ืžื–ืœ.

ืขื™ืจ ื’'ื™ื‘ื•ื˜ื™

ื˜ื™ื•ืœ ืœื’'ื™ื‘ื•ื˜ื™ ืœื ื™ื”ื™ื” ืžืจื”ื™ื‘ ื‘ืœื™ ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจ ื‘ืขื™ืจ ื”ื‘ื™ืจื” ื”ืžืฆื•ื™ื ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”. ื”ืขื™ืจ ื’'ื™ื‘ื•ื˜ื™ ื”ื™ื ืื–ื•ืจ ืฉื‘ื• ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœื™ื”ื ื•ืช ืžืคืขื™ืœื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืขื•ืจืฃ ืื• ื‘ื—ื•ืฅ ื‘ื™ื. ื”ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ื•ื ื’ื ื›ื•ืจ ื”ื™ืชื•ืš ืฉืœ ืชืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช, ื•ื–ื” ื“ื‘ืจ ื˜ื•ื‘ ืœื”ืชืขื ื’ ืขืœื™ื•. ื”ืžืงื•ื ื”ื–ื” ืžื›ื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืžืกืขื“ื”, ื”ืžืœื•ื ื•ืช ื•ื”ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœื”ื™ืจื’ืข ื‘ื”ื ืœืื—ืจ ื˜ื™ื•ืœ ืžืชื™ืฉ. ื ืกื™ืขื” ืžื ืžืœ ื”ืชืขื•ืคื” ืฉืœ ื’'ื™ื‘ื•ื˜ื™ ืœืขื™ืจ ื’'ื™ื‘ื•ื˜ื™ ืชื™ืงื— 8 ื“ืงื•ืช ื‘ืœื‘ื“.

ื”ื•ืจืื•ืช ื ืกื™ืขื”:

  1. ืžืฉื“ื” ื”ืชืขื•ืคื” ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ ืฉืœ ื’'ื™ื‘ื•ื˜ื™, ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื• ืœื ืกื•ืข ืžืขืจื‘ื”.
  2. ืคื ื” ื™ืžื™ื ื” ื•ืกืข ืงื“ื™ืžื” ืขื“ ืฉืชื’ื™ืข ืœื™ืขื“.

ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช

ืื ื‘ืจืฆื•ื ื›ื ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืืช ืฉื”ื•ืชื›ื ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ื–ื” ืœื›ื“ืื™ืช, ื”ื ื” ืจืฉื™ืžื” ืฉืœ ื”ืคืขื™ืœื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื”ื ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื‘ืขื™ืจ ื’'ื™ื‘ื•ื˜ื™.

  1. ืกื™ื•ืจ ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™
    ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ืขื™ืจ ื’'ื™ื‘ื•ื˜ื™ ื”ื™ื ื›ื•ืจ ื”ื™ืชื•ืš ืฉืœ ืชืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช, ื”ืžืงื•ื ื”ื•ื ื™ืขื“ ืžื•ืฉืœื ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืขื•ื“ ืขืœ ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื•ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื”ื™ื ื”ืคื›ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ื™ื ื”ื™ื•ื. ื”ื•ื ืžื›ื™ืœ ืžืกืคืจ ืžื•ื–ื™ืื•ื ื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื’ื“ื™ืœ ืืช ื”ื™ื“ืข ืฉืœืš ื’ื ืขืœ ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื”ืขืฉื™ืจื” ืฉืœื•.
  2. ืชื™ื”ื ื• ืžื˜ื™ื•ืœื™ื ื‘ืคืืจืงื™ ื”ืฉืขืฉื•ืขื™ื ืฉืœื•
    ืื ืืชื ืžื‘ืงืจื™ื ื‘ื’'ื™ื‘ื•ื˜ื™ ืขื ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื” ืฉืœื›ื, ืขื™ืจ ื”ื‘ื™ืจื” ื”ื™ื ื”ื™ืขื“ ืขื‘ื•ืจื›ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืคืขื™ืœื•ื™ื•ืช ืงื‘ื•ืฆืชื™ื•ืช. ืคืืจืงื™ ืฉืขืฉื•ืขื™ื ื ืคื•ืฆื™ื ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ื•ื”ื ืžืงื•ื ืžื•ืฉืœื ืœื ืกื•ืช ืจื›ื™ื‘ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช, ืื•ื›ืœ ื•ืคืขื™ืœื•ื™ื•ืช ืคื ืื™ ืื—ืจื•ืช.
  3. ืกืคื•ืจื˜ ืžื™ื ื•ืคืขื™ืœื•ื™ื•ืช
    ื”ืขื™ืจ ื’'ื™ื‘ื•ื˜ื™ ื”ื™ื ื’ื ืžืงื•ื ืฉื‘ื• ื ืžืฆืื™ื ืืชืจื™ ื ื•ืคืฉ ื•ืคืืจืงื™ ืžื™ื ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื”. ื›ืืฉืจ ืืชื” ืžื‘ืงืจ ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืืœื”, ืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืฉื—ืง ืขื ื“ื•ืœืคื™ื ื™ื, ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืฉื ื•ืจืงืœื™ื ื’, ืกื™ื•ืจื™ ืกื™ืจื”, ืฆืœื™ืœื” ื•ืกืคื•ืจื˜ ืžื™ื ืื—ืจ.

ืชื“ื’'ื•ืจื”

ื”ืขื™ืจ, ืฉื ื—ืฉื‘ืช ืœืื—ืช ื”ืขืจื™ื ื”ืขืชื™ืงื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื’'ื™ื‘ื•ื˜ื™, ื”ื™ื ื‘ื™ืชื ืฉืœ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื‘ืชื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ื“ื™ื ื‘ืœื‘ืŸ ืฉืžืจื”ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœืฆืคื•ืช ื‘ื”ื. ื”ืขื™ืจ ื”ื™ื ืื–ื•ืจ ื ื”ื“ืจ ืขื‘ื•ืจื›ื ืœื˜ื™ื™ืœ ื‘ื• ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื™ื ืžืงื•ื ืฉืงื˜ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื”ืขื™ืจ ื’'ื™ื‘ื•ื˜ื™. ื–ื”ื• ื‘ื™ืชื ืฉืœ ืžืกื’ื“ื™ื ืžืจื”ื™ื‘ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื, ืฉื”ื ืžืงื•ื ืžื•ืฉืœื ืœื”ื™ืจื’ืข ื‘ื• ื•ืœืขืจื•ืš ืฆื™ืœื•ื. ื”ืขื™ืจ ืžืฆื™ืขื” ื’ื ืชืฆืคื™ืช ื ื”ื“ืจืช ืขืœ ื—ื•ืฃ ื”ื™ื, ืฉื ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืฉื•ื˜ ื‘ืกื™ืจื” ืœืกื™ื•ืจ ื‘ืขื™ืจ.

ื”ื•ืจืื•ืช ื ืกื™ืขื”:

  1. ืžื”ืขื™ืจ ื’'ื™ื‘ื•ื˜ื™, ืคื ื• ืฉืžืืœื” ื‘ืฆื•ืžืช ื”ืจื—ื•ื‘ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ.
  2. ืงื—ื• ืืช RN3 ืœ-RN1 ื‘-Balbala ื•ืฆื ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ื‘ื›ื™ื›ืจ.
  3. ืกืขื• ืœ-RN9 ื‘-Region de Tadjourah.

ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช

ืชืชืื”ื‘ื• ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื”ืชื™ื™ืจื•ืชื™ ื”ืžื“ื”ื™ื ื”ื–ื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ื”ืคืขื™ืœื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืžืœืฆื•ืช ืœืžื˜ื”.

  1. ื‘ืงืจ ื‘ืคืืจืง ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ ื™ื•ื ื™ืขืจ
    ืžืžื•ืงื ื‘-Tadjoura ื”ื•ื ื”ืคืืจืง ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ ื™ืขืจ ื™ื•ื, ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืงื•ื ืžื•ืฉืœื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืื•ื”ื‘ื™ ื˜ื‘ืข ืœื”ื™ืจื’ืข. ื”ืคืืจืง ืžื•ืงืฃ ื‘ื™ืขืจื•ืช ื•ื’ื ื™ื ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืœืœื›ืช ืขืœื™ื”ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉื›ื•ื— ืืช ื”ืœื—ืฅ ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื•ืœืจืขื ืŸ ืืช ื”ื ืคืฉ ื•ื”ื’ื•ืฃ.
  2. ื‘ืงืจ ื‘ืžืคืจืฅ ืชื“ื’'ื•ืจื”
    ืžืคืจืฅ ื˜ื“ื’'ื•ืจื” ืžื•ืงืฃ ื‘ื™ื ื•ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืžื‘ืงืจื™ื ื‘ืžื™ืงื•ื ื–ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืคืขื™ืœื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืงืฉื•ืจื•ืช ืœืžื™ื. ืฉื ื•ืจืงืœื™ื ื’, ืฆืœื™ืœื”, ืฆื™ืœื•ื ืžืชื—ืช ืœืžื™ื ื•ืฉื—ื™ื™ื” ืขื ื›ืจื™ืฉื™ื ื”ื ืจืง ื—ืœืง ืžืคืขื™ืœื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ื‘ื” ื”ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ื•ืช ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ืฉืชืชืฃ ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ื–ื”.
  3. ื˜ื™ื•ืœ ื‘ื”ืจื™ ื’ื•ื“ื” ื”ื™ืจื•ืงื™ื
    ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืืœื” ื”ืžื‘ืงืฉื™ื ืœื‘ืฆืข ืคืขื™ืœื•ื™ื•ืช ืžืจื’ืฉื•ืช ื‘ืขืช ืกื™ื•ืจ ืžื“ื™ื ื”, ื”ืจื™ ืฉื”ืจื™ ื’ื•ื“ื” ื”ื™ืจื•ืงื™ื ืฉืœ ื˜ื“ื’'ื•ืจื” ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืงื•ื ื”ืžื•ืฉืœื ืขื‘ื•ืจื›ื. ื–ื”ื• ื™ืขื“ ืœืžื™ ืฉืื•ื”ื‘ ืœื—ื ื•ืช, ืœื˜ื™ื™ืœ ื•ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื˜ื™ืคื•ืก ืฆื•ืงื™ื.

ืขืœื™ ืกื‘ื™ื”

ื”ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืงื™ืคื™ื ืืช ื”ืขื™ืจ ืขืœื™ ืกื‘ื™ื” ื”ื ืฉื”ืคื›ื• ืืช ื”ืื˜ืจืงืฆื™ื” ื”ื–ื• ืœืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ืช ื‘ืงืจื‘ ืชื™ื™ืจื™ื. ื”ืขื™ื™ืจื” ืžื•ืฉืœืžืช ืœืคืขื™ืœื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืงื ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœืš ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื™ื ืžื›ื™ืœื” ืžืกืคืจ ืจื‘ ืฉืœ ืฉื•ื•ืงื™ื, ืกืžื˜ืื•ืช ืฆืจื•ืช ื•ื“ื•ื›ื ื™ ืžื–ื•ืŸ. ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื”, ืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื’ืœื™ืฉืช ืจื•ื— ื•ืคืขื™ืœื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืจืคืชืงืื•ืช ืกืคื•ืจื˜ ืื—ืจื•ืช. ืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ื’ื ืœื‘ื“ื•ืง ืืช ื”ื›ื•ืฉืจ ืฉืœืš ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืžืกืœื•ืœื™ ื”ืœื™ื›ื” ืžืืชื’ืจื™ื.

ื”ื•ืจืื•ืช ื ืกื™ืขื”:

  1. ืกืขื• ืžืขืจื‘ื” ืขืœ RN9 ื•ืคื ื• ืฉืžืืœื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื™ืฉืืจ ืขืœ RN9.
  2. ืคื ื” ื™ืžื™ื ื” ืืœ RN1 ื•ืฉืžื•ืจ ืฉืžืืœื” ืขืœ RN5.
  3. ืคื ื• ื™ืžื™ื ื” ื‘ืฆื•ืžืช ื”ืจื—ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื•ื”ืžืฉื™ื›ื• ื‘ื ืกื™ืขื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœื™ืขื“.

ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช

ืœืขืœื™ ืกื‘ื™ื” ื™ืฉ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืคืขื™ืœื•ื™ื•ืช ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื•ืช ืœื”ืฆื™ืข ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืืช ื—ื•ื•ื™ืช ื’'ื™ื‘ื•ื˜ื™ ืฉืœื”ื ืœืžื”ื ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ. ืงืจื ืœื”ืœืŸ ื›ืžื” ืžื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ื™ื ืฉืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ืื˜ืจืงืฆื™ื” ื”ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื” ื”ื–ื•.

  1. ื‘ืฆืข ืคืขื™ืœื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื—ื•ืฅ
    ื™ื“ื•ืข ื›ื™ ืขืœื™ ืกื‘ื™ื” ืžื•ืงืฃ ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื•ื ืคืœืื™ื ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ืืœื™ื”ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืคืขื™ืœื•ื™ื•ืช ื—ื•ืฆื•ืช. ืจื›ื™ื‘ื” ืขืœ ืจื›ื‘ 4X4, ืงืžืคื™ื ื’ ื•ื˜ื™ื•ืœื™ื ื”ื ืจืง ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืคืขื™ืœื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื–ื•ืœื•ืช ืฉืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืืชื” ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ื–ื”.
  2. ื˜ื™ื•ืœ ืื•ื›ืœ
    ื”ืขื™ืจ ืขืœื™ ืกื‘ื™ื” ืžืคื•ืจืกืžืช ื’ื ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ืฉื•ื•ืงื™ ื”ืœื™ืœื” ื•ื“ื•ื›ื ื™ ืžื–ื•ืŸ ืจื‘ื™ื ื”ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ. ื–ื”ื• ืžืงื•ื ืžื•ืฉืœื ืœื ืกื•ืช ืžืื›ืœื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื’'ื™ื‘ื•ื˜ื™ ื•ืœื—ื•ื•ืช ื—ื™ื™ ืœื™ืœื” ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื”.
  3. ืงื ื™ื•ืช ืขื ื”ื—ื‘ืจื™ื ืื• ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื” ืฉืœืš
    ืžืœื‘ื“ ื“ื•ื›ื ื™ ื”ืื•ื›ืœ ื”ืจื‘ื™ื ื”ืžืžื•ืงืžื™ื ื‘ืขื™ืจ ืขืœื™ ืกื‘ื™ื”, ื”ืื–ื•ืจ ืžื›ื•ืกื” ื’ื ื‘ืฉื•ื•ืงื™ ืคืฉืคืฉื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ื”ื ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืฆืืช ืœืงื ื™ื•ืช. ื–ื”ื• ื”ืžืงื•ื ื”ืื™ื“ื™ืืœื™ ืขื‘ื•ืจื›ื ืœืงื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืžื–ื›ืจื•ืช ืฉืœื›ื ืœืคื ื™ ืฉืืชื ืขื•ื–ื‘ื™ื ืืช ื’'ื™ื‘ื•ื˜ื™ ื•ื—ื•ื–ืจื™ื ืœืืจืฆื›ื.

ืžื™ืฉื•ืจ ื’ื•ื‘ืขื“

ืžื™ืฉื•ืจ ื’ื•ื‘ืื“, ืฉื ื—ืฉื‘ ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ ืจื‘ื™ื ื›ืื˜ืจืงืฆื™ื” ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ืช ื‘ื’'ื™ื‘ื•ื˜ื™, ืžืฆื™ืข ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช ืœืฆืคื™ื™ื” ื‘ืฆื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื”. ื”ืžืงื•ื ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืฉื›ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืื—ื“ ื”ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื”ื‘ื•ื“ื“ื™ื ื‘ืืคืจื™ืงื” ื‘ื”ื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืฆืคื•ืช ื‘ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ื™ืขืŸ. ืฆื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื™ืคื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช ืฉืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ื–ื” ื›ื•ืœืœื•ืช ืืช ื“ืจื•ืจื™ ื”ื›ืชืจ, ืงืจื•ืžื‘ืง ื•ืกืืŸ ื’ืจื•ืก.

ื”ื•ืจืื•ืช ื ืกื™ืขื”:

  1. ืกืขื• ืœื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืžืขืจื‘ ื•ืกืขื• ืž-RN1 ืœืขื™ืจ ื’'ื™ื‘ื•ื˜ื™.
  2. ืกืขื• ื‘-RN3 ืœ-Rue de Venice.
  3. ื”ืžืฉืš ืœื”ืชืงื“ื ืขื“ ืฉืชื’ื™ืข ืœื™ืขื“ ืฉืœืš.

ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช

  1. ื”ืœื™ื›ื” ื˜ื‘ืขื™ืช
    ืžื™ืฉื•ืจ ื’ื•ื‘ืื“ ื”ื•ื ืžืงื•ื ืžื•ืฉืœื ืœื‘ืงืจ ื‘ื• ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื—ื•ื‘ื‘ื™ ื˜ื‘ืข ืฉืื•ื”ื‘ื™ื ืื– ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืงืคื™ื ื‘ื™ืขืจื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ืชื™ื ื•ืœื—ืงื•ืจ ื—ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืจ ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื•ืช. ืื ืืชื” ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืฉื—ืจืจ ืืช ื”ื ืคืฉ ื•ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืฉืœืš ืžืžืชื—, ืื– ื”ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ื”ืžืงื•ื ื”ืื™ื“ื™ืืœื™ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื•.
  2. ื‘ืงืจ ื•ืฉื—ื™ื™ื” ื‘ืžืคืœื™ื ื”ืกืžื•ื›ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืื–ื•ืจ
    ื‘ืžื™ืฉื•ืจ ื’ื•ื‘ืื“ ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื›ืžื” ืžืคืœื™ื ื›ื” ืžืœื›ื•ืชื™ื™ื, ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืชืืคืง ืœืฆืœื•ืœ ืœืชื•ืš ื”ืžื™ื ื”ืฆืœื•ืœื™ื ืฉืœื”ื. ื”ืžื™ื ืžื”ืžืคืœื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืงืจื™ืจื™ื ื•ืจืขื ื ื™ื ืฉื—ื•ืฅ ืžืืžื‘ื˜ื™ื”, ื”ื ื’ื ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื™ื ืœืฉืชื™ื™ื”.
  3. ืฆืคืจื•ืช
    ืžื™ืฉื•ืจ ื’ื•ื‘ืขื“ ืžืคื•ืจืกื ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ืฆื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืฉื ืžืฆืื•ืช ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ. ื”ืžืงื•ื ื”ื•ื ืžืžืฉ ืžืงืœื˜ ืฆื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืฉื‘ื• ืื ืฉื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืžื‘ืงืจื™ื ื‘ื”ื ืœื ืจืง ื›ื“ื™ ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืฆื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื”ื ื“ื™ืจื•ืช, ืืœื ื’ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื’ืŸ ื•ืœืฉืžืจ ืืช ื”ืื–ื•ืจ.

ื“ื•ืจืืœื” ื•ื—ื•ืจ ืืžื‘ื“ื•

ืื ื—ื•ืคื™ื ื”ื ื”ืงื˜ืข ืฉืœืš ื›ืชื™ื™ืจ, ืื– ื”ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืื™ื“ื™ืืœื™ื™ื ืœื‘ืงืจ ื‘ื’'ื™ื‘ื•ื˜ื™ ื”ื ื“ื•ืจืืœื” ื•ื—ื•ืจ ืืžื‘ื“ื•. ืื ืืชื” ืจื•ืฆื” ืฉื—ื™ื™ื” ืžื•ืฉืœืžืช, ืื– ืฉื ื™ ื”ื—ื•ืคื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืžื•ืฉืœืžื™ื ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœืš. ื”ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ื™ื ืžืื•ื“ ื’ื ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฆื•ืงื™ ื”ืœื‘ื” ื”ืฉื—ื•ืจื™ื ื”ืชื•ื—ืžื™ื ืืช ื”ื—ื•ืคื™ื. ื”ื ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืžื•ืฉืœืžื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืกืคื•ืจื˜ ื™ืžื™, ื•ื”ืฉืงื™ืขื•ืช ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืฆืคื•ืช ื›ืืŸ ื ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืช ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืืจืฅ.

ื”ื•ืจืื•ืช ื ืกื™ืขื”:

  1. ืกืขื• ืžืขืจื‘ื” ื•ืคื ื• ืฉืžืืœื” ื‘ืฆื•ืžืช ื”-1.
  2. ืกืขื• ืœืื•ืจืš RN3 ื•ื‘ื›ื™ื›ืจ, ืฆืื• ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืืœ Rue de Venice.
  3. ืฆืื• ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืืœ RN3 ื‘ืžืขื’ืœ ื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื•ืกืขื• ื™ืฉืจ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœื™ืขื“.

ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช

ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจ ื‘ื“ื•ืจืืœื” ื•ื‘ื—ื•ืจ ืืžื‘ื“ื• ืžืฆื™ืข ืœื ืจืง ืคืขื™ืœื•ื™ื•ืช ืžื”ื ื•ืช, ืืœื ื’ื ืื˜ืจืงืฆื™ื•ืช ื™ืคื•ืช ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืœืจืื•ืช ื›ืชื™ื™ืจ. ื”ื ื” ืจืฉื™ืžื” ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืืชื” ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ.

  1. ืฉื—ื• ื‘ื—ื•ืคื™ื ื”ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืื–ื•ืจ
    ื”ืžืงื•ื ืžืคื•ืจืกื ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ืคื™ื ื”ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื™ื ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ืœื‘ืงืจ ื‘ื”ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื™ืจื’ืข ื•ืœื”ื™ืจื’ืข. ืžืœื‘ื“ ืœืฉื—ื•ืช ื‘ืžื™ ื”ื™ื, ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื’ื ืคืขื™ืœื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืงืฉื•ืจื•ืช ืœืžื™ื ื›ืฉืืชื ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ื–ื”.
  2. ื˜ื™ื•ืœ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื”ื ื•ืคื™ื ื”ื•ื•ืœืงื ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืื–ื•ืจ
    ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ืช ืื—ืช ืฉืชื•ื›ืœ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื‘ื™ืขื“ื™ื ืืœื” ื”ื™ื ืœื˜ื™ื™ืœ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื”ื ื•ืคื™ื ื”ื•ื•ืœืงื ื™ื™ื ื”ื™ืคื™ื ืฉืœ Khor Ambado. ืžืœื‘ื“ ื˜ื™ื•ืœื™ื ืจื’ืœื™ื™ื, ื”ืื–ื•ืจ ืžืฆื™ื’ ื’ื ืืช ืื—ื“ ืžื ื•ืคื™ ื”ืฉืงื™ืขื” ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืืจืฅ.
  3. ืชื™ื”ื ื• ืœืœื™ื ื” ื‘ืžืœื•ื ื•ืช ื•ื‘ืžืกืขื“ื•ืช ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืื–ื•ืจ
    ื›ื ืงื•ื“ื” ืชื™ื™ืจื•ืชื™ืช ืžืคื•ืจืกืžืช ื‘ื’'ื™ื‘ื•ื˜ื™, ืื™ืŸ ื–ื” ืžืคืชื™ืข ืฉื“ื•ืจืืœื” ื•ื—ื•ืจ ืืžื‘ื“ื• ืžื›ื™ืœื™ื ืืช ื”ืžืœื•ื ื•ืช ื•ืืชืจื™ ื”ื ื•ืคืฉ ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”. ื–ื”ื• ืžืงื•ื ืžื•ืฉืœื ืœื”ื™ืจื’ืข ืขื ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื” ืื• ื”ื—ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืœืš, ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืื ืืชื” ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืจืง ืงืจื•ื‘ ืœื™ื ื•ืœื”ื™ืจื’ืข.

ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืกื•ืช

ืงื‘ืœ ืืช ืจื™ืฉื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ ืฉืœืš ืชื•ืš ืฉืขืชื™ื™ื

ืื™ืฉื•ืจ ืžื™ื™ื“ื™

ืชืงืฃ ืœ-1-3 ืฉื ื™ื

ืžืฉืœื•ื— ืืงืกืคืจืก ืœื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื

ื—ื–ืจื” ืœืžืขืœื”