Slovensko Slovakia ืชืžื•ื ื” ืžืืช Martin Katler.jpg
ืคื•ืจืกื ื‘October 6, 2021

Slovakia Driving Guide

ืกืœื•ื‘ืงื™ื” ื”ื™ื ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื™ืคื”ืคื™ื™ื” ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ืช. ื—ืงื•ืจ ืืช ื›ืœ ื–ื” ื‘ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื›ืืฉืจ ืืชื” ืžืงื‘ืœ ืืช ืจื™ืฉื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ ืฉืœืš

9 ื“ืงื•ืช

ืกืœื•ื‘ืงื™ื”, ื”ื™ื“ื•ืขื” ื’ื ื‘ืฉื ื”ืจืคื•ื‘ืœื™ืงื” ื”ืกืœื•ื‘ืงื™ืช, ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื‘ืขื‘ืจ ื—ืœืง ืžืฆ'ื›ื•ืกืœื•ื‘ืงื™ื” ืขื“ ืœืคื™ืœื•ื’ ื”ืฉืœื• ื‘-1 ื‘ื™ื ื•ืืจ 1993, ืฉื”ื•ืœื™ื“ ืืช ื”ืจืคื•ื‘ืœื™ืงื” ื”ืกืœื•ื‘ืงื™ืช ื•ืฆ'ื›ื™ื”. ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื”ืฉืคื™ืขื• ืขืœ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื”ื–ื• ื‘ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช, ืฉื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœื• ืœื‘ื—ื™ืจืชื” ืฉืœ ื”ื ืฉื™ืื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืžืื– ื”ืขืฆืžืื•ืช.

ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื–ื• ืœืœื ื—ื•ืฃ ืืš ืฆื™ื•ืจื™ืช ืžื•ื ื” ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื” ืงื˜ื ื” ื™ื—ืกื™ืช ืฉืœ 5.4 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืื™ืฉ. ื”ืฉืคื•ืช ื”ืจืฉืžื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืฉืžืฉื•ืช ื›ืืŸ ื”ืŸ ืกืœื•ื‘ืงื™ืช ื•ื”ื•ื ื’ืจื™ืช. ื›ืœื›ืœืชื” ืื™ืชื ื” ืœืžื“ื™ ื‘ืฉืœ ืจืคื•ืจืžื•ืช ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื•ืช ืงืคื“ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉื™ื–ืžื” ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ืžืฉื ืช 1998 ื•ืื™ืœืš. ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฆืจื•ืชื™ื” ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื•ืช, ืกืœื•ื‘ืงื™ื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื—ื‘ืจื” ืคืขื™ืœื” ื‘ืื™ื—ื•ื“ ื”ืื™ืจื•ืคื™ ืžืื– 2004. ืชื™ื™ืจื™ื ื™ื™ื”ื ื• ืœืฉื•ื˜ื˜ ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ืกืœื•ื‘ืงื™ื” ื‘ืฉืœ ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืขืฉื™ืจื” ื•ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื”ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ืฉื›ื—ืช ืฉืœื”.

ื‘ื“ื•ืง ืื ืืชื” ืฆืจื™ืš IDP ืขื›ืฉื™ื•

ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืคืง ื”ืจื™ืฉื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœืš?

ื™ึทืขึทื“

ืื™ืš ื”ืžื“ืจื™ืš ื”ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœืš?

ืื ืืชื” ืžืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืœื ืกื•ืข ืœื ื”ื•ื’ ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืคื”, ืกืœื•ื‘ืงื™ื” ืžื”ื•ื•ื” ื™ืขื“ ืื™ื“ื™ืืœื™. ืงืจื ืืช ืžื“ืจื™ืš ื”ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื”ื–ื” ื‘ืคื™ืจื•ื˜ ืžืœื ืœืคื ื™ ืฉืืชื” ื”ื•ืœืš ืœื ื”ื•ื’ ื‘ืกืœื•ื‘ืงื™ื”. ื›ืืŸ, ืชืงื‘ืœื• ืชื“ืจื•ืš ืขืœ ื”ืื˜ืจืงืฆื™ื•ืช ื”ืชื™ื™ืจื•ืชื™ื•ืช ื”ืจื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืกืœื•ื‘ืงื™ื” ื‘ืฉืœ ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื”ืกืกื’ื•ื ื™ืช ืฉืœื”. ืชืœืžื“ื• ืขืœ ืžืฆื‘ ื”ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”, ืืช ื”ืื˜ืจืงืฆื™ื•ืช ื”ืชื™ื™ืจื•ืชื™ื•ืช ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ื ื”ื“ืจ ืœื‘ืงืจ ื‘ื”ืŸ, ื•ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืืจื’ืŸ ืฉื”ื•ืช ืœื–ืžืŸ ืืจื•ืš ื™ื•ืชืจ. ื™ื”ื™ื• ื’ื ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื›ืœืœื™ ื ื”ื™ื’ื”, ื ื™ืžื•ืกื™ ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื•ื ื”ืœื™ ื”ืฉื›ืจืช ืจื›ื‘ ืฉื›ื“ืื™ ืœืชื™ื™ืจื™ื ืœื“ืขืช.

ืžื™ื“ืข ื›ืœืœื™

ืื ืฉื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื–ื•ื›ืจื™ื ืืช ืกืœื•ื‘ืงื™ื” ื›ืžื—ืฆื™ืช ืžื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ื™ื“ื•ืขื” ื‘ืฉื ืฆ'ื›ื•ืกืœื•ื‘ืงื™ื”. ื›ื™ื•ื, ืกืœื•ื‘ืงื™ื” ื”ืคื›ื” ื‘ื•ืœื˜ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ืื—ืช ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื•ืช ื”ืฆื•ืžื—ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืคื”. ืื ื”ื›ืœ ื™ืœืš ื›ืฉื•ืจื”, ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื” ืฉืœ ืกืœื•ื‘ืงื™ื” ืขืฉื•ื™ื” ืœืฆืžื•ื— ืืคื™ืœื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืฉื ืช 2021. ื–ื” ืขืฉื•ื™ ืœืžืฉื•ืš ืืช ืชืฉื•ืžืช ื”ืœื‘ ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื, ื›ืš ืฉื”ื ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืœืจืฆื•ืช ืœื ืกื•ืข ืœื ื”ื•ื’ ื‘ืกืœื•ื‘ืงื™ื” ืžืชื™ืฉื”ื• ื‘ืงืจื•ื‘.

ืžื™ืงื•ื ื’ืื•ื’ืจืคื™

ืกืœื•ื‘ืงื™ื” ืžืžื•ืงืžืช ื‘ืชื•ืš ืื™ืจื•ืคื”, ืžื•ืงืคืช ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช. ืกืœื•ื‘ืงื™ื” ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ืช ืžืฉืžื•ื ื” ืื–ื•ืจื™ื, ื•ืœื›ืœ ืื–ื•ืจ ื™ืฉ ืื˜ืจืงืฆื™ื•ืช ืžืฉืœื•. ื›ืžื” ืขื•ื‘ื“ื•ืช ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืขืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ืœืฉื›ื ืข ืื•ืชืš ืœื‘ืงืจ ื‘ื›ืœ ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ืŸ:

  • ืขื™ืจ ืงื•ืฉื™ืฆื” ื ืžืฆืืช ื‘ืชื•ืš ืื–ื•ืจ ืงื•ืฉื™ืฆื”. ื–ื• ื”ืขื™ืจ ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœื” ื‘ืกืœื•ื‘ืงื™ื”.
  • ืื–ื•ืจ ืคืจืฉื•ื‘ ื”ื•ื ื‘ืขืœ ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื” ื”ืฆืคื•ืคื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื›ืœ ืกืœื•ื‘ืงื™ื”.
  • ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ืื–ื•ืจ ื–'ื™ืœื™ื ื” ื›ื•ืœืœืช ื’ื‘ืขื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช, ื ื—ืœื™ื, ื ื”ืจื•ืช ื•ืขืžืงื™ื ืฉื›ื“ืื™ ืœื˜ื™ื™ืœ ืืœื™ื”ื.
  • ืื–ื•ืจ ื‘ื ืกืงื” ื‘ื™ืกื˜ืจื™ืฆื” ื”ื•ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ื”ืกืœื•ื‘ืงื™ื™ื, ืžืžื•ืงื ืžืžืฉ ื‘ืžืจื›ื– ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”.
  • ื—ืงืœืื•ืช ื”ื™ื ืชืขืฉื™ื™ื” ืžืจื›ื–ื™ืช ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ื ื™ื˜ืจื” ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ืื–ื•ืจ ื—ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื›ืžื” ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื.
  • ืขื™ื™ืจืช ื”ืกืคื ื”ื ืงืจืืช ื˜ืจื ืฆ'ื™ืื ืกืงื” ื˜ืคืœื™ืฆื” ื ืžืฆืืช ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ื˜ืจื ืฆ'ื™ืŸ.
  • ืืจื›ื™ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื ื”ื›ื™ืจื• ื‘ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ืช ืฉืœ ืื–ื•ืจ ื˜ืจื ื‘ื” ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ื—ื™ื• ื›ืืŸ ื‘ืขืช ื”ืขืชื™ืงื”.
  • ืื–ื•ืจ ื‘ืจื˜ื™ืกืœื‘ื” ื”ื•ื ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช, ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ืงื˜ืŸ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื”, ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื•ื ื‘ื™ืชื” ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืจืช ืกืœื•ื‘ืงื™ื”, ืฉื”ื™ื ื‘ืจื˜ื™ืกืœื‘ื”.

ืฉืคื•ืช ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจื•ืช

ื”ืฉืคื” ื”ืจืฉืžื™ืช ืฉืœ ืกืœื•ื‘ืงื™ื” ื”ื™ื ืกืœื•ื‘ืงื™ืช. ืื‘ืœ ื”ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ื•ื ื’ืจื™ืช ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ื™ื“ื•ืข ื›ื™ื•ื ื›ืกืœื•ื‘ืงื™ื” ื”ื™ื” ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืื™ืžืคืจื™ื” ื”ืื•ืกื˜ืจื•-ื”ื•ื ื’ืจื™ืช ื‘ืžืฉืš ืฉื ื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช. ื™ืฉื ืŸ ืขื“ื•ื™ื•ืช ืœื›ืš ืฉื”ืฆื•ืจื” ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืคื” ื”ืกืœื•ื‘ืงื™ืช ื ื•ืฆืจื” ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืžืืžืฆื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ืจื•ืžืื™ื ืงืชื•ืœื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื ืžืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื˜ืจื ื‘ื” ื‘ืžืื•ืช ื”-17 ื•ื”-18. ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื›ืžื” ืคืจื•ื˜ืกื˜ื ื˜ื™ื ื”ืืžื™ื ื• ืฉื—ืœืง ืžื”ืคืจื•ื˜ืกื˜ื ื˜ื™ื ื”ืฉืคื™ืขื• ืขืœ ืื™ืžื•ืฅ ื”ืกืœื•ื‘ืงื™ืช ื›ืฉืคื” ืกืคืจื•ืชื™ืช.

ื›ืœ ืžื™ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื• ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ื‘ื‘ืœืฉื ื•ืช ื™ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืœืฉืคื” ื”ืกืœื•ื‘ืงื™ืช ื™ืฉ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืŸ ื”ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ ืขื ื”ืฉืคื” ื”ืฆ'ื›ื™ืช ื‘ืฉืœ ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื”ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช ื”ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช ืœืกืœื•ื‘ืงื™ื ื•ื’ื ืœืฆ'ื›ื™ื. ืฉืœื•ืฉืช ื”ื“ื™ืืœืงื˜ื™ื ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืกืœื•ื‘ืงื™ืช ืžื›ื•ื ื™ื "ืžืขืจื‘ื™", "ืžืจื›ื–ื™" ื•"ืžื–ืจื—ื™". ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ืื•ื–ืŸ ืœืฉืคื•ืช ื–ืจื•ืช, ื–ื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉื™ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื‘ืกืœื•ื‘ืงื™ื” ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉืื•ืœ ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื›ืฉืืชื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืžืฉื”ื•.

ืฉื˜ื— ืื“ืžื”

ื‘ื›ืœ ืื–ื•ืจ ื™ืฉ ืœืคื—ื•ืช ืื—ืช ืžื”ืขืจื™ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ื‘ืกืœื•ื‘ืงื™ื”. ืœื›ืœ ืื–ื•ืจ ื™ืฉ ื’ื ืžื” ืœื”ื‘ืœื™ื˜ ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื”, ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืชื™ื™ืจื™ื ืฉืžืชื›ื•ื•ื ื™ื ืœื ืกื•ืข ืœื ื”ื•ื’ ื‘ืกืœื•ื‘ืงื™ื”. ืกืœื•ื‘ืงื™ื” ืžื—ื•ืœืงืช ืœืฉืžื•ื ื” ืื–ื•ืจื™ื, ื›ืœื•ืžืจ:

  • ืื–ื•ืจ ืงื•ืฉื™ืฆื”
  • ืื–ื•ืจ ืคืจืฉื•ื‘
  • ืื–ื•ืจ ื–'ื™ืœื™ื ื”
  • ืื–ื•ืจ ื‘ืื ืกืงื” ื‘ื™ืกื˜ืจื™ืฆื”
  • ืื–ื•ืจ ื ื™ื˜ืจื”
  • ืื–ื•ืจ ื˜ืจื ืฆ'ื™ืŸ
  • ืื–ื•ืจ ื˜ืจื ื‘ื”
  • ืื–ื•ืจ ื‘ืจื˜ื™ืกืœื‘ื”

ื”ึดื™ืกื˜ื•ึนืจึดื™ึธื”

ื‘ื”ืชื‘ืกืก ืขืœ ื”ืขื“ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืงื“ืžื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื”, ืกืœื•ื‘ืงื™ื” ืื•ื›ืœืกื” ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืงืœื˜ื™ื, ืฉื’ื™ืจืฉื• ืืช ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื” ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ืช. ื‘ืชื•ืจื, ื”ืงืœื˜ื™ื ื”ืคื›ื• ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ื›ืคืคื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื“ืืงื™ื. ื”ืจื•ืžืื™ื ื•ื›ืžื” ืฉื‘ื˜ื™ื ื’ืจืžืื ื™ื™ื ื”ื™ื•ื• ืืช ื’ืœ ื”ืคืœื™ืฉื•ืช ื”ื‘ื ืœืฉื˜ื—. ื”ืกืœืื‘ื™ื ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืื™ืžืคืจื™ื” ื”ืจื•ืžื™ืช ื ื—ืœืฉื• ื•ื ืฉืืจื• ื‘ืืจืฅ ืžืื–.

ืžึถืžึฐืฉืึธืœึธื”

ืžืžืฉืœืช ืกืœื•ื‘ืงื™ื” ื”ื™ื ืจืคื•ื‘ืœื™ืงื” ืคืจืœืžื ื˜ืจื™ืช ืฉื‘ื” ื”ืขื ื‘ื•ื—ืจ ื™ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื ืฉื™ื. ื”ืคืจืœืžื ื˜ ื ื”ื’ ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ ื ืฉื™ื ืขื“ 1999. ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ื’ื ื‘ื™ืช ืžื—ื•ืงืงื™ื ื—ื“-ืืžืจื™ ื”ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ ืž-150 ื—ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื ื‘ื—ืจื• ื‘ืฉื™ื˜ื” ืคืจื•ืคื•ืจืฆื™ื•ื ืœื™ืช. ื”ืžืžืฉืœื”, ื‘ืจืืฉื•ืช ืจืืฉ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื”, ืื—ืจืื™ืช ืœืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ืช ืœืื•ืžื™ืช ืžืจื›ื–ื™ืช. ืžื ื’ื“, ืœื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ื™ืฉ ืกืžื›ื•ืช ืฉื™ืคื•ื˜ื™ืช ื•ื”ื•ื ื ื‘ื—ืจ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื” ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ืช ื•ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ื—ื•ืงืชื™.

ืชื™ื™ืจื•ืช

ื›ืœ ื—ื•ื‘ื‘ื™ ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื›ื ืจืื” ื™ืจืฆื• ืœื‘ืงืจ ื‘ืกืœื•ื‘ืงื™ื” ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืื˜ืจืงืฆื™ื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœื”. ืืคื™ืœื• ืชื™ื™ืจื™ื ืžื–ื“ืžื ื™ื ื™ืจืฆื• ืœื‘ืœื•ืช ืงืฆืช ื–ืžืŸ ื‘ื›ืœ ืื–ื•ืจ ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืœืกืœื•ื‘ืงื™ื” ื™ืฉ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื” ืœื”ืฆื™ืข ื“ืจืš ืื˜ืจืงืฆื™ื•ืช ืชื™ื™ืจื•ืชื™ื•ืช. ืจืืฉื™ืช, ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืคื›ื• ืืช ืกืœื•ื‘ืงื™ื” ืœื‘ื™ืชื ืขื•ื“ ื‘ื™ืžื™ ืงื“ื. ื–ื” ืžืกื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ืงื™ื•ืžืŸ ืฉืœ ื˜ื™ืจื•ืช ื•ื›ื ืกื™ื•ืช ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืืจืฅ, ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉืจื‘ื•ืช ืžื”ืŸ ื”ืชื“ืจื“ืจื• ืขื ื”ื–ืžืŸ.

ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื”ื ืขื™ืžื” ื•ื”ืžืจื’ื™ืขื” ืฉืœ ืกืœื•ื‘ืงื™ื” ื”ื™ื ืกื™ื‘ื” ื ื•ืกืคืช ืœื‘ื™ืงื•ืจ ืชื™ื™ืจื™ื. ืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืืคื™ืœื• ืœื‘ืœื•ืช ื‘ืกืคื ืื ืชืจืฆื”. ื”ืื“ืจื™ื›ืœื•ืช ื”ืขืžืžื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืžื‘ื™ืื” ืชื™ื™ืจื™ื ืฉืžืขืจื™ื›ื™ื ืืช ื”ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ื™ื ื”ื™ืคื™ื ื•ืืช ื”ืื™ื›ื•ืช ืœืœื ื“ื•ืคื™ ืฉืœ ื‘ืชื™ื ื•ืžื‘ื ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ื‘ืกืœื•ื‘ืงื™ื”. ื•ื™ืฉ, ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ืžื‘ืงืจื™ื ืฉืื•ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœื˜ืขื•ื ืืช ื”ืžื˜ื‘ื— ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจ ืžื“ื•ืจ ืœื“ื•ืจ.

ืื ืื™ื ืš ื“ื•ื‘ืจ ืกืœื•ื‘ืงื™ืช ื•ื”ื•ื ื’ืจื™ืช, ืฉืชื™ ื”ืฉืคื•ืช ื”ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉืชืฆื˜ืจืš ืžื“ืจื™ืš ืชื™ื™ืจื™ื ืฉื™ืชืจื’ื ืขื‘ื•ืจืš. ืื• ืฉืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืฉืื•ืœ ืืช ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ื™ื ืื ื”ื ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืคื ื™ ืฉืชืžืฉื™ืš ื”ืœืื”. ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืžื—ืกื•ื ื”ืฉืคื”, ืชืžื™ื“ ื˜ื•ื‘ ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืืช ื”ืขืงื™ืจื” ืฉืœืš ืื™ืชืš ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืœื ืชื”ื™ื” ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ืฉื’ื•ื™ื” ื‘ื™ื ืš ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืฉื˜ืจื” ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ืช ืื• ืฉื•ืžืจื™ ื”ืชื ื•ืขื”. ืจืง ื•ื“ื ืฉื™ืฉ ืœืš ื’ื ืืช ื”ื“ืจื›ื•ืŸ ื”ืชืงืฃ ืฉืœืš ื•ืืช ืจื™ืฉื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ ืฉืœืš.

ืจื™ืฉื™ื•ืŸ ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ ื‘ืกืœื•ื‘ืงื™ื”

ื‘ืกืœื•ื‘ืงื™ื”, ื”ื™ืชืจ ื”ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ (IDP) ืžื ื•ื”ืœ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ื—ื•ืฅ ื•ื”ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื”ืื™ืจื•ืคื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืจืคื•ื‘ืœื™ืงื” ื”ืกืœื•ื‘ืงื™ืช. ื—ื•ืง ืชืขื‘ื•ืจืช ื”ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืžืก' 8/2009 ืงื•ื‘ืข ื›ื™ ื”ืŸ ืจื™ืฉื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื•ื”ืŸ ืจื™ืฉื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ ื‘ืกืœื•ื‘ืงื™ื” ืชืงืคื™ื. ืจื™ืฉื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืืœื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ื›ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ ื”ืื™ืจื•ืคื™ ื•ืœืขืžื•ื“ ื‘ื”ืกื›ืžื™ื ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ื™ื ื›ืžื• ืืžื ืช ื–'ื ื‘ื” ื•ื•ื™ื ื”.

ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ืจื™ืฉื™ื•ืŸ ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ ื‘ืกืœื•ื‘ืงื™ื” ืื• ืจื™ืฉื™ื•ืŸ ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ ืžืžื“ื™ื ืช ื”ื•ืœื“ืชืš, ืขืœื™ืš ืœืฉืืช ื’ื ืจื™ืฉื™ื•ืŸ ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ืชืงืฃ ืžืžื“ื™ื ืช ื”ื•ืœื“ืชืš. ื”-IDP ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืื ืื™ื ืš ื‘ื˜ื•ื— ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ืžื™ืžื™ืŸ ืื• ืฉืžืืœ ื‘ืกืœื•ื‘ืงื™ื”. ืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ืื•ืชื• ืœืžืฉื˜ืจื” ืื• ืœืฉื•ื˜ืจื™ ืชื ื•ืขื” ืื ืืชื” ืฆืจื™ืš ื”ื“ืจื›ื”.

ื”ืื ืจื™ืฉื™ื•ืŸ ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ืžืงื•ืžื™ ืชืงืฃ ื‘ืกืœื•ื‘ืงื™ื”?

ืจื™ืฉื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ืฉื”ื•ื ืคืง ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื”ื•ืœื“ืชืš ื™ื“ื•ืข ื’ื ื‘ืชื•ืจ ืจื™ืฉื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ ืฉืœืš ืื• ืจื™ืฉื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™. ืืชื” ืจืฉืื™ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืจื™ืฉื™ื•ืŸ ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื–ื” ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื”-IDP ื•ื”ื“ืจื›ื•ืŸ ื”ืžืขื•ื“ื›ืŸ ืฉืœืš ืื ืจื™ืฉื™ื•ืŸ ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ืคืง ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ ื”ืื™ืจื•ืคื™ ืื• ื”ื•ื ืคืง ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืงื‘ื•ืช ืื—ืจ ืืžื ืช ื–'ื ื‘ื” ื•ื•ื™ื ื”. ืื ืื™ืŸ ืœืš IDP ืื• ืจื™ืฉื™ื•ืŸ ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ืžืงื•ืžื™, ืขืœื™ืš ืœื”ื’ื™ืฉ ื‘ืงืฉื” ืœืจื™ืฉื™ื•ืŸ ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื‘ืกืœื•ื‘ืงื™ื”.

ื›ืœ ืžื™ ืฉืžื—ืคืฉ ืจื™ืฉื™ื•ืŸ ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื‘ืกืœื•ื‘ืงื™ื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืชื—ื™ืœื” ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ืกืคืจ ืžื•ืกืžืš ืœื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื‘ืกืœื•ื‘ืงื™ื”. ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื™ื ื”ื‘ื˜ื—ืช "ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืœื™ื“ื”" ืœืคื™ ื—ื•ืง ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืœื™ื“ื” ืžืก' 515/2003 ืžืžืฉืจื“ ื”ืคื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืจืคื•ื‘ืœื™ืงื” ื”ืกืœื•ื‘ืงื™ืช. ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืœื™ื“ื” ืžื•ื ืคืง ืœื–ืจื™ื ื—ืกืจื™ ืชื•ืฉื‘ื•ืช ืงื‘ืข ื‘ืกืœื•ื‘ืงื™ื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื—ืœืงืช ืžื™ื ื”ืœืช ื”ืจื™ืฉื•ื. ืฉื™ืžื• ืœื‘ ืฉืขืกืงืื•ืช ืœื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื‘ืกืœื•ื‘ืงื™ื” ืžืชื‘ืฆืขื•ืช ื›ืขืช ื‘ืฉืคื” ื”ืกืœื•ื‘ืงื™ืช.

ืžืฆื“ ืฉื ื™, ืื ืจื™ืฉื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ืฉืœืš ืฉืื™ื ื• ืกืœื•ื‘ืงื™ ื”ื•ื ืคืง ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืื™ื—ื•ื“ ื”ืื™ืจื•ืคื™, ืืชื” ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื• ื‘ืกืœื•ื‘ืงื™ื”. ืืชื” ืœื ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื—ืœื™ืฃ ืจื™ืฉื™ื•ืŸ ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื‘ืกืœื•ื‘ืงื™ื” ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื–ื”. ืฉื™ื ืœื‘ ืฉืจื™ืฉื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ืฉืœืš ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื—ื•ืœ ื’ื ืขืœ ืกื•ื’ ืžืกื•ื™ื ืฉืœ ืจื›ื‘. ืื, ืœืžืฉืœ, ื–ื” ืžืชื™ืจ ืœืš ืจืง ืœื ื”ื•ื’ ื‘ืžืฉืื™ื•ืช, ืื– ื–ื” ื—ืœ ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืขืœ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช ื ื”ื™ื’ืช ืžืฉืื™ื•ืช ื‘ืกืœื•ื‘ืงื™ื”. ื‘ื“ื•ืง ืฉื•ื‘ ืขื ื—ื‘ืจืช ื”ืฉื›ืจืช ื”ืจื›ื‘ ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ืกืคืง.

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ื”ืื ืืชื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืจื™ืฉื™ื•ืŸ ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ ื‘ืกืœื•ื‘ืงื™ื”?

ื›ืœ ืขื•ื“ ืจื™ืฉื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ ืฉื‘ื• ืืชื” ืžืฉืชืžืฉ ื”ื•ื ืคืง ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืฉื”ื™ื ืื—ืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ ื”ืื™ืจื•ืคื™ ืื• ื”ื•ื ืคืง ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืงื‘ื•ืช ืื—ืจ ืืžื ืช ื–'ื ื‘ื” ื•ื•ื™ื ื”, ืื– ืืชื” ืจืฉืื™ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื–ื” ื‘ืกืœื•ื‘ืงื™ื”. ืื ืืชื” ืžืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ื‘ืกืœื•ื‘ืงื™ื” ื›ื ื”ื’, ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ืขืœื™ืš ืœื”ื—ืœื™ืฃ ืืช ืจื™ืฉื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ืฉืœืš ื‘ืกืœื•ื‘ืงื™ื”.

ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžื ื•ืข ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ืฉื’ื•ื™ื”, ืขืœื™ืš ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืจื™ืฉื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ ืฉืœืš ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ ืœ-IDP ืฉืœืš, ืจื™ืฉื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ ื•ื“ืจื›ื•ืŸ ืชืงืฃ. ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืชืจื’ื ืืช ื”-IDP ืฉืœืš ืœ-12 ืฉืคื•ืช ื›ืš ืฉืฉื•ืžืจื™ ืชื ื•ืขื” ืžืงื•ืžื™ื™ื ื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ื–ืืช.

ืชื’ืœื• ืฉื–ื” ืžืืชื’ืจ ืœื ืกื•ืข ืžืกืœื•ื‘ืงื™ื” ืœืžื“ื™ื ื” ืื—ืจืช, ื›ืžื• ืžืžืœื›ืช ืขืจื‘ ื”ืกืขื•ื“ื™ืช. ืื ื›ืŸ, ืชืฆื˜ืจืš ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืžืคื” ืžืคื•ืจื˜ืช ืœื ื”ื™ื’ื” ืฉืœืš ื‘ืกืœื•ื‘ืงื™ื” ืœื˜ื™ื•ืœ ื‘ื›ื‘ื™ืฉ KSA. ื–ื” ื™ืขื–ื•ืจ ื’ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช IDP ืžื•ื›ืŸ ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ืžืกืžื›ื™ ื”ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื”ืื—ืจื™ื ืฉืœืš ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžื ื•ืข ืขื™ื›ื•ื‘ื™ื.

ื”ืื ืืชื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืจื™ืฉื™ื•ืŸ ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ ื‘ืกืœื•ื‘ืงื™ื”?

ื™ื•ื‘ื”ืจ ื›ื™ ืจื™ืฉื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ (ืื• IDP) ืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื™ืฉื™ื•ืŸ ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™. ื”-IDP ื”ื•ื ืžืกืžืš ืžืืจื’ื•ื ื™ื ืคืจื˜ื™ื™ื ื›ืžื• ืื™ื’ื•ื“ ื”ื ื”ื’ื™ื ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ (ืื• IDA). ื™ืชื›ื ื• ื’ื ืกื•ื›ื ื•ื™ื•ืช ืžืžืฉืœืชื™ื•ืช ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื”ืื ืื• ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื ืฉืœืš ืฉืžื ืคื™ืงื•ืช IDP. ื”-IDP ืž-IDA ืžืชื•ืจื’ื ืœ-12 ืฉืคื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืชื•ื›ืŸ ืžื‘ื•ืกืก ืขืœ ืจื™ืฉื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ืฉื”ื•ื ืคืง ืœืš ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื”ื•ืœื“ืชืš.

ืจื™ืฉื™ื•ืŸ ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™, ืœืขื•ืžืช ื–ืืช, ืžื•ื ืคืง ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžืžืฉืœืช ืžื“ื™ื ื”. ื‘ืื™ื—ื•ื“ ื”ืื™ืจื•ืคื™, ืื ืืชื” ืื–ืจื— ื”ืื™ื—ื•ื“ ื”ืื™ืจื•ืคื™, ืื–ื™ ืจื™ืฉื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืฉืœืš ืžืฉืžืฉ ื›ืจื™ืฉื™ื•ืŸ ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™.

ืื ืื™ืŸ ืœืš ืจื™ืฉื™ื•ืŸ ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™, ืื‘ืœ ื™ืฉ ืœืš ืจื™ืฉื™ื•ืŸ ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ืžืžื“ื™ื ืช ื”ื•ืœื“ืชืš, ืชื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ื’ื™ืฉ ื‘ืงืฉื” ืœ-IDA ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”-IDP ืฉืœืš. ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ืชื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘-IDP ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื”ื“ืจื›ื•ืŸ ื”ืชืงืฃ ืฉืœืš ื•ืจื™ืฉื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ ืฉืœืš ื‘ืชื•ืš ืกืœื•ื‘ืงื™ื”. ื”-IDP ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉื™ ืžืื•ื“ ืœืžืงืจื” ืฉืชืฆื˜ืจืš ืœื‘ืฆืข ืขืกืงืื•ืช ืขื ืกื•ื›ื ื•ื™ื•ืช ืžืžืฉืœืชื™ื•ืช ื‘ืกืœื•ื‘ืงื™ื”, ืขื ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ื•ืขื ืื•ื›ืคื™ ื—ื•ืง ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืื•ื›ืคื™ ืชื ื•ืขื”, ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืื ืื™ื ืš ื“ื•ื‘ืจ ืืช ื”ืฉืคื” ื”ืกืœื•ื‘ืงื™ืช.

ืžื”ืŸ ื”ื“ืจื™ืฉื•ืช ืœื”ื’ืฉืช ื‘ืงืฉื” ืœืจื™ืฉื™ื•ืŸ ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ ื‘ืกืœื•ื‘ืงื™ื”?

ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืกืœื•ื‘ืงื™ื” ื”ื™ื ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื—ื‘ืจื” ืชืงืคื” ื‘ืื™ื—ื•ื“ ื”ืื™ืจื•ืคื™, ืชื™ื™ืจ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื• ืจื™ืฉื™ื•ืŸ ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ืฉื”ื•ื ืคืง ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืื—ืจืช ื‘ืื™ื—ื•ื“ ื”ืื™ืจื•ืคื™ ืจืฉืื™ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืจื™ืฉื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื‘ืกืœื•ื‘ืงื™ื”. ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื—ืฉื‘ ื›ืจื™ืฉื™ื•ืŸ ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืจื™ืฉื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื”ื–ื” ื‘ื›ืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื‘ืื™ื—ื•ื“ ื”ืื™ืจื•ืคื™. ืขื ื–ืืช, ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉืจื™ืฉื™ื•ืŸ ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื–ื” ืœื ื™ืชืงื‘ืœ ื›ืจื™ืฉื™ื•ืŸ ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืฉืื™ื ืŸ ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืื™ื—ื•ื“ ื”ืื™ืจื•ืคื™.

ืขืœื™ืš ืœื‘ื“ื•ืง ืืช ืกื•ื’ ื”ืจื›ื‘ื™ื ื”ืžืฆื•ื™ืŸ ื‘ืจื™ืฉื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ ืฉืœืš ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืจืื” ืืช ืžื’ื‘ืœื•ืช ื”ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ืฉืœืš. ืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ื’ื ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ ืœื”ื’ื™ืฉ ื‘ืงืฉื” ืœืจื™ืฉื™ื•ืŸ ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ืกืœื•ื‘ืงื™ ืื ืืชื” ืžื•ืกืžืš ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžืžืฉืœืช ืกืœื•ื‘ืงื™ื” ื›ืชื•ืฉื‘ ืืจืขื™ ืื• ืงื‘ื•ืข ืฉืœ ืกืœื•ื‘ืงื™ื”. ืื‘ืœ ืืชื” ืจืฉืื™ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช ืจืง 185 ื™ืžื™ื ืœืื—ืจ ืฉืžืžืฉืœืช ืกืœื•ื‘ืงื™ื” ื”ื•ื“ื™ืขื” ืœืš ืจืฉืžื™ืช ืขืœ ืชื•ืฉื‘ื•ืชืš ื”ื—ื•ืงื™ืช.

ืฉื™ืงื•ืœ ื ื•ืกืฃ ื”ื•ื ืฉื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉืืชื” ื‘ืขืœ ืจื™ืฉื™ื•ืŸ ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ืžืžื“ื™ื ื” ืฉื”ื™ื ืฆื“ ืœืืžื ืช ื–'ื ื‘ื” ืื• ื•ื™ื ื” ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ืชืขื‘ื•ืจื” ื‘ื›ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื ืœืฉื ื™ื 1968 ื•-1949. ืชื ืื™ ื–ื” ื™ืืคืฉืจ ืœืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื ื”ื’ ื‘ืกืœื•ื‘ืงื™ื”, ืืš ืชืฆื˜ืจืš ืจื™ืฉื™ื•ืŸ ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ ืชืงืฃ ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ืจื™ืฉื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ืฉืœืš. ืฉื ื™ ืจื™ืฉื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื”ืœืœื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืฉื•ื—ืจืจื™ื ืžืื•ืชื• ืžืฆื‘ ืฉืœ ื”ืืžื ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืงื•ื‘ืœื™ื.

ื”ืฉื›ืจืช ืจื›ื‘ ื‘ืกืœื•ื‘ืงื™ื”

ืื ืชื˜ื™ื™ืœื• ื›ืชื™ื™ืจ ื‘ืกืœื•ื‘ืงื™ื”, ืื• ืืคื™ืœื• ืื ืืชื ื‘ื ืกื™ืขืช ืขืกืงื™ื ืฉื, ืžื•ืžืœืฅ ืœืฉื›ื•ืจ ืจื›ื‘ ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืฉื›ื ื”ืื™ืฉื™. ื ืกื™ืขื” ื“ืจืš ืกืœื•ื‘ืงื™ื” ืœื‘ื“ ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื ืขื™ืžื”, ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืื ืืชื” ืžื–ื”ื” ื›ืžื” ืื˜ืจืงืฆื™ื•ืช ืžืงื•ืžื™ื•ืช ืฉืชื™ื™ืจื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืžืชื’ืขื’ืขื™ื ืืœื™ื”ืŸ. ืื ืืชื” ืžื‘ื™ื ืื™ืชืš ื—ื‘ืจ ืื• ืžืฉืคื—ื”, ื”ืจื›ื‘ ื”ืฉื›ื•ืจ ืฉืœืš ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื’ื ื ื•ื— ื™ื•ืชืจ. ืขืœื™ืš ืœื•ื•ื“ื ืฉืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืฉืœื ืื’ืจื” ื’ื ื‘ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื‘ืกืœื•ื‘ืงื™ื”.

ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืœื”ืฉื›ืจืช ืจื›ื‘

ืืชื” ืชืžื™ื“ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื›ื ืก ืœืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื‘ืจืจ ื‘ืืชืจ ื”ืฉื›ืจืช ืจื›ื‘ ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืฉื›ืจืช ืจื›ื‘ ืœืกืœื•ื‘ืงื™ื”. ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ืฉื›ืจืช ืจื›ื‘ ืจื‘ื•ืช ืคื•ืขืœื•ืช ื‘ืกืœื•ื‘ืงื™ื”, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ:

  • ื”ืฉื›ืจืช ืจื›ื‘ AVIS
  • ื”ืฉื›ืจืช ืจื›ื‘ Europcar
  • ื”ืฉื›ืจืช ืจื›ื‘ EDENcars
  • ื”ืฉื›ืจืช ืจื›ื‘ BUCHBINDER
  • ื”ืฉื›ืจืช ืจื›ื‘ MEGADRIVE
  • ื”ืฉื›ืจืช ืจื›ื‘ Global Rent A Car
  • ื”ืฉื›ืจืช ืจื›ื‘ Sixt
  • ื”ืฉื›ืจืช ืจื›ื‘ Sunnycars
  • ื”ืฉื›ืจืช ืจื›ื‘ Budget
  • ื”ืฉื›ืจืช ืจื›ื‘ Firefly
  • ื”ืฉื›ืจืช ืจื›ื‘ MAGGIORE

ื”ืขืจื™ื ืฉื‘ื”ืŸ ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ื•ื—ืจื™ื ืœืฉื›ื•ืจ ืจื›ื‘ ื”ืŸ ืคื•ืคืจื“, ืงื•ืฉื™ืฆื” ื•ื‘ืจื˜ื™ืกืœื‘ื”. ืžื™ืงื•ื ื”ื”ืฉื›ืจื” ื”ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ื•ื ื‘ืจื˜ื™ืกืœื‘ื”.

ืžืกืžื›ื™ื ื“ืจื•ืฉื™ื

ืžื‘ืงืจื™ื ื‘ืกืœื•ื‘ืงื™ื” ืฉืžืงื•ืจื ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืฉืื™ื ื” ื‘ืื™ื—ื•ื“ ื”ืื™ืจื•ืคื™ ื™ืฆื˜ืจื›ื• ืœื”ื’ื™ืฉ ืœื—ื‘ืจืช ื”ืฉื›ืจืช ื”ืจื›ื‘ ืจื™ืฉื™ื•ืŸ ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ืชืงืฃ ืžืžื“ื™ื ืช ืžื•ืœื“ืชื, ื›ืžื• ื’ื ืืช ื”ื“ืจื›ื•ืŸ ื”ืžืขื•ื“ื›ืŸ ืฉืœื”ื. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš IDP, ื–ื” ื™ืขื–ื•ืจ ื›ื™ ืœื ื›ื•ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืื• ืœืงืจื•ื ืกืœื•ื‘ืงื™ืช. ื ื”ื’ื™ื ื™ืฆื˜ืจื›ื• ืœื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื— ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ื’ื ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื”ื ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืจื›ื‘ ื”ืฉื›ื•ืจ. ืืชื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืžืกืžื›ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื•ืืช ืžืกืžื›ื™ ื”ืจื™ืฉื•ื ืฉืœ ื”ืจื›ื‘ ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื”ืžื›ื•ื ื™ืช ื”ืฉื›ื•ืจื” ื‘ืจืฉื•ืชืš.

ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ, ืชืฆื˜ืจื›ื• ืœื”ื›ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืชืฉืœื•ื ื”ื ื›ื•ืŸ - ื‘ื“ืงื• ืขื ื—ื‘ืจืช ื”ืฉื›ืจืช ื”ืจื›ื‘ ืื™ื–ื” ืืžืฆืขื™ ืชืฉืœื•ื ื”ื ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื. ืื ืืชื” ืžืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื›ืจื˜ื™ืก ื—ื™ื•ื‘ ืื• ื‘ื›ืจื˜ื™ืก ืืฉืจืื™, ืฉืืœ ืืช ืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ืฉื›ืจืช ื”ืจื›ื‘ ืื ื”ื›ืจื˜ื™ืก ื”ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ ืฉืœืš ืžืงื•ื‘ืœ. ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉืชืชื‘ืงืฉื• ื’ื ืœืงื ื•ืช "ื•ื™ื’ื ื˜", ืžื“ื‘ืงืช ืื’ืจื” ื”ืžืฉืžืฉืช ืœืื’ืจื” ื‘ืขืช ื ืกื™ืขื” ื‘ื›ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื ื”ืžื”ื™ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ืกืœื•ื‘ืงื™ื”. ืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืงื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื’ื ื˜ ืฉืœืš ื‘ืชื—ื ื•ืช ื“ืœืง ื•ื‘ืกื ื™ืคื™ ื“ื•ืืจ ื‘ืชื•ืš ืกืœื•ื‘ืงื™ื”.

ืกื•ื’ื™ ืจื›ื‘

ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืžื—ืคืฉื™ื ื“ื™ืœื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืฉื›ืจืช ืจื›ื‘, ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœืฉื™ื ืœื‘ ืœืชื™ืื•ืจ ื‘ืืชืจ ื”ืฉื›ืจืช ื”ืจื›ื‘. ื›ืžื” ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื ืฉืืชื” ืขืฉื•ื™ ืœื”ื™ืชืงืœ ื‘ื”ื ื”ื:

  • ื—ืกื›ื•ื ื™
  • ืกื˜ื ื“ืจื˜ื™
  • ืงื•ืžืคืงื˜ื™
  • ืžื™ื ื™
  • ื‘ื™ื ื•ื ื™

ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืฉื’ื ื”ืชืงืฆื™ื‘ ืœื”ืฉื›ืจืช ืจื›ื‘ ืฉื•ื ื” ืžืื“ื ืœืื“ื. ืื‘ืœ ืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืฆืคื•ืช ืœืฉืœื ื‘ื™ืŸ $600 ืœื™ื•ื ืขื“ $700 ืœื™ื•ื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืจื›ื‘ ื”ืฉื›ื•ืจ ื”ืžื•ืขื“ืฃ ืขืœื™ืš. ืœืจื›ื‘ ื”ืฉื›ื•ืจ ืฉืืชื” ืฉื•ื›ืจ ื‘ืกืœื•ื‘ืงื™ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื ืกื•ืข ื‘ืกืœื•ื‘ืงื™ื” ื‘ื—ื•ืจืฃ, ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ืฆื•ืจืš ืœื”ืจื›ื™ื‘ ืฉืจืฉืจืื•ืช ืฉืœื’ ื•ืฆืžื™ื’ื™ ื—ื•ืจืฃ, ืื– ืฉืืœ ืืช ืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ืจื›ื‘ ื”ืฉื›ื•ืจ ืื ืชืฆื˜ืจืš ืœืฉืœื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื–ื”. ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉืชืฆื˜ืจื›ื• ื’ื ืื‘ื™ื–ืจื™ ื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื•ืช ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ื™ื ื›ืžื• ืžื•ืฉื‘ื™ ืจื›ื‘ ืœื™ืœื“ื™ื, ืฉืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืœืขืœื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื“ื™.

ื“ืจื™ืฉื•ืช ื’ื™ืœ

ื‘ืกืœื•ื‘ืงื™ื”, ื ื”ื’ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืŸ 21 ืœืคื—ื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืจืฉืื™ ืœื ื”ื•ื’ ื‘ืžื›ื•ื ื™ืช ืฉื›ื•ืจ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื—ื•ืงื™. ื–ื” ืขืฉื•ื™ ืœื”ืฉืชื ื•ืช ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœืกื•ื’ ื”ืจื›ื‘ ืฉืืชื” ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืฉื›ื•ืจ. ืจื›ื‘ ืฉื›ื•ืจ ืžืกื•ื™ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืฉื›ืจ ืจืง ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืื“ื ืขื“ ื’ื™ืœ ืžืงืกื™ืžื•ื ืฉืœ 70 ืฉื ื” - ื›ืœ ืื“ื ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจ ืžื–ื” ื™ื™ืืกืจ ืขืœ ื”ืฉื›ืจืช ืจื›ื‘ ื–ื”. ื—ืœืง ืžื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ืฉื›ืจืช ืจื›ื‘ ืžื˜ื™ืœื•ืช "ื”ื™ื˜ืœ ื ื”ื’ ืฆืขื™ืจ" ืื ื”ื ื”ื’ ื”ื•ื ืžืชื—ืช ืœื’ื™ืœ 25.

ืขืœื•ืช ื”ืฉื›ืจืช ืจื›ื‘

ืžื—ื™ืจ ื”ืฉื›ืจืช ืจื›ื‘ ื‘ืกืœื•ื‘ืงื™ื” ืฉื•ื ื” ืœื—ื‘ืจืช ื”ืฉื›ืจืช ืจื›ื‘ ื‘ืฉืœ ืกื•ื’ ื”ืจื›ื‘ ื”ืžื•ืฉื›ืจ, ืงื™ื‘ื•ืœืช ื”ื ื•ืกืขื™ื ื”ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื, ืžืกืคืจ ื›ืจื™ื•ืช ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื‘ื”ืŸ ืžืฆื•ื™ื“ื•ืช ื”ืจื›ื‘ ื•ื’ื•ื“ืœ ื”ืจื›ื‘ ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ. ืœื ื›ืœ ื”ืจื›ื‘ื™ื ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืขื ืžื–ื’ืŸ, ืžื” ืฉืžืฉืคื™ืข ื’ื ืขืœ ื”ืžื—ื™ืจ. ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉืชื‘ื—ื™ืŸ ืฉื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ืฉื›ืจืช ืจื›ื‘ ืžืกื•ื™ืžื•ืช ืžืชืžื—ืจื•ืช ืืช ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืฉื›ื•ืจื•ืช ืฉืœื”ืŸ ื ืžื•ืš ื™ื•ืชืจ ื’ื ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืžื‘ืฆืขื™ื ืžืชืžืฉื›ื™ื. ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ, ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื”ืจื›ื‘ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื›ืš ืขืœื•ืช ื”ื”ืฉื›ืจื” ื™ืงืจื” ื™ื•ืชืจ.

ื›ื“ืื™ ืœื–ื›ื•ืจ ื’ื ืืช ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœ ืžืื—ืจ ื•ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ืฉื›ืจืช ืจื›ื‘ ืžืกื•ื™ืžื•ืช ืขืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ืœื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืื•ืชืš ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœ ื”ื”ืฉื›ืจื” ืื ื–ื” ืงืจื•ื‘ ืžื“ื™ ืœืžื•ืขื“ ื”ืื™ืกื•ืฃ ืฉืฆื™ื™ื ืช. ืฉื™ืงื•ืœ ื ื•ืกืฃ ืฉืžืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ื”ืชืžื—ื•ืจ ื”ื•ื ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืชืฉืœื•ื ืฉืœืš. ื›ื›ืœ ืฉืชืฉืœื ืžื•ืงื“ื ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื›ืš ื”ืชืฉืœื•ื ื”ื›ื•ืœืœ ื™ื”ื™ื” ื ืžื•ืš ื™ื•ืชืจ.

ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ืœืชืขืจื™ืคื™ ื”ื”ืฉื›ืจื” ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื›ื•ื ื™ืช ื”ื™ื ืืงื•ื ื•ืžื™ ืกื˜ื™ื™ืฉืŸ ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ืชืื™ื ืœืฉื ื™ ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื ื•ื‘ืขืœืช ืฉืชื™ ื›ืจื™ื•ืช ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ืฉืœ 641 ื“ื•ืœืจ ืœื™ื•ื. ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืฉืชื ื•ืช ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื•ื”ื•ื ืžืฆื•ื˜ื˜ ืจืง ื›ื“ื™ ืœืชืช ืœืš ืžื•ืฉื’ ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืขืœื•ืช.

ืขืœื•ืช ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืจื›ื‘

ืื ื›ื‘ืจ ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ื ืกื™ืขื•ืช, ืื™ืฉื™ ื•ืจื›ื‘, ืขืœื™ืš ืœื‘ื“ื•ืง ืขื ืกืคืง ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืฉืœืš ืื ื–ื” ื™ื—ื•ืœ ื‘ืกืœื•ื‘ืงื™ื” ื›ืฉืืชื” ื ื•ื”ื’. ื“ืจื™ืฉื•ืช ื”ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ืฉืœื”ื ื‘ืกืœื•ื‘ืงื™ื” ืขืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื™ื•ืฉืžื•ืช ืขืœ ื‘ืกื™ืก ื›ืœ ืžืงืจื” ืœื’ื•ืคื• ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื›ืœ ื”ืฉื›ืจืช ืจื›ื‘ ืฉื•ื ื” ืžืขืกืงืื•ืช ื”ืฉื›ืจืช ืจื›ื‘ ืื—ืจื•ืช.

ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ืฉื›ืจืช ืจื›ื‘ ืžืกื•ื™ืžื•ืช ืžื—ื™ื™ื‘ื•ืช ืกื•ื’ื™ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืฉื›ืจืช ื”ืจื›ื‘ ืฉืœื”ืŸ, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืืฉ ื•ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืฆื“ ื’'. ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื›ืœื•ืœ ื›ื™ืกื•ื™ ื”ืชื ื’ืฉื•ืช ื•ื’ื ื™ื‘ื”, ื‘ืชื ืื™ ืฉื”ืœืงื•ื— ืžื•ื›ืŸ ืœืฉืœื ืขืœ ื›ืš. ื›ื™ืกื•ื™ ื”ื’ื ื™ื‘ื” ืขืฉื•ื™ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืžื—ื™ืจ ืฉืœ $13 ืขื“ $27 ืœื™ื•ื. ื›ื™ืกื•ื™ ื”ื”ืชื ื’ืฉื•ืช ืขืฉื•ื™ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืชื•ืืจ ื›"ื•ื™ืชื•ืจ ืขืœ ื ื–ืงื™ ื”ืชื ื’ืฉื•ืช" ื•ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืขืœื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ $14 ืœ-$35 ืœื™ื•ื, ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœืชื™ืื•ืจ ื”ื ื–ืง.

ืื ืชืจืฆื”, ืชื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ื’ื™ืฉ ื‘ืงืฉื” ื’ื ืœื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืชืื•ื ื•ืช ืื™ืฉื™ื•ืช. ื–ื” ืขืฉื•ื™ ืœืขืœื•ืช ืœืš ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื•ืช $6 ืœื™ื•ื. ืขื ื–ืืช, ืขืœื™ืš ืœื“ืขืช ืฉื›ืœ ืกื•ื’ื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื—ื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ืžื™ื•ืขื“ื™ื ืœื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื‘ืชื•ืš ืกืœื•ื‘ืงื™ื” ื‘ืœื‘ื“. ื›ื“ืื™ ืœื‘ื“ื•ืง ืขื ื—ื‘ืจืช ื”ืฉื›ืจืช ื”ืจื›ื‘ ื•/ืื• ืขื ืกืคืง ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืื ืืชื” ื•ื”ืจื›ื‘ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื–ื›ืื™ื ืœื›ื™ืกื•ื™ ืื ืชืขื‘ืจื• ืืช ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ืกืœื•ื‘ืงื™ื”. ื–ื›ื•ืจ ื›ื™ ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉืืชื” ืžืคืจ ืืช ืชื ืื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืื ืชื™ืชืคืก ื ื•ื”ื’ ื‘ืฉื›ืจื•ืช ื‘ืกืœื•ื‘ืงื™ื”.

ืคื•ืœื™ืกืช ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืจื›ื‘

ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืจื›ื‘ ืขื•ื–ืจ ืœื”ืงืœ ืขืœ ื“ืขืชืš ื‘ืขืช ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื–ืจื”, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื— ืื—ื“. ื•ื™ืชื•ืจ ืขืœ ื ื–ืงื™ ื”ืชื ื’ืฉื•ืช ื•ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ื’ื ื™ื‘ื” ื”ื ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ื”ื—ื•ื‘ื” ืฉืžื’ื™ืข ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื”ืจื›ื‘ ื”ืฉื›ื•ืจ ืฉืœืš. ืœืœื ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืžืกื•ื’ ื–ื”, ืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืงื‘ืœ ืงื ืก. ื”ื‘ื˜ื—ืช ืกื•ื’ื™ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืื—ืจื™ื ืชืœื•ื™ื” ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ ื‘ื›ื.

ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ื”ืจื›ื‘ ืฉืœืš ืžืชื‘ื˜ืœ ืื ืืชื” ื ื•ืชืŸ ืœื ื”ื’ ืงื˜ื™ืŸ ืื• ืœื ืžื•ืจืฉื” ืœืงื—ืช ืืช ื”ื”ื’ื”, ืืคื™ืœื• ืขื ื”ืฉื’ื—ืชืš. ืื ืืชื” ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉืืชื” ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื ื”ื•ื’ ื•ืื™ืŸ ืœืš ืžืœื•ื•ื” ืžื•ืจืฉื”, ืฉื›ื•ืจ ื ื”ื’ ืžื—ื‘ืจืช ื”ืฉื›ืจืช ื”ืจื›ื‘.

ื—ื•ืงื™ ื”ื“ืจืš ื‘ืกืœื•ื‘ืงื™ื”

ื‘ืจื˜ื™ืกืœื‘ื” ืกืœื•ื‘ืงื™ื”
ืžึธืงื•ึนืจ: ืชืžื•ื ื” ืžืืช ืคื‘ื•ืœ ืกื•ื•ื ื˜ื ืจ

ื›ืืฉืจ ืืชื ืžื‘ืงืจื™ื ื‘ืกืœื•ื‘ืงื™ื” ื•ืžืชื›ื•ื•ื ื™ื ืœืฉื›ื•ืจ ืจื›ื‘ ืœื ืกื™ืขื” ื‘ื”, ืžื•ืžืœืฅ ืœื”ื›ื™ืจ ืงื•ื“ื ื›ืœ ืืช ื”ื›ืœืœื™ื ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื‘ืกืœื•ื‘ืงื™ื” ื”ื—ืœื™ื ืขืœ ื ื”ื’ื™ื. ื”ื›ืœืœ ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ื•ื ืฉืืชื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืง ืืช ืจื™ืฉื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ืฉืœืš ืžื•ื›ืŸ ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื”ืจื™ืฉื•ื ืฉืœ ื”ืจื›ื‘ ื”ืฉื›ื•ืจ ืฉืœืš. ื‘ื“ืจืš ื–ื•, ืื ื™ืฉ ืžืฉื˜ืจื” ืžืงื•ืžื™ืช ืื• ืื•ื›ืคื™ ืชื ื•ืขื” ืฉืžืกืžื ื™ื ืื•ืชืš, ืชื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืงืœื•ืช ืืช ื”ืžืกืžื›ื™ื ืฉืœืš. ืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ื’ื ืœื”ืฆื™ื’ ืืช ื”-IDP ื•ืืช ื”ื“ืจื›ื•ืŸ ื”ืžืขื•ื“ื›ืŸ ืœืคืงื™ื“ื™ื ืืœื”.

ืชืงื ื•ืช ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช

ื”ื›ืจืช ื”ืชืงื ื•ืช ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืฉื‘ื” ืืชื” ืžื‘ืงืจ ื”ื™ื ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžื ื•ืข ืฆืจื•ืช ื•ืขื™ื›ื•ื‘ื™ื. ืขื“ื™ืฃ ืœื”ืฆื˜ื™ื™ื“ ื‘ื™ื“ืข ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ ืขืœ ื›ืœืœื™ ื”ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ืฉืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื–ืจื”. ืœื”ืœืŸ ื”ืชืงื ื•ืช ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืืชื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื–ื›ื•ืจ.

ื–ื›ืื•ืช ืœื ื”ื™ื’ื”

ืื ื—ืกืจ ืœืš ืจื™ืฉื™ื•ืŸ ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื‘ืชื•ืงืฃ ืžืžื“ื™ื ืช ื”ื•ืœื“ืชืš, ืื™ื ืš ืจืฉืื™ ืœื ื”ื•ื’ ื‘ืชื•ืš ืกืœื•ื‘ืงื™ื”. ื›ืš ื’ื ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื ื”ื’ื™ื ืฉืื™ื ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืฆื™ื’ ืืช ืจื™ืฉื•ื ื”ืจื›ื‘ ื”ืฉื›ื•ืจ. ืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื’ื™ืฉ ื‘ืงืฉื” ืœืจื™ืฉื™ื•ืŸ ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ืกืœื•ื‘ืงื™ ืื ืืชื” ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืืคืฉืจ ืœืš ืœื ื”ื•ื’ ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืืจืฅ. ืœืจื›ื‘ ื”ืฉื›ื•ืจ ืฉืœืš ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื’ื ืžืกืคืจ ืœื•ื—ื™ืช ืชืงืฃ ืžืœืคื ื™ื ื•ืขื•ื“ ืื—ื“ ืžืื—ื•ืจ ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืœื ืชืกื•ืžืŸ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืžืฉื˜ืจื” ืื• ืฉื•ืžืจื™ ื”ืชื ื•ืขื”.

ื‘ืžื™ื“ืช ื”ืฆื•ืจืš, ืชื•ื›ืœ ืœืขื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื›ืœืœื™ ื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ื‘ื›ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื ืœื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื‘ืกืœื•ื‘ืงื™ื” ื”ืžืคื•ืจื˜ื™ื ื‘ื—ื•ืง ืžืก' 8/2009 ืœืคืจื˜ื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื. ืœืžื™ื“ืข ื ื•ืกืฃ ืขืœ ื›ืœืœื™ื ื”ื ื•ื’ืขื™ื ืœืชืžืจื•ืจื™ื ื•ืœืกื™ืžื•ื ื™ื, ื—ืคืฉ ืืช ืชืงื ื•ืช ื”ืชืžืจื•ืจื™ื ื•ื”ืื•ืชื•ืช ื”ืงื‘ื•ืขื™ื ื‘ืฆื• ืžืก' 30/2020. ืฉื™ืžื• ืœื‘ ืฉื›ืœ ื—ื•ืงื™ ื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ื‘ื›ื‘ื™ืฉ ืืžื•ืจื™ื ืœื”ืชื‘ืกืก ืขืœ ื›ืœืœื™ ืชื ื•ืขื” ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ื™ื. ื–ื” ื›ื•ืœืœ ื›ืœืœื™ื ืขืœ ืชืžืจื•ืจื™ื ื•ืกื™ืžื•ื ื™ื.

ื—ื•ืง ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื‘ืฉื›ืจื•ืช

ืืชื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ืžื ืข ืžืœืงื™ื—ืช ื›ืœ ื›ืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžืฉืงืื•ืช ื—ืจื™ืคื™ื ื•ืกืžื™ื ืœื ื—ื•ืงื™ื™ื ืื ืืชื” ืžืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืœื ื”ื•ื’. ื”ืžืฉื˜ืจื” ื”ืกืœื•ื‘ืงื™ืช ื•ืื›ืคื™ ื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ืžืงืคื™ื“ื™ื ืžืื•ื“ ืขืœ ืžืขืฆืจ ื›ืœ ืžื™ ืฉื ืชืคืก ื ื•ื”ื’ ื‘ืฉื›ืจื•ืช ื‘ืกืœื•ื‘ืงื™ื”. ืืชื” ืขืœื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ืขืฆืจ ืื ืชืคืจ ืชืงื ื” ื–ื•, ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื›ืืฉืจ ื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื ื‘ืกืœื•ื‘ืงื™ื” ื‘ื—ื•ืจืฃ ื›ื™ ื–ื” ืžืกื•ื›ืŸ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืขื•ื ื”.

ืžืฉื˜ืจืช ืกืœื•ื‘ืงื™ื” ืื™ื ื” ืžืชื™ืจื” ืœืžื™ ืฉืฉืชื” ืœื ื”ื•ื’ ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื”. ืจืžืช ื”ืืœื›ื•ื”ื•ืœ ืฉืžื•ืชืจ ืœืš ืœืฉืชื•ืช ื‘ื‘ื“ื™ืงืช ื ืฉื™ืคื” ื”ื™ื ืืคืก ืื—ื•ื–. ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ื™ื ืฉืืคื™ืœื• ื”ืฆื’ืช ืจืžืช ืืœื›ื•ื”ื•ืœ ืฉืœ 1% ื”ื™ื ืกื™ื‘ื” ืžืกืคืงืช ืœืžืขืฆืจ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืžืฉื˜ืจื”. ืขื“ื™ืฃ ืœื”ื™ืžื ืข ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื™ืžื ืข ืžืžืืกืจ. ื›ืœืœ ื–ื” ืขืœ ืืคืก ืกื•ื‘ืœื ื•ืช ืœื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื‘ืฉื›ืจื•ืช ื—ืœ ื’ื ืขืœ ื ื”ื’ื™ื ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ื•ื ื”ื’ื™ื ืžืกื—ืจื™ื™ื.

ื”ื—ื•ืง ื”ื–ื” ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื‘ืฉื›ืจื•ืช ื”ื•ื ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืื ืืชื” ืžื—ืฉื™ื‘ ืžื™ ืขืœื•ืœ ืœื”ืคืจ ืื•ืชื•. ืื, ืœืžืฉืœ, ืืชื” ืžืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืœื”ื’ื™ืฉ ืžื•ืขืžื“ื•ืช ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื‘ืžืฉืื™ืช ื‘ืกืœื•ื‘ืงื™ื”, ืื– ืืชื” ืชืฉื™ื ืืช ื—ื™ื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืื ืืชื” ืฉื•ืชื” ืชื•ืš ื›ื“ื™ ื ื”ื™ื’ื”. ื”ืกื˜ื˜ื™ืกื˜ื™ืงื” ื”ืขื’ื•ืžื” ืฉืœ ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื‘ืกืœื•ื‘ืงื™ื” ื”ื™ื ืชืžื™ื“ ืคื•ืชื—ืช ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื.

ืžืฆื‘ ื”ืจื›ื‘

ื•ื“ื ืฉื™ืฉ ืœืš ืžืกืžื›ื™ื ืชืงืคื™ื ืื™ืชืš, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืจื™ืฉื™ื•ืŸ ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ืชืงืฃ, IDP, ื“ืจื›ื•ืŸ ืžืขื•ื“ื›ืŸ ื•ืชืขื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืจื™ืฉื•ื ืฉืœ ื”ืจื›ื‘ ื”ืฉื›ื•ืจ ืฉืœืš. ื›ื“ืื™ ื’ื ืœื‘ื“ื•ืง ืื ืœืจื›ื‘ ื”ืฉื›ื•ืจ ืฉืœืš ื™ืฉ ืืช ืฆื™ื•ื“ ื”ื—ื™ืจื•ื ื”ืžืชืื™ื ื›ืžื• ืžืฉื•ืœืฉ ื”ืื–ื”ืจื” ื”ื ื™ื™ื“ ื”ื—ื•ืงื™, ื‘ื™ื’ื•ื“ ื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื•ืช ืจืขื™ื•ื ื™ ืชื•ืื EN ISO 20471, ืขืจื›ืช ืขื–ืจื” ืจืืฉื•ื ื”, ืฆืžื™ื’ ืจื–ืจื‘ื™ ืขื ื—ื™ืฉื•ืง ื•ืฆื™ื•ื“ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืงืœ ืขืœ ื”ื—ืœืคืช ืฆืžื™ื’ื™ื, ื›ื•ืœืœ ืžืคืชื— ื‘ืจื’ื™ื ื•ื’'ืง ื‘ื”ืคืขืœื” ื™ื“ื ื™ืช.

ืื™ืชื•ืชื™ ืคื ื™ื™ื” ื‘ืฆื•ืžืช

ืืกื•ืจ ืœืจื›ื‘ ืœืคื ื•ืช ื™ืžื™ื ื” ืื ื”ืจืžื–ื•ืจ ืื“ื•ื. ื›ื“ืื™ ืœืคื ื•ืช ืžืงื•ื ื’ื ืœืื•ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืกื™ื, ืขื’ืœื•ืช ื•ื—ืฉืžืœื™ื•ืช ืฉืžืกืชื•ื‘ื‘ื™ื. ืื ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ ืจื’ืœ ืžืžืชื™ื ื™ื ื‘ืžืขื‘ืจ ื—ืฆื™ื”, ื”ืงืคื™ื“ื• ืœืชืช ืœื”ื ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืคื ื™ื™ื”. ื›ืœ ื›ืœื™ ืจื›ื‘ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ืื•ืจื•ืช ื›ื—ื•ืœื™ื ืžื”ื‘ื”ื‘ื™ื ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื›ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืจืฉืžื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืืžื‘ื•ืœื ืกื™ื, ืžืฉื˜ืจื” ืื• ื›ื™ื‘ื•ื™ ืืฉ, ื›ืš ืฉื’ื ืœื”ื ื™ืฉ ื–ื›ื•ืช ืงื“ื™ืžื”. ืื•ืชื• ื›ืœืœ ื—ืœ ืื ืœืจื›ื‘ื™ื ื™ืฉ ืื•ืจื•ืช ื›ืชื•ืžื™ื ืื• ืฆื”ื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืžืงื•ื, ืื– ืคื ื• ืืช ืžืงื•ืžื ืœืืœื•.

ื—ึฒื ึธื™ึธื”

ืืชื” ืจืฉืื™ ืœื”ื—ื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืจื›ื‘ ืฉืœืš ืจืง ื‘ืฆื“ ื™ืžื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ื›ื‘ื™ืฉื™ ืกืœื•ื‘ืงื™ื” ืืœื ืื ื”ืจื—ื•ื‘ ื”ื•ื ื—ื“ ืกื˜ืจื™, ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื—ื ื•ืช ื‘ืฆื“ ืฉืžืืœ. ืขื ื–ืืช, ืงืฉื” ืœืžืฆื•ื ื—ื ื™ื” ืื ืืชื” ืžื˜ื™ื™ืœ ื‘ืขืจื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช, ืื– ืชืžื™ื“ ื—ืคืฉ ืฉืœื˜ื™ื ื”ืžืฆื™ื™ื ื™ื ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื—ื ื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื—ื•ืงื™.

ื—ื•ืงื™ ื—ื’ื•ืจื•ืช ื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื•ืช

ื’ื ื ื”ื’ื™ื ื•ื’ื ื ื•ืกืขื™ื ื ื“ืจืฉื™ื ืœื—ื’ื•ืจ ื—ื’ื•ืจืช ื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื•ืช. ื–ื” ืชืงืฃ ืืคื™ืœื• ืœืžื™ ืฉื ืžืฆื ื‘ืžื•ืฉื‘ ื”ืื—ื•ืจื™. ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืฉื‘ืช ืจืง ื‘ืžื•ืฉื‘ ื”ืื—ื•ืจื™ ืœื™ืชืจ ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ, ืื ื›ื™ ื‘ื ื™ 12 ื•ืžืขืœื” ื›ื‘ืจ ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืœืฉื‘ืช ื‘ืžื•ืฉื‘ ื”ื ื•ืกืข ื”ืงื“ืžื™. ืื™ืŸ ื—ื•ื‘ื” ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืง ื›ืกืื•ืช ืœื™ืœื“ื™ื ื‘ืžื•ืฉื‘ ื”ืื—ื•ืจื™, ืื‘ืœ ืื•ืœื™ ื›ื“ืื™ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช.

ื”ื—ืจื™ื’ ืœื›ืœืœื™ ื—ื’ื•ืจื•ืช ื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื•ืช ืืœื” ื”ื ื”ื‘ืื™ื:

  • ืžื˜ื•ืคืœื™ื ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืจืคื•ืื™ื•ืช
  • ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื’ื•ื‘ื”ื ืคื—ื•ืช ืž-150 ืกื ื˜ื™ืžื˜ืจื™ื
  • ืžื“ืจื™ื›ื™ ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื‘ืชืคืงื™ื“
  • ืจื›ื‘ื™ ื—ื™ืจื•ื ื‘ืชืคืงื™ื“
  • ื ื”ื’ื™ ืžื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืชืคืงื™ื“

ืื ื”ืจื›ื‘ ื”ืฉื›ื•ืจ ืฉืœืš ื›ื‘ืจ ืžืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืฉื ื™ ื›ืกืื•ืช ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื‘ืžื•ืฉื‘ ื”ืื—ื•ืจื™, ืœื™ืœื“ ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืจื›ื™ื‘ ื—ื’ื•ืจืช ื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื•ืช ื‘ืžื•ืฉื‘ ื”ืื—ื•ืจื™ ื‘ืชื ืื™ ืฉื”ื™ืœื“ ืžืชื—ืช ืœื’ื™ืœ ืฉืœื•ืฉ ื•ื’ื•ื‘ื”ื• ืคื—ื•ืช ืž-150 ืกื ื˜ื™ืžื˜ืจื™ื.

ืชืงื ื™ื ื›ืœืœื™ื™ื

ืชืžื™ื“ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื—ืคืฉ ื˜ื™ืคื™ื ืœื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื‘ืกืœื•ื‘ืงื™ื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ืœืคื ื™ ื”ื ืกื™ืขื”. ื›ืš, ืœื ืชื”ื™ื” ืžืื•ื“ ืžื‘ื•ืœื‘ืœ ื›ืฉื™ื’ื™ืข ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืœื ื”ื•ื’. ืืชื” ื’ื ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื“ืขืช ื›ืžื” ืชืงื ื™ ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื‘ืขืช ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจ ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื–ืจื”. ื‘ืกืœื•ื‘ืงื™ื”, ืžื›ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื™ื“ื ื™ื•ืช ื ืคื•ืฆื•ืช ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื™ื ื–ื•ืœื” ื•ื—ืกื›ื•ื ื™ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื“ืœืง. ืขื ื–ืืช, ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืฉื›ื•ืจ ืžื›ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืขื ืชื™ื‘ืช ื”ื”ื™ืœื•ื›ื™ื ื”ืื•ื˜ื•ืžื˜ื™ืช ืฉื’ื ื—ืกื›ื•ื ื™ืช ื‘ื“ืœืง. ืžื—ื™ืจ ื”ื”ืฉื›ืจื” ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืžื›ื•ื ื™ืช ืชื™ื‘ืช ื”ื™ืœื•ื›ื™ื ื™ื“ื ื™ืช ืขืฉื•ื™ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื–ื•ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืืš ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืชื™ื™ืจื™ื ื‘ื•ื—ืจื™ื ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืžื›ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืชื™ื‘ืช ื”ื™ืœื•ื›ื™ื ืื•ื˜ื•ืžื˜ื™ืช ืžื˜ืขืžื™ ื ื•ื—ื•ืช. ื–ื” ืœื’ืžืจื™ ืชืœื•ื™ ื‘ื”ืขื“ืคื” ืฉืœืš.

ื”ื’ื‘ืœืช ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช

ื“ื‘ืจ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื ื•ืกืฃ ืฉืืชื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื–ื›ื•ืจ ื‘ืขืช ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื‘ืกืœื•ื‘ืงื™ื” ื”ื•ื ื”ื’ื‘ืœืช ื”ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช. ื›ืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืžื˜ื™ืœื” ื”ื’ื‘ืœื•ืช ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืขืœ ื›ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื”, ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœืื™ื›ื•ืช ื”ื›ื‘ื™ืฉ, ื”ืืงืœื™ื ื•ื”ืชื ื•ืขื”. ืžื’ื‘ืœื•ืช ื”ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืขืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ืœื”ืฉืชื ื•ืช ืžืžื“ื™ื ื” ืื—ืช ืœืื—ืจืช, ืœื›ืŸ ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ื“ืข ืœืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœืš.

ื‘ืกืœื•ื‘ืงื™ื”, ื”ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืชืจืช ื”ื™ื 90 ืงืž"ืฉ (54 ืงืž"ืฉ) ื‘ื›ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉื”ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืชืจืช ื‘ืขืจื™ื ื”ื™ื 50 ืงืž"ืฉ (31 ืงืž"ืฉ). ืœื›ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื ื”ืžื”ื™ืจื™ื ื™ืฉ ื”ื’ื‘ืœืช ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ 130 ืงืž"ืฉ (78 ืžื™ื™ืœ ืœืฉืขื”). ื”ื™ื–ื”ืจ ื‘ื›ืœื™ ืจื›ื‘ ืฉื ืขื™ื ืœืื˜. ื”ืงืคื™ื“ื• ืชืžื™ื“ ืขืœ ื”ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืชืจืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืจืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื™ืžื ืข ืžืขื•ื ืฉื™ื.

ื”ื•ืจืื•ืช ื ืกื™ืขื”

ืœืกืœื•ื‘ืงื™ื” ื™ืฉ ื—ื•ืง ืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ื›ื™ื›ืจื•ืช. ืฉืœื ื›ืžื• ื‘ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช, ืืชื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืคื ื•ืช ืžืงื•ื ืœืžื›ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉืžื’ื™ืขื•ืช ื‘ื›ื™ื›ืจ ืืœื ืื ื›ืŸ ื™ืฉ ืฉืœื˜ ืคื ื” ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืœืชืช ืžืงื•ื ืœืžื›ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ื ืžืฆืื•ืช ื‘ื›ื™ื›ืจ. ื–ื” ืขืฉื•ื™ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ืœื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืจื•ื‘ ื ื”ื’ื™ ื”ืชื™ื™ืจื™ื, ืื– ื–ื›ื•ืจ ื›ืœืœ ื–ื”.

ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืกืœื•ื‘ืงื™ื” ื”ื™ื ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืœืœื ืžื•ืฆื ืœื™ื, ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ื™ื›ื ืก ืืœื™ื” ื‘ืจื›ื‘ ื“ืจืš ืคื•ืœื™ืŸ, ื”ื•ื ื’ืจื™ื”, ืื•ืกื˜ืจื™ื”, ืฆ'ื›ื™ื” ื•ืื•ืงืจืื™ื ื”. ืขื ื–ืืช, ืงื™ื™ืžื•ืช ื›ื™ื•ื ื”ื’ื‘ืœื•ืช ื ืกื™ืขื” ื”ืžื’ื‘ื™ืœื•ืช ืืช ื”ื›ื ื™ืกื” ื•ื”ื™ืฆื™ืื” ืžืกืœื•ื‘ืงื™ื”. ื›ืœืœื™ื ืืœื” ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืœื”ืฉืชื ื•ืช ืœืœื ื”ื•ื“ืขื” ืžื•ืงื“ืžืช, ืœื›ืŸ ืขืœื™ืš ืœื”ืชืขื“ื›ืŸ ื‘ืขื“ื›ื•ืŸ ืžืงื•ื•ืŸ ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ื’ื‘ืœื•ืช ื ืกื™ืขื”.

ืฉืœื˜ื™ ืชื ื•ืขื”

ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื”ื›ื™ืจ ืืช ืฉืœื˜ื™ ื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ื”ืจื‘ื™ื ื”ืฉื•ืœื˜ื™ื ื‘ืชื—ื‘ื•ืจื” ื‘ืชื•ืš ืกืœื•ื‘ืงื™ื”. ืืœื• ื™ืงืœื• ืขืœ ื”ื ืกื™ืขื” ื•ื™ืขื–ืจื• ืœื›ื ืœื”ื™ืžื ืข ืžืชืื•ื ื•ืช ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืฉืขืœื•ืœื•ืช ืœื’ื–ื•ืœ ื–ืžืŸ ื•ืœื˜ืจื—ื” ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืื™ืชืŸ.

ืชืžืจื•ืจื™ ื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ืžืชื—ืœืงื™ื ืœื—ืžืฉ ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื•ืช, ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ืชืžืจื•ืจื™ ืื–ื”ืจื”, ืชืžืจื•ืจื™ื, ืชืžืจื•ืจื™ ืื™ืกื•ืจ, ืชืžืจื•ืจื™ ื—ื•ื‘ื” ื•ืชืžืจื•ืจื™ื. ืืชื” ืขืฉื•ื™ ืœืžืฆื•ื ืฉืœื˜ื™ ืชื ื•ืขื” ื”ืžื•ืฆื‘ื™ื ืžืขืœ ื”ื›ื‘ื™ืฉ ืื• ื‘ืฆื“ ื”ื›ื‘ื™ืฉ. ื›ื“ื™ ืœืจืื•ืช ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืชืžืจื•ืจื™ื ืืœื”, ืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื‘ืงืจ ื‘ืืชืจ ื–ื”.

ืื—ื“ ื”ืชืžืจื•ืจื™ื ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ื•ื ื–ื” ื”ืžืฆื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื™ืฉ ืจืžื–ื•ืจ ืงืจื•ื‘ ื‘ื›ื‘ื™ืฉ ื–ื”. ืฉืœื˜ ื–ื” ืขืฉื•ื™ ืžืžืฉื•ืœืฉ ืื“ื•ื ืขื ืขื™ื’ื•ืœ ืื“ื•ื ืื—ื“, ืขื™ื’ื•ืœ ืฆื”ื•ื‘ ืื—ื“ ื•ืขื™ื’ื•ืœ ื™ืจื•ืง ืื—ื“ ืžื•ืขืจืžื™ื ื‘ืขืžื•ื“ื” ืื ื›ื™ืช ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืžืฉื•ืœืฉ ืขืœ ืจืงืข ืœื‘ืŸ. ื–ื” ื™ืจืื” ืœืš ืฉืืชื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ืื˜ ื•ืื•ืœื™ ืœืขืฆื•ืจ ื‘ืจืžื–ื•ืจ

ื–ื›ื•ืช ืžืขื‘ืจ

ืื ืืชื ื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื ื•ื™ืฉ ืžืขื‘ืจ ื—ืฆื™ื” ืงืจื•ื‘, ืืชื ื ื“ืจืฉื™ื ืœื”ืื˜ ื•ืœืชืช ืœื”ื•ืœื›ื™ ื”ืจื’ืœ ืœืœื›ืช ืงื•ื“ื ืžืื—ืจ ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ื–ื›ื•ืช ืงื“ื™ืžื”. ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ, ืžื•ืžืœืฅ ืœืชืช ืœืžื›ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื•ืžืฉืื™ื•ืช ื™ืฉื ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืœืžืจื•ืฅ ืขืœ ืคื ื™ื”ืŸ. ื›ื“ืื™ ื’ื ืœื”ื™ื–ื”ืจ ืžืจื•ื›ื‘ื™ ืื•ืคื ื™ื™ื ืฉืขืœื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืื™ืฅ ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื›ืฉืืชื ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ืœืคื ื•ืช ืœื›ื‘ื™ืฉ ืื—ืจ.

ืื ื™ืฉ ื›ื™ื›ืจ, ื•ืืชื ืžืชื›ื ื ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื›ื ืก ืืœื™ื•, ื™ืฉ ืœื›ื ื–ื›ื•ืช ืงื“ื™ืžื” ืืœื ืื ื™ืฉ ืชืžืจื•ืจื™ื ื”ืžื•ืจื™ื ืœื ื”ื’ื™ื ืื—ืจืช. ืขื ื–ืืช, ืื™ื ืš ืžื—ื•ื™ื‘ ืœืกืžืŸ ืฉืืชื” ื ื›ื ืก ืœื›ื™ื›ืจ ืืœื ืื ืืชื” ืžืจื’ื™ืฉ ืฉื™ืฉ ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ื›ืš. ืืชื” ื›ืŸ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืกืžืŸ ืฉืืชื” ืขื•ื–ื‘ ืืช ื”ื›ื™ื›ืจ ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื™ืฆื™ืื”.

ืื ืืชื” ืžื–ื”ื” ืจื›ื‘ ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ืขื•ืงืฃ ืžื›ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช, ืื™ื ืš ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืขืงื•ืฃ ืืช ื”ืจื›ื‘ ื”ืขื•ืงืฃ ื”ื–ื”, ืฉื›ืŸ ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ื™ื ื”ืืฆื”. ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืขืœื™ืš ืœืชืช ืœื• ืœืขืงื•ืฃ ืืช ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืื—ืจื•ืช ืœืคื ื™ ืฉืชืชื—ื™ืœ ื‘ืขืงื™ืคื”.

ื’ื™ืœ ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื—ื•ืงื™

ืืชื” ืจืฉืื™ ืœื ื”ื•ื’ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื—ื•ืงื™ ื‘ืกืœื•ื‘ืงื™ื” ืื ืืชื” ื‘ืŸ 21 ืœืคื—ื•ืช. ืขื ื–ืืช, ืื ืืชื ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ืœืฉื›ื•ืจ ืจื›ื‘, ืขืœื™ื›ื ืœื‘ืจืจ ื”ืื ืงื™ื™ืžื•ืช ืžื’ื‘ืœื•ืช ื’ื™ืœ ืœืกื•ื’ ื•ืžืฉืงืœ ื”ืจื›ื‘ ืื•ืชื• ืืชื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœืฉื›ื•ืจ. ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ืฉื›ืจืช ืจื›ื‘ ืžืกื•ื™ืžื•ืช ืขืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ืœื‘ืงืฉ ืžืžืš ืœืฉืœื ืชื•ืกืคืช ืœื ื”ื’ ืฆืขื™ืจ ืื ืื™ื ืš ื‘ืŸ 25 ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ. ืื ืืชื” ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ืŸ 70 ื•ืžืขืœื”, ื—ื‘ืจืช ื”ืฉื›ืจืช ื”ืจื›ื‘ ืขืฉื•ื™ื” ืœืžื ื•ืข ืžืžืš ืœืฉื›ื•ืจ ืžื—ืœืงื•ืช ืจื›ื‘ ืžืกื•ื™ืžื•ืช.

ื—ื•ืงื™ ืขืงื™ืคื”

ื›ืœืœ ืื—ื“ ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืขืงื™ืคื” ื‘ืกืœื•ื‘ืงื™ื” ื”ื•ื ืฉืืชื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืชืงื•ืข ืชื—ื™ืœื” ื‘ืฆื•ืคืจ ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื™ืช ืฉืœืš ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื ื”ื’ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ื™ื“ืขื• ืฉืืชื” ืžืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืœืขืงื•ืฃ ืื•ืชื. ืื ืœื›ื‘ื™ืฉ ื™ืฉ ืจืง ื ืชื™ื‘ ื›ื‘ื™ืฉ ืื—ื“, ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื™ืžื ืข ืžืขืงื™ืคื”, ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืื ื™ืฉ ืขื™ืงื•ืœื™ื ืžืกื•ื›ื ื™ื ื‘ื›ื‘ื™ืฉ. ื›ืœ ื”ื ื”ื’ื™ื ืžื—ื•ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœืขืงื•ืฃ ื›ืœื™ ืจื›ื‘ ืื—ืจื™ื ืจืง ื‘ืฆื“ ืฉืžืืœ ืฉืœ ื”ื›ื‘ื™ืฉ.

ืื ืืชื ืœื ืจื’ื™ืœื™ื ืœืขืงื•ืฃ ื‘ืฆื“ ืฉืžืืœ, ื›ื ืจืื” ืฉืขื“ื™ืฃ ืœื ืœืขืงื•ืฃ ืืฃ ืจื›ื‘. ื–ื” ื ื›ื•ืŸ ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ื—ื•ืจืฃ ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื ื”ื’ื™ื ื ืืœืฆื™ื ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ืฉืœื’ ื•ืงืจื— ื‘ื›ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื.

ืฆื“ ื ื”ื™ื’ื”

ื‘ืกืœื•ื‘ืงื™ื” ืฆืคื•ื™ื™ื ื”ื ื”ื’ื™ื ืœื ืกื•ืข ื‘ืฆื“ ื™ืžื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ื›ื‘ื™ืฉ, ืžืžืฉ ื›ืžื• ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืื™ื—ื•ื“ ื”ืื™ืจื•ืคื™. ื”ืขืงื™ืคื” ืžืชื‘ืฆืขืช ืจืง ื‘ืฆื“ ืฉืžืืœ ืฉืœ ื”ื›ื‘ื™ืฉ. ืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื—ื ื•ืช ืจืง ื‘ืฆื“ ื™ืžื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ื›ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื.

ืื ืืชื ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืžืžื“ื™ื ื” ืฉื‘ื” ื ื”ื’ื™ื ื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื ื‘ืฆื“ ืฉืžืืœ, ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉืชืฆื˜ืจื›ื• ืงื•ื“ื ืœื”ืชืจื’ืœ ืœื“ืจืš ื”ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื”ืกืœื•ื‘ืงื™ืช. ื–ื” ื’ื ื™ื”ื™ื” ื–ื”ื™ืจ ืœื ืœื ืกื•ืข ืžื”ืจ ืžื“ื™ ืื• ืืคื™ืœื• ืœืขืงื•ืฃ ื›ืœื™ ืจื›ื‘ ืื—ืจื™ื ืขื“ ืฉืชืชืจื’ืœ ื›ื‘ืจ ืœืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืกืœื•ื‘ืงื™ืช. ืื ืžื›ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช ืžื ืกื•ืช ืœืขืงื•ืฃ ืืช ื”ืจื›ื‘ ืฉืœืš, ืชืŸ ืœื”ื. ื–ื” ื™ืขื–ื•ืจ ืœืš ืœื”ื™ืžื ืข ืžืชืื•ื ื•ืช.

ื›ืœืœื™ ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื‘ืกืœื•ื‘ืงื™ื”

ืื ืืชื” ื”ื•ืœืš ืœื ื”ื•ื’ ื‘ืจื›ื‘ ื”ืฉื›ื•ืจ ืฉืœืš ื‘ืกืœื•ื‘ืงื™ื”, ื›ื“ืื™ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ื›ืŸ ืœื›ืžื” ืžืฆื‘ื™ื ื ืคื•ืฆื™ื ืฉื ื”ื’ื™ื ื ืชืงืœื™ื ื‘ื”ื ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื”. ืืชื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื“ืขืช ืžื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื•ืœืžื™ ืœื”ื•ื“ื™ืข ืื ืืชื” ื ืชืงืœ ื‘ืžืฆื‘ื™ื ืืœื”. ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ืฆื•ืจืš ื’ื ืœื“ืขืช ื›ืžื” ื–ื” ื™ืขืœื” ืœืš ืื ื”ืžืฆื‘ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื™ืงืจื•.

ืชืงืœื” ื‘ืจื›ื‘

ืชืงืœื•ืช ืจื›ื‘ ื ืคื•ืฆื•ืช ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช, ืœื ืจืง ื‘ืกืœื•ื‘ืงื™ื”, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืชืžื™ื“ ื›ื“ืื™ ืœื”ื›ื™ืŸ ืžืจืืฉ ืืช ื”ืฆื™ื•ื“ ื”ืžืชืื™ื ืœื›ืš. ืชืฆื˜ืจื›ื• ืžืฉื•ืœืฉ ืื–ื”ืจื”, ืขืจื›ืช ืขื–ืจื” ืจืืฉื•ื ื”, ื‘ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืžื—ื–ื™ืจ ืื•ืจ ื›ืžื• ืืคื•ื“ ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ื ื•ืจื•ืช ืจื–ืจื‘ื™ื•ืช. ื ืกื” ืœื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื™ืช ืฉืœืš ืœืฆื“ ื”ื“ืจืš ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื™ืžื ืข ืžืชื ื•ืขื” ืžืชืงืจื‘ืช, ื•ืื– ืœื‘ืฉ ืืช ื”ืืคื•ื“ ื”ืžื—ื–ื™ืจ ืื•ืจ. ื”ืืคื•ื“ ื”ื•ื ื—ื•ื‘ื” ืื ืืชื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืขื–ื•ื‘ ืืช ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื™ืช ืฉืœืš. ืกื™ืจื•ื‘ ืœืœื‘ื•ืฉ ืืช ื”ืืคื•ื“ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื–ื›ื•ืช ืื•ืชืš ื‘ืงื ืก ืฉืœ 120 ื™ื•ืจื•.

ื”ื“ืœื™ืงื• ืืช ืื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืžืคื’ืข ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉืชืขื‘ื™ืจื• ืืช ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื™ืช ืฉืœื›ื ืœืฆื“ ื”ื“ืจืš. ืฉื™ื ืืช ืžืฉื•ืœืฉ ื”ืื–ื”ืจื” ืœื™ื“ ื”ืคื’ื•ืฉ ื”ืื—ื•ืจื™ ืฉืœืš ื›ืš ืฉืžื›ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืžืชืงืจื‘ื•ืช ื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ื”ืฉืชืงืคื•ืช. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœื›ื ื ื•ืกืขื™ื ื‘ืžื›ื•ื ื™ืช, ื’ืจืžื• ืœื”ื ืœื”ื™ืฉืืจ ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืจื›ื‘, ืืš ื’ืœื’ืœื• ืืช ื”ื—ืœื•ื ื•ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ืžื” ืกื ื˜ื™ืžื˜ืจื™ื ืœืื•ื•ืจื•ืจ. ืื‘ืœ ืื ืืชื” ื—ื•ืฉื“ ืฉื”ืžื›ื•ื ื™ืช ืขืœื•ืœื” ืœื”ืชืœืงื—, ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ืฆื•ืจืš ืœืคื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืจื›ื‘ ืœื™ืชืจ ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ.

ืขืœื™ืš ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื˜ืœืคื•ืŸ ื”ื ื™ื™ื“ ืฉืœืš ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื–ืขื™ืง ืขื–ืจื” ืื ื™ืฉ ืื™ืชื•ืช ื‘ืจื•ืจ ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ. ื”ืชืงืฉืจ ืžื™ื“ ืœืžืฉื˜ืจื”, ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืื ืืชื” ื‘ื›ื‘ื™ืฉ ื›ืคืจื™ ืœืœื ื‘ืชื™ื ืกืžื•ื›ื™ื. ืื ืื™ื ื›ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืคื ื•ืช ืœืžืฉื˜ืจื”, ื ืกื• ืœื”ืชืงืฉืจ ืœืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืœืงื•ื—ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจืช ื”ืฉื›ืจืช ื”ืจื›ื‘. ืืœ ืชืฉืื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื™ืช ืฉืœืš ืœื ื ืขื•ืœื” ืื ืชื—ืœื™ื˜ ืœื—ืคืฉ ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœืš. ื”ื‘ื ืื™ืชืš ืืช ืžืกืžื›ื™ ื”ื–ื™ื”ื•ื™ ืฉืœืš ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืชื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื”ื ื›ืฉืืชื” ืžื‘ืงืฉ ืขื–ืจื” ืžืื ืฉื™ื.

ื”ืžืฉื˜ืจื” ืขื•ืฆืจืช

ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืžืื•ื“ ืœื ืœื”ื™ื›ื ืก ืœืคืื ื™ืงื” ืื ืžืฉื˜ืจืช ืกืœื•ื‘ืงื™ื” ืžืกืžื ืช ืืช ื”ืจื›ื‘ ืฉืœืš. ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉื”ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืขื•ืจื›ื™ื ื‘ื“ื™ืงื” ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช ืฉืœ ื›ืœื™ ืจื›ื‘, ืื• ืฉืื•ืœื™ ื”ื’ืขืชื ื›ื‘ืจ ืœื’ื‘ื•ืœ ืกืœื•ื‘ืงื™ื”, ืžื” ืฉืื•ืžืจ ืฉืืชื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื›ื ืข ืœื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ื”ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช. ืืชื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืชืžื™ื“ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืขื ื”-IDP ืฉืœืš, ืจื™ืฉื™ื•ืŸ ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ืชืงืฃ, ื“ืจื›ื•ืŸ, ื”ื•ื›ื—ื” ืœืจื›ื‘ ืฉืœ ืžืกืžื›ื™ ืจื™ืฉื•ื ื•ืงื‘ืœื” ืขืœ ื”ืฉื›ืจืช ืจื›ื‘ ืžื•ื›ืŸ ืœืžืฆื‘ ืžืกื•ื’ ื–ื”.

ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉืชืชื‘ืงืฉื• ืœื‘ืฆืข ื‘ื“ื™ืงืช ื‘ื“ื™ืงืช ื ืฉื™ืคื”, ื’ื ืื ื”ืฉื•ื˜ืจ ืื™ื ื• ืžืจื™ื— ืืœื›ื•ื”ื•ืœ ื‘ื ืฉื™ืžื”. ื–ื”ื• ื ื•ื”ืœ ืกื˜ื ื“ืจื˜ื™ ืฉื›ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืžื’ื‘ืœื•ืช ืžื•ืชืจื•ืช ืœืฆืจื™ื›ืช ืืœื›ื•ื”ื•ืœ ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื‘ืกืœื•ื‘ืงื™ื”. ืื ืœื ื ื˜ืœืช ืžืฉืงืื•ืช ื—ืจื™ืคื™ื ื›ืœืœ ืœืคื ื™ ื”ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ืื• ืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื ื”ื™ื’ื”, ืื– ืืชื” ืืžื•ืจ ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืืช ืžื‘ื—ืŸ ื”ื ืฉื™ืคื”.

ื—ืœืง ืžื”ื ื”ื’ื™ื ื—ื•ื ื™ื ื‘ื—ืœืง ื”ืœื ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ื›ื‘ื™ืฉ, ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืื ื”ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ื‘ืกืœื•ื‘ืงื™ื”. ืื–ื•ืจ ืื—ื“ ืฉืชืžื™ื“ ื›ื“ืื™ ืœื”ื™ืžื ืข ืžื—ื ื™ื™ื” ื‘ื• ื”ื•ื ื”ืืชืจื™ื ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืขืจื™ ืกืœื•ื‘ืงื™ื”. ื“ืื’ื” ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ืช ื”ื™ื ื”ืžื“ืจื›ื•ืช. ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื–ื”, ื”ืžืฉื˜ืจื” ืื• ืื•ื›ืคื™ ื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืœื”ื ืคื™ืง ืœืš ื›ืจื˜ื™ืก. ื”ืžืฉื˜ืจื” ืขืฉื•ื™ื” ื’ื ืœื‘ืงืฉ ืœืจืื•ืช ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ืืช ืฆื™ื•ื“ ื”ื—ื™ืจื•ื ื”ืžืชืื™ื ื‘ืจื›ื‘ ื”ืฉื›ื•ืจ ืฉืœืš. ื–ื” ื’ื ื”ืœื™ืš ืจื’ื™ืœ, ืื– ืืœ ืชื™ื‘ื”ืœ ืžื–ื”.

ืฉื•ืืœ ื”ื ื—ื™ื•ืช

ื ื”ื’ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืฉื—ื“ืฉื™ื ื‘ืกืœื•ื‘ืงื™ื” ืžื‘ื™ืื™ื ืื™ืชื ื ื•ื•ื˜ ื‘ืจื›ื‘ ื”ืฉื›ื•ืจ ืฉืœื”ื. ืขื ื–ืืช, ืื ื”ื ื•ื•ื˜ ื ืฉื‘ืจ ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ืžืกื•ื™ื, ืชืฆื˜ืจืš ืœื‘ืงืฉ ื”ื ื—ื™ื•ืช ื ืกื™ืขื” ืžืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืื• ื ื”ื’ื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื ื›ืžื• ืžืฉืจื“ื™ ืžืžืฉืœื”. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš IDP, ืจื™ืฉื™ื•ืŸ ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ืชืงืฃ ื•ื“ืจื›ื•ืŸ ืžืขื•ื“ื›ืŸ, ืืœื” ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืœืฉืžืฉ ื›ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ื–ื™ื”ื•ื™ ืžืงื•ื‘ืœื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœืš. ื–ื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ื ื”ื“ืจ ืื ืชื”ื™ื” ืื™ืชืš ื’ื ืžืคื” ื—ื“ืฉื” ืฉืœ ืกืœื•ื‘ืงื™ื”.

ืžื—ืกื•ืžื™ื

ืืชื” ืขืœื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ืชืงืœ ื‘ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ื‘ืกืœื•ื‘ืงื™ื”, ืฉื ื”ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื‘ื“ื•ืง ืืช ื–ื™ื”ื•ื™ ื”ืžื˜ื™ื™ืœื™ื ืฉื—ื•ืฆื™ื ืืช ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ืกืœื•ื‘ืงื™ื”. ืืœื” ืžืžื•ืงืžื™ื ืœืื•ืจืš ื”ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ืฉื—ื•ืœืงืช ืกืœื•ื‘ืงื™ื” ืขื ืื•ืงืจืื™ื ื”. ืืœื• ื”ื:

  • ืื•ื–'ื”ื•ืจื•ื“ - ื•ื™ืฉื ื™ ื ื™ืžืฆืงื”
  • ืžืืœื™ ื‘ืจื–ื ื™ - ืื•ื‘ืœื™ื”
  • ืžืืœื™ ืกืœืžื ื˜ืกื™ - ื•ืœืงื” ืกืœืžื ื˜ืกื”

ืจืฆื•ื™ ืœื”ื’ื™ืฉ ืœื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ื‘ืžื—ืกื•ืžื™ื ืืœื•. ื”ื ื•ืกืขื™ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ื›ื ื™ื ืขื ื”ื“ืจื›ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื”ื, ืจื™ืฉื™ื•ืŸ ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ืชืงืฃ ื•- IDP ื›ืฉื”ื ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืœื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื“ื•ืง ื”ืœืœื•. ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ืฆื•ืจืš ืœืกืคืง ื’ื ืชืขื•ื“ื•ืช ื–ื”ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช ืื ื”ืคืงื™ื“ื™ื ื™ื‘ืงืฉื• ื–ืืช.

ื˜ื™ืคื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื

ื”ืžืฆื‘ื™ื ื”ื ืคื•ืฆื™ื ืฉื”ื•ื–ื›ืจื• ืœืขื™ืœ ืื™ื ื ื”ืžืฆืขืจื™ื ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื™ื ืฉืืชื” ืขืœื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ืชืงืœ ื‘ื”ื ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื–ืจื”. ืขื“ื™ืฃ ืœื”ืฆื˜ื™ื™ื“ ื‘ื™ื“ืข ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ ืฉืœ ืžื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื‘ืžืฆื‘ื™ื ืืœื•. ืœื”ืœืŸ ื˜ื™ืค ื ื•ืกืฃ ืฉื™ืขื–ื•ืจ ืœื›ื ืœื”ื™ืฉืืจ ืจื’ื•ืขื™ื ื•ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ื›ื ื™ื.

ืžื” ืื ืื ื™ ืื”ื™ื” ืžืขื•ืจื‘ ื‘ืชืื•ื ื”?

ืื ื ืงืœืขืชื ืœืชืื•ื ื” ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื‘ืกืœื•ื‘ืงื™ื”, ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื—ื™ื™ื’ 112. ื–ื”ื• ืžืกืคืจ ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ ื”ื—ื™ืจื•ื ื”"ืžืื•ื—ื“". ืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืชืงืฉืจ ืœืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ ื—ื™ืจื•ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื, ื›ื•ืœืœ ื”ืžืฉื˜ืจื”, ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื—ื™ืจื•ื ื•ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ ืืžื‘ื•ืœื ืก, ื•ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ ื”ื›ื‘ืื•ืช ื•ื”ื”ืฆืœื”. ืื ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืชืื•ื ื” ืคื—ื•ืช ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ืช, ืชื•ื›ืœ ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ ืœื—ื™ื™ื’ ืืช ื”ืžืกืคืจื™ื ื”ื‘ืื™ื ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื–ืืช:

  • 158 - ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ ืžืฉื˜ืจื” ืžืงื•ืžื™ื™ื
  • 155 - ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ ื—ื™ืจื•ื ืจืคื•ืื™ื™ื ื•ืืžื‘ื•ืœื ืก
  • 150 - ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ ื›ื™ื‘ื•ื™ ื•ื”ืฆืœื”

ืื ื ืคืฆืขืช ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื›ืœืฉื”ื™, ื‘ื“ื•ืง ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื›ืจื˜ื™ืก ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ืื™ืจื•ืคืื™ ืื• EHIC. ืืชื” ืชืžื™ื“ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืง ืืช ื”ื›ืจื˜ื™ืก ืฉืœืš ืื™ืชืš, ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืื ืืชื” ืžื˜ื™ื™ืœ ื‘ืชื•ืš ืกืœื•ื‘ืงื™ื”. ื›ืจื˜ื™ืก ื–ื” ืžืืคืฉืจ ืœืš ืœืงื‘ืœ ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื—ื™ืจื•ื ื•ื ื”ืœื™ื ืกื˜ื ื“ืจื˜ื™ื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื. ืฉื™ื ืœื‘ ืฉืื™ื ืš ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘- EHIC ืฉืœืš ื›ื“ื™ ืœืงื‘ืœ ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ ื—ื•ืฅ ื•ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ื.

ืื ืืชื” ืžื›ื•ืกื” ื‘ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืชืื•ื ื•ืช ืื™ืฉื™ื•ืช ื•ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืจื›ื‘, ืืชื” ืจืง ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ืชืงืฉืจ ืœืกืคืง ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืฉืœืš ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื”ืžืกืคืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฉืจื“ ืฉืœื• ื”ืงืจื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืžื™ืงื•ืžืš. ื–ื• ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืฉืชืžื™ื“ ืžื•ืžืœืฅ ืœื”ืฆื˜ื™ื™ื“ ื‘ืžืกืžื›ื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื”-IDP, ืจื™ืฉื™ื•ืŸ ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื‘ืชื•ืงืฃ ื•ื“ืจื›ื•ืŸ ืžืขื•ื“ื›ืŸ. ืืœื• ื™ืขื–ืจื• ืœืš ืœืงื‘ืœ ืืช ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื”ื ื›ื•ืŸ ื•ืœื”ืขืœื•ืช ืืช ื”ื˜ืขื ื•ืช ื”ื ื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืชืื•ื ื” ืฉืœืš ื‘ืกืœื•ื‘ืงื™ื”.

ืžืฆื‘ื™ื ื•ืชื ืื™ ื ื”ื™ื’ื”

ืžื™ ืฉืจื•ืฆื” ืœื‘ืงืจ ื‘ืกืœื•ื‘ืงื™ื” ื›ื ืจืื” ื™ืชื”ื” ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืžืฆื‘ื™ื ื•ืชื ืื™ ื”ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื”ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ื‘ื”. ืชืฆื˜ืจืš ืœืงืจื•ื ืขืœ ืืœื” ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืชื”ื™ื” ืžื•ื›ืŸ ืœื›ืœ ืื™ืจื•ืข.

ืกื˜ื˜ื™ืกื˜ื™ืงืช ืชืื•ื ื•ืช

ื‘ืกืœื•ื‘ืงื™ื” ื™ืฉ ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื™ื ืฉืœ ืชืื•ื ื•ืช ื ื”ื™ื’ื”. ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืœืฉื ืช 2010 ื“ื•ื•ื—ื• 21,595 ืชืื•ื ื•ืช ื“ืจื›ื™ื. ื‘ืกืš ื”ื›ืœ ืžืชื• ื‘ืชืื•ื ื•ืช ืืœื• 345 ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื. ื–ื” ืขืฉื•ื™ ืœื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืžื“ื•ืข ืžืฉื˜ืจืช ืกืœื•ื‘ืงื™ื” ื•ืื›ืคื™ ื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ืžืงืคื™ื“ื™ื ืžืื•ื“ ืขืœ ืชืคื™ืกืช ื ื”ื’ื™ื ืฉืจืžื•ืช ื”ืืœื›ื•ื”ื•ืœ ื‘ื“ืžื ืื™ื ืŸ ืืคืก ืื—ื•ื–. ืžืœื‘ื“ ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื‘ืฉื›ืจื•ืช, ืชืื•ื ื•ืช ืจื›ื‘ ืžื™ื•ื—ืกื•ืช ื’ื ืœืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืžื•ืคืจื–ืช.

ื›ืœื™ ืจื›ื‘ ื ืคื•ืฆื™ื

ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืช ื”ืจื›ื‘ ื‘ืกืœื•ื‘ืงื™ื” ื—ื–ืงื” ืœืžื“ื™, ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ื’ื–ืจืช ืžื›ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ื•ืงืจื”. ืžื•ืชื’ื™ ื”ืจื›ื‘ ื”ื™ื“ื•ืขื™ื ืคื•ืœืงืกื•ื•ื’ืŸ, ืืื•ื“ื™, ืคื•ืจืฉื”, ืคื™ื’'ื•, ืงื™ื” ื•ื™ื’ื•ืืจ ืœื ื“ ืจื•ื‘ืจ ืžื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ื‘ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื”ืžื•ื ื™ ื‘ืกืœื•ื‘ืงื™ื”. ืขื“ 2025, ื”ื™ืฆืจื ื™ื ืžืชื›ื ื ื™ื ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ื’ื ืžื›ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื—ืฉืžืœื™ื•ืช. ื›ื™ื•ื, ืขื“ 250,000 ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืžื•ืขืกืงื™ื ื‘ืžื™ืฉืจื™ืŸ ื•ื‘ืขืงื™ืคื™ืŸ ื‘ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืช ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื”ืจื›ื‘. ื–ื” ืขืฉื•ื™ ืœืจื“ืช ื›ื›ืœ ืฉืžื™ื™ืฆืจื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื›ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื—ืฉืžืœื™ื•ืช.

ืžืฆื‘ ื”ื›ื‘ื™ืฉ

ืœืจื•ื‘, ืœืกืœื•ื‘ืงื™ื” ื™ืฉ ื›ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื ืžืชื•ื—ื–ืงื™ื ื”ื™ื˜ื‘. ื”ื›ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื ืืจื‘ืขืช ื”ื ืชื™ื‘ื™ื ืžืžื•ืงืžื™ื ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ื‘ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ื”ืฆืคื•ืคื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ. ืชืฉื™ืžื• ืœื‘ ืฉื”ื›ื‘ื™ืฉ ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืžืฆื˜ืžืฆื ืœื›ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื ื“ื•-ืžืกืœื•ืœื™ื™ื ื›ืฉืชืคื ื• ืœืื–ื•ืจื™ื ืคื—ื•ืช ืžื™ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื. ื–ื” ืžืงืฉื” ืขืœ ื ื”ื’ื™ื ืœืขืงื•ืฃ ื›ืœื™ ืจื›ื‘ ืื—ืจื™ื.

ื‘ืขื™ื” ื ื•ืกืคืช ื”ื™ื ืฉื‘ื›ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื ื—ืกืจื” ืชืื•ืจื” ืžืกืคืงืช. ื–ื” ืขืฉื•ื™ ืœื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืžื“ื•ืข ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ืžืชืขืงืฉืช ืฉืœื›ืœ ื›ืœื™ ื”ืจื›ื‘ ื™ื”ื™ื• ืคื ืกื™ื ืคื•ื ืงืฆื™ื•ื ืœื™ื™ื ื—ื–ืงื™ื, ืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ืฉืขื•ืช ื”ื™ื•ื ื›ืืฉืจ ืœื ื”ื’ื™ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื™ืฉ ืื•ืจ ืฉืžืฉ.

ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ื—ื•ืจืฃ, ืขืฉื•ื™ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืงืฉื” ืœื ื”ื•ื’ ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืงืจื— ื•ืฉืœื’ ืจื•ื•ื—ื™ื ื‘ื›ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื. ืชื–ื“ืงืง ืœืฆืžื™ื’ื™ ืฉืœื’ ื•ืœืฉืจืฉืจืื•ืช ืื ืชื™ืชืงืœื• ื‘ืกื›ื ื•ืช ืืœื• ื›ืฉืืชื ื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื ืขื ืจื›ื‘ ืฉื›ื•ืจ.

ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื ื”ื™ื’ื”

ืžืžืฉืœืช ืกืœื•ื‘ืงื™ื” ื”ื—ืžื™ืจื” ืžืื•ื“ ืขื ื‘ื“ื™ืงืช ื ื”ื’ื™ื ืœืฆืจื™ื›ืช ืืœื›ื•ื”ื•ืœ ืืคืฉืจื™ืช ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื‘ื“ื™ืงืช ืžื›ืฉื™ืจ ื”ื ืฉื™ืคื”. ืจืง ืฆื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืืคืก ืื—ื•ื– ื‘ืžื‘ื—ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืฆื™ื•ืŸ ืขื•ื‘ืจ. ืืคื™ืœื• 1% ืžื”ืชื•ืฆืื” ืฉืœ ืฆืจื™ื›ืช ืืœื›ื•ื”ื•ืœ ืžื”ื•ื•ื” ืขื™ืœื” ืœืžืขืฆืจ ื•ืขื•ื ืฉ ืžืืกืจ ืืคืฉืจื™. ื”ืžืฉื˜ืจื” ืชืจืฆื” ืœื‘ื“ื•ืง ื’ื ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืกืžื™ื ืœื ื—ื•ืงื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื ื”ื’ื™ื ืžืื•ืชื” ืกื™ื‘ื”. ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืจื•ื‘ ื”ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืคื•ืขืœื™ื ืœืคื™ ื”ื—ื•ืงื™ื, ืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืืกื™ืจ ืชื•ื“ื” ืขืœ ื›ืš ืฉื”ืžืฉื˜ืจื” ื ื•ืงืฉื”.

ื˜ื™ืคื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื

ืžืœื‘ื“ ืกื˜ื˜ื™ืกื˜ื™ืงืช ื”ืชืื•ื ื•ืช, ืžืฆื‘ื™ ื”ื“ืจืš ื•ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ื ื”ื™ื’ื”, ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื“ืขืช ืžื™ื“ืข ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœืคื ื™ ื ืกื™ืขื” ื‘ืกืœื•ื‘ืงื™ื”. ืืชื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื–ื›ื•ืจ ืื ื”ื ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘-Kph ืื• Mph ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืฆื™ื’ ืžื’ื‘ืœื•ืช ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื•ืื ื ื”ื™ื’ืช ืœื™ืœื” ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื”. ืื ืืชื” ืžืžื“ื™ื ื” ืื™ืจื•ืคืื™ืช, ื™ื”ื™ื” ืœืš ืงืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื ื•ื•ื˜ ื‘ื›ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื ื”ืกืœื•ื‘ืงื™ื™ื.

ื”ืื ื”ื ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘-Kph ืื• Mph ื‘ืกืœื•ื‘ืงื™ื”?

ื™ื—ื™ื“ืช ื”ืžื™ื“ื” ื”ื ืคื•ืฆื” ืœืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ืกืœื•ื‘ืงื™ื” ื”ื™ื Kph (ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื ืœืฉืขื”). ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืžืฉืชืžืฉื•ืช ื‘-Kph ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืชื™ื™ืจื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืกืชื’ืœ ื‘ืงืœื•ืช ืœื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื‘ืกืœื•ื‘ืงื™ื” ื‘ื”ืชื‘ืกืก ืขืœ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื–ื•. ืจืง 17 ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช, ื›ื•ืœืœ ืืจื”"ื‘, ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื” ื•ืงื ื“ื”, ืžืกืชืžื›ื•ืช ืขืœ Mph ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ื•.

ื”ืื ื–ื” ื‘ื˜ื•ื— ืœื ื”ื•ื’ ื‘ืœื™ืœื”?

ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ืื™ื ื” ืžืขื•ื“ื“ืช ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ืœื™ืœื™ืช ื‘ืจื—ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืืคืœื•ืœื™ื™ื. ืชื ืื™ ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื‘ื—ื•ืจืฃ ืขืœื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื—ืžื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ื ื™ื ื‘ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื‘ืœื™ืœื” ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื ื”ื’ื™ื ืื™ื ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืื ื™ืฉ ื”ืฆื˜ื‘ืจื•ืช ืงืจื— ื‘ื›ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื. ื”ื—ื•ืจืฃ ื”ื•ื ื’ื ื–ืžืŸ ืจืข ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ืœื™ืœื™ืช ืื ืืชื” ื ืžืฆื ื‘ื›ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื ื›ืคืจื™ื™ื ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ืจืจื™ ืื™ ืฉื ื‘ืฆืคื•ืŸ.

ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื›ืŸ ืœื ื”ื•ื’ ื‘ืœื™ืœื” ื‘ื›ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื ื›ืคืจื™ื™ื ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื’ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืฆื˜ื‘ืจ ื•ืœืžื ื•ืข ืžืžืš ื ืกื™ืขื” ื ื•ืกืคืช. ื›ื›ืœ ื”ื ืจืื” ืชืฆื˜ืจื›ื• ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืฆืžื™ื’ื™ ืฉืœื’ ืขื ืฉืจืฉืจืื•ืช ืื ืชื ืกื• ืœื ืกื•ืข ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ืกืœื•ื‘ืงื™ื” ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ื—ื•ืจืฃ.

ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื‘ืกืœื•ื‘ืงื™ื”

ื›ืฉืชื’ื™ืข ืœืกืœื•ื‘ืงื™ื”, ืืชื” ืขืœื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื ื•ื— ืฉื ืฉืืชื” ืฉื•ืงืœ ืœืžืฆื•ื ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ื›ื ื”ื’. ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ืฉืœืš ื”ื™ื˜ื‘ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืงื‘ื•ืข ืื™ื–ื” ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ืžืฉืจื•ืช ื–ืžื™ื ื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื”ื™ืฉืืจ ื•ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ื‘ืกืœื•ื‘ืงื™ื”. ื›ื“ืื™ ืœืฉืงื•ืœ ื’ื ืืช ื”ืกื›ื•ื ืฉื™ืฉื•ืœื ืœืš ื›ื ื”ื’ ื‘ื”ืงืฉืจ ืœื”ื›ื ืกื” ื”ืคื ื•ื™ื” ืฉืœืš. ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉืชืจืฆื” ื’ื ืœื‘ื“ื•ืง ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืชื•ื›ืœ ืœืงื‘ืœ ืื™ืฉื•ืจ ืžื’ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืกืœื•ื‘ืงื™ื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื”.

ืกืข ื‘ืชื•ืจ ืชื™ื™ืจ

ืชื™ื™ืจื™ื ืžืื•ื“ ืจืฆื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืกืœื•ื‘ืงื™ื” ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืžืฉื’ืฉื’ืช ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ืคืขื™ืœื•ื™ื•ืช ืชื™ื™ืจื•ืช ื—ื–ืงื•ืช. ืื ืืชื ืžืชื›ื ื ื™ื ืœื ื”ื•ื’ ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืืจืฅ, ื•ื“ืื• ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื›ื ืืช ืจื™ืฉื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื”ืชืงืฃ ืžืžื“ื™ื ืช ื”ื•ืœื“ืชื›ื ืžื•ื›ืŸ. ืขืœื™ืš ื’ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืื™ืชืš ืืช ื”-IDP ืฉืœืš, ื“ืจื›ื•ืŸ ืžืขื•ื“ื›ืŸ ื•ืžืกืžื›ื™ ื”ืฉื›ืจืช ืจื›ื‘, ื›ื•ืœืœ ืจื™ืฉื•ื ื”ืจื›ื‘ ื”ืฉื›ื•ืจ ืฉืœืš. ื”ืงืคื“ ืœื‘ื“ื•ืง ืื ืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืื•ืชื• ืจื›ื‘ ืฉื›ื•ืจ ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉืืชื” ืžื’ื™ืข ืœื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ืกืœื•ื‘ืงื™ื”.

ืืชื” ืฆืจื™ืš ื’ื ืœืงื‘ื•ืข ื›ืžื” ื›ืกืฃ ืชืฆื˜ืจืš ืื™ืชืš ืื ืืชื” ืžืชื›ื ืŸ ืœื ืกื•ืข ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืืจืฅ. ืื ืืกืคืชื ืจื›ื‘ ืฉื›ื•ืจ ืขื ืžื™ื›ืœ ื“ืœืง ืžืœื, ืฉืืœื• ืืช ื—ื‘ืจืช ื”ืฉื›ืจืช ื”ืจื›ื‘ ืื ืืชื ืฆืคื•ื™ื™ื ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืจ ืื•ืชื• ืขื ืžื™ื›ืœ ื“ืœืง ืžืžื•ืœื. ื–ื” ืชืœื•ื™, ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ื‘ืชื ืื™ ื”ืกื›ื ื”ืฉื›ืจืช ื”ืจื›ื‘ ืฉืœืš. ืชื—ื ื•ืช ื“ืœืง ืžืกื•ื™ืžื•ืช ืขืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ืœื”ืขื“ื™ืฃ ืฉืชืฉืœื ื‘ืžื–ื•ืžืŸ ื•ืœื ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื›ืจื˜ื™ืก ื—ื™ื•ื‘ ืื• ื›ืจื˜ื™ืก ืืฉืจืื™.

ื›ื“ืื™ ื’ื ืœื‘ื“ื•ืง ืขื ืžืงื•ื ื”ืœื™ื ื” ืฉืœื›ื ื•ืขื ื—ื‘ืจืช ื”ืฉื›ืจืช ื”ืจื›ื‘ ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ืืชื ืืžื•ืจื™ื ืœื”ื—ื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืจื›ื‘ ื”ืฉื›ื•ืจ ืฉืœื›ื. ืื—ืช ื”ื˜ืขื•ืช ื”ื ืคื•ืฆื” ืฉืœ ืชื™ื™ืจื™ื ื”ื™ื ื—ื ื™ื” ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื”ืœื ื ื›ื•ืŸ, ื›ืžื• ืœืžืฉืœ ืขืœ ืžื“ืจื›ื•ืช. ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ืขืœื™ืš ืœื”ื—ื ื•ืช ืืช ืจื›ื‘ืš ื‘ื—ื ื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืชืฉืœื•ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื™ื. ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืคืจื™ืฆื•ืช ืื›ืŸ ืžืชืจื—ืฉื•ืช ื‘ืกืœื•ื‘ืงื™ื”, ื›ื“ืื™ ื’ื ืœื”ื™ืžื ืข ืžื”ืฉืืจืช ืžืกืžื›ื™ื ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื™ืช ืœืขื™ืŸ, ืืœื ืื ื›ืŸ ืืชื” ื ื•ืกืข ืžื™ื“.

ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื›ื ื”ื’

ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื›ื™ืฉื•ืจื™ ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ืžืกืคื™ืงื™ื ื•ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืื™ื ื˜ื ืกื™ื‘ื™ ื‘ื ื”ื™ื’ื”, ืชื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ื’ื™ืฉ ื‘ืงืฉื” ื›ื ื”ื’ ืฉืœ ืจื›ื‘ ืžื ื•ืขื™ ื‘ืกืœื•ื‘ืงื™ื”. ืœื›ืœ ื”ืคื—ื•ืช, ืืชื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืขืœ ืชืขื•ื“ืช ื‘ื’ืจื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืกืžืš. ื”ืฉื›ืจ ื”ืฉื ืชื™ ื”ืžืžื•ืฆืข ืœื ื”ื’ ืฉื ื”ื•ื 10,292 ื™ื•ืจื•. ืื ืืชื” ืžื•ื“ื“ ืœืคื™ ืฉืขื”, ืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืจื•ื•ื™ื— 5 ื™ื•ืจื• ืœืฉืขื” ื›ื ื”ื’. ืฉื™ืžื• ืœื‘ ืฉื˜ื•ื•ื— ื”ืฉื›ืจ ืœื ื”ื’ื™ื ืขืฉื•ื™ ืœื ื•ืข ื‘ื™ืŸ 8026 ื™ื•ืจื• ืœ-12,097 ื™ื•ืจื•.

ืชื–ื“ืงืง ืœืจื™ืฉื™ื•ืŸ ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ืกืœื•ื‘ืงื™ ื‘ืชื•ืงืฃ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืชืงื‘ืœ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื›ื ื”ื’ ืฉื. ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ, ืืชื” ืชื”ื™ื” ื–ื›ืื™ ืœืจื™ืฉื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื”ื–ื” ืื ืืชื” ื‘ืŸ 18 ืœืคื—ื•ืช ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื’ืฉืช ื”ื‘ืงืฉื”. ืืชื” ืฆืจื™ืš ื’ื ื”ื•ื›ื—ืช ืชื•ืฉื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืกืœื•ื‘ืงื™ื”, ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ื–ืžื ื™ืช ืื• ืงื‘ื•ืขื”, ื›ืืฉืจ ืืชื” ืžื’ื™ืฉ ื‘ืงืฉื” ืœืจื™ืฉื™ื•ืŸ. ืœื ื™ื”ื™ื” ืฆื•ืจืš ืœื”ื•ื›ื™ื— ืฉืขื‘ืจืช ืžื‘ื—ืŸ ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ืกืคืจ ืœื ื”ื™ื’ื” ืื ืชืจืื” ืฉื™ืฉ ืœืš ืจื™ืฉื™ื•ืŸ ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ืžืืจืฅ ื”ื•ืœื“ืชืš.

ืื ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื‘ืื™ื—ื•ื“ ื”ืื™ืจื•ืคื™ ื”ื ืคื™ืงื” ืืช ืจื™ืฉื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ืฉืœืš, ืชื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื• ื‘ืกืœื•ื‘ืงื™ื” ื›ืจื™ืฉื™ื•ืŸ ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™. ืœื ื™ื”ื™ื” ืฆื•ืจืš ืœื”ื’ื™ืฉ ื‘ืงืฉื” ืœืจื™ืฉื™ื•ืŸ ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ืกืœื•ื‘ืงื™.

ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื›ืžื“ืจื™ืš ื˜ื™ื•ืœื™ื

ืื ืืชื” ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื”ื™ื ืœื ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ืžืชืื™ืžื” ืœืš ื‘ืกืœื•ื‘ืงื™ื”, ืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื“ืจื™ืš ื˜ื™ื•ืœื™ื. ืขื ื–ืืช, ืืชื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื›ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืชื™ื™ืจื•ืช, ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื•ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืกืœื•ื‘ืงื™ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ื™ื˜ื‘. ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ื™ืฉ ืฆื•ืจืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื“ื• ืœืฉื•ื ื™ ืื ืืชื” ืžืชื›ื ืŸ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื“ืจื™ืš ื˜ื™ื•ืœื™ื. ืื ืืชื” ื™ื•ื“ืข ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื•ืกืœื•ื‘ืงื™ืช, ื–ื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ื™ืชืจื•ืŸ ืขื‘ื•ืจืš. ืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ื’ื ืœืงื—ืช ืงื•ืจืกื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื“ืจื™ื›ื™ ืชื™ื™ืจื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœืš ืœืžืฆื•ื ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืžื”ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ.

ื”ื’ืฉ ื‘ืงืฉื” ืœืชื•ืฉื‘ื•ืช

ื›ืŸ, ืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื’ื™ืฉ ื‘ืงืฉื” ืœืชื•ืฉื‘ื•ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื‘ืงืฉืช ืžืขืžื“ ืฉืœ ืชื•ืฉื‘ื•ืช ื–ืžื ื™ืช. ืฉื™ืžื• ืœื‘ ืฉืขืœื™ื›ื ืœืฆื™ื™ืŸ ืžื“ื•ืข ืืชื ื–ืงื•ืงื™ื ืœืžื’ื•ืจื™ื ื–ืžื ื™ื™ื. ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืฉืื ื”ื’ืฉืช ื‘ืงืฉื” ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉืืชื” ืžืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืœื—ืคืฉ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื›ื ื”ื’, ืื– ื–ื” ื”ื›ื™ืกื•ื™ ืฉืœ ืžืฆื‘ ื”ืžื’ื•ืจื™ื ื”ื–ืžื ื™ ืฉืœืš. ืื™ื ืš ืจืฉืื™ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืžืขืžื“ ื”ืžื’ื•ืจื™ื ื”ื–ืžื ื™ ืœืžื˜ืจื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ื›ื ื™ืกื” ืœืขืกืงื™ื ื‘ืกืœื•ื‘ืงื™ื”.

ืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ื’ื ืœื”ื’ื™ืฉ ื‘ืงืฉื” ืœื›ืจื˜ื™ืก ื”ื›ื—ื•ืœ ืฉืœ ื”ืื™ื—ื•ื“ ื”ืื™ืจื•ืคื™ ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื–ืืช ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืฉืžืฉ ื’ื ื›ืžืกืžืš ืžื’ื•ืจื™ื ื–ืžื ื™. ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ืืชื” ืžื’ื™ืฉ ื‘ืงืฉื” ืœืžื’ื•ืจื™ื ื–ืžื ื™ืช ื‘ืœื‘ื“ ืื• ืœื›ืจื˜ื™ืก ื›ื—ื•ืœ ืฉืœ ื”ืื™ื—ื•ื“ ื”ืื™ืจื•ืคื™, ืขืœื™ืš ืœื‘ื“ื•ืง ืืช ืžืฉืš ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืืชื” ืจืฉืื™ ืœืฉื”ื•ืช ื‘ืกืœื•ื‘ืงื™ื” ืœืคื™ ื›ืœ ืžืกืžืš.

ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช

ืžืœื‘ื“ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื•ื”ื’ืฉืช ื‘ืงืฉื” ืœืชื•ืฉื‘ื•ืช, ืกืœื•ื‘ืงื™ื” ืžืฆื™ืขื” ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ืœืชื™ื™ืจื™ื ื•ืœื“ื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืื™ื ื ื“ื•ื‘ืจื™ ืกืœื•ื‘ืงื™ืช. ืื ืืชื” ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืกืœื•ื‘ืงื™ื” ื”ื ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขื‘ื•ืจืš, ืงืจื ืขื•ื“ ืขืœ ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืื—ืจื•ืช ื‘ืกืœื•ื‘ืงื™ื”.

ื”ืื ืื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื ื”ื’ ืžื•ื ื™ืช ื‘ืกืœื•ื‘ืงื™ื”?

ืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืœื ื”ื’ ืžื•ื ื™ืช ื‘ืกืœื•ื‘ืงื™ื”, ืืš ืขืœื™ืš ืœื”ื’ื™ืฉ ืชื—ื™ืœื” ื‘ืงืฉื” ืœืจื™ืฉื™ื•ืŸ ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ืœืžื•ื ื™ืช. ืงื™ื™ืžื•ืช ืžืกืคืจ ื“ืจื™ืฉื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืกื•ื’ ื–ื” ืฉืœ ืจื™ืฉื™ื•ืŸ, ื›ืœื•ืžืจ:

  • ื”ื•ื›ื—ื” ืฉืืชื” ืœืคื—ื•ืช ื‘ื•ื’ืจ ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ
  • ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœื“ื‘ืจ ื•ืœื›ืชื•ื‘ ื‘ืฉืคื” ื”ืกืœื•ื‘ืงื™ืช
  • ืœื“ืขืช ืื™ืš ืœื“ื‘ืจ ื•ืœื›ืชื•ื‘ ื‘ืฉืคื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช ื–ื” ื™ืชืจื•ืŸ
  • ืจื™ืฉื™ื•ืŸ ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื‘ืชื•ืงืฃ ืœืกืœื•ื‘ืงื™ื”

ืฉืขื•ืช ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ืขืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ืœื”ืฉืชื ื•ืช ืžืื—ืจ ื•ืžืขืกื™ืงื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื ื™ื‘ืงืฉื• ืžืžืš ืœื ื”ื•ื’ ื‘ืžืฉืจื” ื—ืœืงื™ืช ื‘ืœื‘ื“. ืขืœื™ืš ืœื‘ืจืจ ืขื ื”ืžืขืกื™ืง ื›ืžื” ื–ืžืŸ ืชื”ื™ื” ื”ืคืกืงืช ื”ืฆื”ืจื™ื™ื ืฉืœืš ืžื“ื™ ื™ื•ื. ืขื ื–ืืช, ืืชื” ืžื—ื•ื™ื‘ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ืจืง ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ืฉื ื™ ืขื“ ืฉื™ืฉื™, ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ืื™ืŸ ื—ื•ื‘ื” ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ื‘ืกื•ืคื™ ืฉื‘ื•ืข. ืขืœื™ืš ื’ื ืœืฉืื•ืœ ืืช ื”ืžืขืกื™ืง ื”ืกืœื•ื‘ืงื™ ืฉืœืš ืื ืืชื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื—ื’ื™ื ื•ืื ื–ื” ื ื—ืฉื‘ ื›ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื‘ืฉืขื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช. ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืฉืœื ืœืš ื’ื ื‘ื™ื•ืจื•.

ื”ืื ื™ืฉ ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืื—ืจื•ืช ื‘ืกืœื•ื‘ืงื™ื”?

ืกืœื•ื‘ืงื™ื” ืžืฆื™ืขื” ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืœื ืจืง ืœืกืœื•ื‘ืงื™ื ืืœื ื’ื ืœื“ื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืื™ื ื ืกืœื•ื‘ืงื™ืช. ืื ืืชื” ื“ื•ื‘ืจ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืฉืคืช ืื, ื™ืฉ ืœืš ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ื’ื‘ื•ื” ืœืงื‘ืœ ืžืฉืจืช ื”ื•ืจืื” ื‘-ESL. ืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืžืฆื•ื ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืื—ืจื•ืช ื‘ืžื ื•ืขื™ ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”. ืื ืื™ื ืš ื“ื•ื‘ืจ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืฉืคืช ืื, ื”ื ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืœื‘ืงืฉ ืื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื. ื”ื“ืจื™ืฉื•ืช ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื—ื•ืงื™ ื‘ืกืœื•ื‘ืงื™ื” ื–ื”ื•ืช ืœื ื”ื’; ืจืง ื”ื›ื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื.

ื™ืขื“ื™ ื˜ื™ื•ืœ ื”ื“ืจื›ื™ื ื”ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื™ื ื‘ืกืœื•ื‘ืงื™ื”

ืกืœื•ื‘ืงื™ื” ื”ื™ื ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื™ืคื”ืคื™ื”, ื•ื™ืฉ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื” ืœืจืื•ืช ื‘ื”. ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉืชืฆื˜ืจืš ืœืœื›ืช ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืื–ื•ืจื™ื ื”ืขื™ืจื•ื ื™ื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ืžืจืื•ืช ืฉืฉื•ื•ื” ืœื‘ืงืจ ื‘ื”ื. ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื ื”ื•ื’ ื‘ืจื›ื‘ ื”ืฉื›ื•ืจ ืฉืœืš ื“ืจืš ื”ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ื›ืคืจื™, ืื ื›ื™ ื”ื™ื• ืžื•ื›ื ื™ื ื’ื ืœืฉื˜ื— ืงืฉื”. ื—ืœืงื ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืœืจืฆื•ืช ืœืฆืืช ืœื˜ื™ื•ืœื™ื, ื•ื–ื” ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืžืฆื•ื™ืŸ ืื ืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืžืฆื•ื ืžืงื•ื ื‘ื˜ื•ื— ืœื”ืฉืื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืจื›ื‘ ื”ืฉื›ื•ืจ ืฉืœืš. ืชืžื™ื“ ื”ื‘ื ืื™ืชืš ืืช IDP, ืจื™ืฉื™ื•ืŸ ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื‘ืชื•ืงืฃ, ื“ืจื›ื•ืŸ ื•ืชืขื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืจื™ืฉื•ื ืฉืœ ื”ืจื›ื‘ ืฉืœืš.

ื‘ืจื˜ื™ืกืœื‘ื”

ื‘ืจื˜ื™ืกืœื‘ื” ืกืœื•ื‘ืงื™ื”
ืžึธืงื•ึนืจ: ืฆื™ืœื•ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืœื•ืงืืฉ ืงื•ืœื”

ืœืขื™ืจ ื”ื‘ื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ืกืœื•ื‘ืงื™ื”, ื‘ืจื˜ื™ืกืœื‘ื”, ื™ืฉ ืงืกื ื™ืฉืŸ ื•ืฉืงื˜ ืฉืื•ืœื™ ืœื ืžื—ืžื ืื•ืชืš ืžื™ื“ ืื‘ืœ ื ืฉืืจ ืื™ืชืš ืœื ืฆื—. ื”ืขื™ืจ ื”ื™ืคื” ื›ื•ืœืœืช ืืชืจื™ื ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื™ื ื•ื˜ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉื™ื—ื–ื™ืจื• ืืชื›ื ืื—ื•ืจื” ื‘ื–ืžืŸ. ื‘ืจื˜ื™ืกืœื‘ื” ืžืคื•ืจืกืžืช ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ื˜ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื•ืช, ืฉืžื•ืฉื›ื•ืช ืืœื™ื” ืืœืคื™ ืชื™ื™ืจื™ื.

ื”ื•ืจืื•ืช ื ืกื™ืขื”:

1. ืžืฉื“ื” ื”ืชืขื•ืคื” ืฉืœ ื‘ืจื˜ื™ืกืœื‘ื”, ื”ืžืฉืš ืœ-Ivanskรก cesta.

2. ื”ืžืฉืš ืขืœ Ivanskรก cesta. ืงื— ืืช ื›ื‘ื™ืฉ 572, Trnavskรก cesta/ื›ื‘ื™ืฉ 61 ื•ื›ื‘ื™ืฉ 572 ืœ-Mรฝtna ื‘ื‘ืจื˜ื™ืกืœื‘ื”.

3. ื”ืžืฉืš ืขืœ Mรฝtna ืœ-Nรกmestie 1. mรกja.

4. ื”ืžืฉืš ื™ืฉืจ ืœ-Nรกmestie 1. mรกja.

5. ืคื ื” ืงืœื•ืช ื™ืžื™ื ื” ืœ-Hodลพovo nรกmestie

ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช

ื”ืงืกื ืฉืœ ื‘ืจื˜ื™ืกืœื‘ื” ืžื—ืœื—ืœ ืœืš ืœืื˜ ืœืื˜ ืขื“ ืฉืœืขื•ืœื ืœื ืชื•ื›ืœ ืœืงื‘ืœ ืžืกืคื™ืง ืžืžื ื•. ืžื™ื•ื ืœื™ื•ื, ื”ื•ื ืžืฆื™ืข ืงืกื ืื—ืจ ืœืชื™ื™ืจ ืฉืœื•. ืœื”ืœืŸ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœื™ื”ื ื•ืช ืžื”ื ื‘ื‘ืจื˜ื™ืกืœื‘ื”.

1. ืงื— ืกื™ื•ืจ ื‘ืขื™ืจ ื”ืขืชื™ืงื”
ืงื— ืกื™ื•ืจ ืžื•ื“ืจืš ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ ื‘ืขื™ืจ ื”ืขืชื™ืงื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉืžื•ืข ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืžืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืขืœ ืขื‘ืจื”. ื”ืœื™ื›ื” ื‘ืจื—ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื™ื ื›ื‘ืจ ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ืžืกืคืงืช, ืืš ืฉื“ืจื’ ืืช ื”ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ืฉืœืš ืขื ืกื™ื•ืจ ืžื•ื“ืจืš.

2. ื‘ืงืจื• ื‘ื˜ื™ืจืช ื‘ืจื˜ื™ืกืœื‘ื”
ื˜ื™ืจืช ื‘ืจื˜ื™ืกืœื‘ื” ืื•ืœื™ ืœื ืžืจืฉื™ืžื” ื›ืžื• ื˜ื™ืจื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช ื‘ืขื•ืœื, ืื‘ืœ ื”ื™ื ืื˜ืจืงืฆื™ื” ืฉื—ื•ื‘ื” ืœืจืื•ืช ื‘ืกืœื•ื‘ืงื™ื”. ื›ืืชืจ ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™, ื˜ื™ืจืช ื‘ืจื˜ื™ืกืœื‘ื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ืžืงื•ื ืœื”ื›ืชืจืช ืžืžืœื›ืช ื”ื•ื ื’ืจื™ื”. ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืงื—ืช ืื•ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืก ืชื™ื™ืจื•ืชื™ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืฉื ืื• ืœื˜ืคืก ื‘ืจื’ืœ ืœืคืกื’ื”.

3. ื˜ื™ื™ืœื• ื‘ืืจืžื•ืŸ ื”ื ืฉื™ืื•ืช
ืืจืžื•ืŸ ื”ื ืฉื™ืื•ืช ื”ื•ื ืžื‘ื ื” ื‘ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ื‘ืืจื•ืง ืฉื ื‘ื ื” ื‘ืฉื ืช 1760. ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืชื™ื™ืจื™ื ืžื‘ืงืจื™ื ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื–ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื™ืจื’ืข ืœืื—ืจ ืกื™ื•ืจ ื‘ืขื™ืจ ื”ืกื•ืื ืช. ืœื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ื™ื›ื ืก ืœืืจืžื•ืŸ, ืืš ื˜ื™ื•ืœ ืจื’ื•ืข ืื—ืจ ื”ืฆื”ืจื™ื™ื ื‘ื’ื ื™ื ืžืกืคื™ืง ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื•ื” ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจ.

ื•ืœืงื•ืœื™ื ืง

ื”ืื˜ืจืงืฆื™ื” ื”ืงื˜ื ื” ื”ื–ื• ื”ืคื›ื” ืœื—ืœืง ืžืจืฉื™ืžืช ื”ืžื•ืจืฉืช ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™ืช ืฉืœ ืื•ื ืกืง"ื• ืขื•ื“ ื‘ืฉื ืช 1993. ื›ืืŸ ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืžืฆื•ื ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื“ืจื™ื›ืœื•ืช ืขืžืžื™ืช ืกืœื•ื‘ืงื™ืช, ื•ื–ื” ื ื”ื“ืจ ืื ืืชื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœืฆืœื ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ืขื ื”ื‘ืชื™ื ืžืขื•ืจืจื™ ื”ื”ืฉืชืื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื—ื–ืจื• ื”ื‘ื™ืชื”. ื‘ื—ืœืง ืž-55 ื‘ืชื™ ื”ืขืฅ ื™ืฉ ืœืžืขืฉื” ื“ื™ื™ืจื™ื ืฉื’ืจื™ื ืฉื ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ. ืื ืชืจืฆื• ืœื ืกื•ืข ืœืฉื, ืฉื™ืžื• ืœื‘ ืฉื•ื•ืœืงื•ืœื™ื ืฅ ื”ื™ื ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืขื™ืจ ืจื•ื–ื•ืžื‘ืจื•ืง.

ื”ื•ืจืื•ืช ื ืกื™ืขื”:

1. ืžืฉื“ื” ื”ืชืขื•ืคื” ืคื•ืคืจื“-ื˜ื˜ืจื™, ืขืœื• ืขืœ D1/E50.

2. ืขืงื‘ื• ืื—ืจื™ E50 ืœ-Bystrickรก cesta/Route 59 ื‘ืจื•ื–'ื•ืžื‘ืจื•ืง.

3. ื”ืžืฉื™ื›ื• ื‘-Route 59 ืœื™ืขื“ื›ื ื‘ื•ื•ืœืงื•ืœื™ื ืฅ.

ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช

Vlkolinec ืžืฆื™ื’ ืžืกื•ืจืช ื•ื”ืจืคืชืงืื•ืช ืœื›ืœ ื”ืชื™ื™ืจื™ื, ืื– ื–ื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ืžืื›ื–ื‘ ืœื ืœื‘ืงืจ ื‘ื›ืคืจ ื”ืžืงืกื™ื ื”ื–ื”. ืœื”ืœืŸ ืจืฉื™ืžื” ืฉืœ ืคืขื™ืœื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื‘ื•ื•ืœืงื•ืœื™ื ืง.

1. ืจื›ื‘ื• ืขืœ ืื•ืคื ื™ื™ื ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื”ื›ืคืจ ืื• ืœืขืจื™ื ืกืžื•ื›ื•ืช
ืชื™ื™ืจื™ื ืฉืื•ื”ื‘ื™ื ืืช ื”ื—ื•ืฅ ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ื‘ื•ื—ืจื™ื ืœืจื›ื‘ ืขืœ ืื•ืคื ื™ื™ื ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื”ื›ืคืจ ืชื•ืš ื›ื“ื™ ืกื™ื•ืจ, ืฉื›ืŸ ื–ื• ื“ืจืš ื™ืขื™ืœื” ืœื”ืชืขืžืœ ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื”ื•ืช ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื–ืจื”. ื ื™ืชืŸ ื’ื ืœื‘ืงืจ ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืกืžื•ื›ื™ื ืื ืžื—ืคืฉื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืจื™ื’ื•ืฉ. ื”ืžืกืœื•ืœ ืžื•ื•ืœืงื•ืœื™ื ืฅ ืœืจื•ื–'ื•ืžื‘ืจื•ืง ื”ื•ื ื›-12 ืง"ืž. ื ื™ืชืŸ ื’ื ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ ืœืขืงื•ื‘ ืื—ืจื™ ื”ืžืกืœื•ืœ ืฉืœ 32 ืง"ืž ืจื•ื–'ื•ืžื‘ืจื•ืง โ€“ ืคื•ื“ืกื•ื—ื” โ€“ ืกืžืจืงื•ื‘ื™ืฆื” โ€“ ืจื•ื–'ื•ืžื‘ืจื•ืง. ืจื›ื™ื‘ื” ืขืœ ืื•ืคื ื™ื™ื ื”ื™ื ื“ืจืš ื ื”ื“ืจืช ืœื”ืชื—ื‘ืจ ืขื ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื” ืื• ื”ื—ื‘ืจื™ื, ืื– ืœืžื” ืœื ืœื ืกื•ืช ืœืฉื›ื•ืจ ืื•ืคื ื™ื™ื ื‘ื›ืคืจ ื”ื–ื”?

2. ื˜ื™ื•ืœ ืจื’ืœื™ ืžื•ื•ืœืงื•ืœื™ื ืฅ ืœืžืœื™ื ื• ื‘ืจื“ื•
ืื ืื™ื ื›ื ืื•ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืจื›ื‘ ืขืœ ืื•ืคื ื™ื™ื, ืชื•ื›ืœื• ื’ื ืœื ืกื•ืช ืœื˜ื™ื™ืœ ืจื’ืœื™ืช ืžื•ื•ืœืงื•ืœื™ื ืฅ ืœืžืœื™ืŸ ื‘ืจื“ื•. ื”ืจืคืชืงื” ืžื—ื›ื” ืœื›ื ื›ืืŸ, ืื– ื”ื™ื• ืžื•ื›ื ื™ื ืขื ืฆื™ื•ื“ ืžืชืื™ื. ืžืœื™ืŸ ื‘ืจื“ื• ื”ื•ื ื™ืขื“ ืกืงื™ ื ื”ื“ืจ ื‘ื—ื•ืจืฃ, ืื– ืฆืคื• ืฉื–ื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ืžืกืœื•ืœ ืžืขื˜ ืงืฉื”.

3. ื‘ืงืจื• ื‘ื‘ืชื™ื ื”ื™ืฉื ื™ื
ื‘ื•ื•ืœืงื•ืœื™ื ืฅ ื™ืฉ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื‘ืชื™ื ืžืกื•ืจืชื™ื™ื ืฉืžืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืืช ื”ืชื™ื™ืจื™ื. ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื‘ืงืจ ื‘ื›ืžื” ื‘ืชื™ื ืžืกื•ืจืชื™ื™ื ืขื ืคื™ื˜ื‘ื•ืจ, ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืกื“ืจื•ืŸ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช, ื“ื•ื›ื ื™ื, ืืกืžื™ื ื•ื—ื“ืจื™ื ืจืืฉื™ื™ื. ืœืžื“ื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขืœ ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื›ืคืจ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจ ื‘ื‘ืชื™ื ื”ืžืกื•ืจืชื™ื™ื.

4. ืฆืคื• ื‘ืชืขืจื•ื›ื” ื“ืงื•ืจื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช
ืื ืืชื ืื•ื”ื‘ื™ื ืงืจืžื™ืงื” ื•ืื•ืžื ื•ืช, ืชื›ื ื ื• ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจ ื‘ื›ืคืจ ื”ื–ื” ื‘ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜, ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื ืžืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ืชืขืจื•ื›ื” ื”ืžืฆื™ื’ื” ืืช ื”ืžื™ื•ืžื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืจื˜ื™ ื”ืขื. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืžืฆื•ื ื›ืืŸ ื—ืคืฆื™ื ื“ืงื•ืจื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื™ื, ื›ื•ืœืœ ืคืจื™ื˜ื™ื ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื™ื ื•ืคืกืœื™ื.

ื”ืคืืจืง ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ ื’ืŸ ื”ืขื“ืŸ ื”ืกืœื•ื‘ืงื™

ื’ืŸ ืขื“ืŸ ืกืœื•ื‘ืงื™
ืžึธืงื•ึนืจ: ืฆื™ืœื•ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืืœื›ืก

ืื˜ืจืงืฆื™ื” ืชื™ื™ืจื•ืชื™ืช ื–ื• ื”ื™ื ืžืงื•ื ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื•ืžืคื•ืจืกื ื‘ืชื•ืš ืกืœื•ื‘ืงื™ื” ื‘ื• ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื”ืจืคืชืงืื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ืฉื˜ื— ื’ื“ื•ืœ. ืžืืคื™ื™ืŸ ืื—ื“ ืฉืœ ื”ืคืืจืง ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ ื”ื•ื ื”ืžืขืจื•ืช, ืฉืžื ื• ืœืžืขืœื” ืž-350 ืžืžืกืคืจื™ื ืจืฉืžื™ื™ื. ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืงื•ื ืฉื‘ื• ืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื’ืœื•ืช ืืช ืžืกืœื•ืœ ื”ื”ืœื™ื›ื” ื”ืžื•ืฉืœื, ืื ื›ื™ ื”ื™ื• ืžื•ื›ื ื™ื ืœื”ืจื‘ื” ืฉื™ื˜ื•ื˜ ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ืžืกืœื•ืœื™ื ื ืžืฉื›ื™ื 300 ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื ื‘ืกืš ื”ื›ืœ. ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื’ื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืื“ืจื ืœื™ืŸ ืฉืœืš, ื‘ื“ื•ืง ืืช ื›ื•ืฉืจ ื”ืกื™ื‘ื•ืœืช ืฉืœืš ื›ืฉืืชื” ืžื’ื™ืข ืœื’ืฉืจื™ื ื”ืชืœื•ื™ื™ื ื•ืœืกื•ืœืžื•ืช ื”ืžืื•ืœืชืจื™ื.

ื”ื•ืจืื•ืช ื ืกื™ืขื”:

1. ืžืฉื“ื” ื”ืชืขื•ืคื” ืคื•ืคืจื“-ื˜ื˜ืจื™, ืกืขื• ืฆืคื•ื ื”-ืžื–ืจื—ื™ืช ืขืœ Na letisko.

2. ืคื ื• ื™ืžื™ื ื” ืœืจืžืคื” ืœื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืงื•ืฉื™ืฆื”/ื–'ื™ืœื™ื ื”.

3. ืคื ื• ื™ืžื™ื ื” ืœื“ืจืš 534 (ืฉืœื˜ื™ื ืœืงื•ืฉื™ืฆื”).

4. ื”ืชืžื–ื’ื• ืœื“ืจืš 18.

5. ืคื ื• ื™ืžื™ื ื” ืœื“ืจืš 3068.

ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช

ื”ืคืืจืง ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ ื’ืŸ ื”ืขื“ืŸ ื”ืกืœื•ื‘ืงื™ ืžืฆื™ืข ืคืขื™ืœื•ื™ื•ืช ืžื”ื ื•ืช ื•ื”ืจืคืชืงืื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืฉืœืžื•ืช ืœื›ืœ ื”ืชื™ื™ืจื™ื. ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ืืชื” ืื“ื ื”ืจืคืชืงืŸ ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ืœื, ืืชื” ื‘ื•ื•ื“ืื™ ืชื”ื ื” ืžื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืš ื‘ืคืืจืง.

1. ื˜ื™ื•ืœ ืขื ื—ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืกื•ื—ื” ื‘ืœื”
ืชื”ื ื• ืžื˜ื™ื•ืœ ื›ื™ืฃ ื‘ืกื•ื—ื” ื‘ืœื”, ื”ืขืจื•ืฅ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื•ื”ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื’ืŸ ืขื“ืŸ ืกืœื•ื‘ืงื™. ื”ื˜ื™ื•ืœ ื›ืืŸ ืงืœ ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ืกื•ืœืžื•ืช, ื’ืฉืจื™ื, ืฉื‘ื™ืœื™ื ื•ืฉืจืฉืจืื•ืช ืฉืžืืคืฉืจื™ื ื ื™ื•ื•ื˜ ืงืœ ื“ืจืš ื”ืžืคืœื™ื ื•ื”ื ื—ืœื™ื. ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื˜ื™ื™ืœ ื‘ืขืจื•ืฅ ื”ื•ื ื‘ืงื™ืฅ.

2. ืฆืœืžื• ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ืชืฆืคื™ืช ื˜ื•ืžืืฉื•ื‘ืกืงื™
ืชืฆืคื™ืช ื˜ื•ืžืืฉื•ื‘ืกืงื™ ื”ื™ื ื—ืœืง ืžืชืฆื•ืจืช ืกืœืข ืฉืžืฉืžืฉืช ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ื›ืจืงืข ื‘ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช ืœืฆื™ืœื•ื. ื”ืฆื•ืง ื”ืžื“ื”ื™ื ืžืฆื™ืข ื ื•ืฃ ื™ืคื”ืคื”, ืื– ื•ื“ืื• ืœืฆืœื ื›ืืŸ ืขื ื—ื‘ืจื™ื ืื• ืžืฉืคื—ื”.

3. ืœืื›ื•ืœ ื‘ืžืกืขื“ืช ืจื•ืžื ืงื”
ืื ืืชื” ืจืง ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ื™ืจื’ืข ื‘ืคืืจืง, ืชื•ื›ืœ ืœื ืกื•ืช ืžื ื•ืช ืกืœื•ื‘ืงื™ื•ืช ื˜ืขื™ืžื•ืช ื‘ืžืกืขื“ืช ืจื•ืžื ืงื”. ื”ืžืกืขื“ื” ืžืฆื™ืขื” ื—ื•ื•ื™ืช ืื•ื›ืœ ืžื•ื’ื‘ื”ืช ืขื ื ื•ืฃ ืžืจื”ื™ื‘ ืฉืœ ืจื›ืก ื”ืจื™ ื”ื˜ื˜ืจื” ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื™ื.

4. ืœื’ืœื•ืฉ ืขื ืื”ื•ื‘ื™ืš ื‘ืืชืจ ื”ืกืงื™ ื•ืจื ืจ
ืชื™ื™ืจื™ื ืฉืื•ื”ื‘ื™ื ืกืคื•ืจื˜ ื—ื•ืจืฃ ื‘ื•ื•ื“ืื™ ื™ื™ื”ื ื• ืžื‘ื™ืงื•ืจื ื‘ืคืืจืง. ืืชืจ ื”ืกืงื™ ื•ืจื ืจ ื”ื•ื ื™ืขื“ ืกืงื™ ืžืคื•ืจืกื ื‘ืคืืจืง ืขื ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืžืขืœื™ื•ืช ืกืงื™ ื•ืžืกืœื•ืœื™ ืกืงื™ ื‘ืื•ืจืš 1,400 ืžื˜ืจ. ืืคื™ืœื• ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ื‘ื’ืœื™ืฉื” ื™ื™ื”ื ื• ืžื”ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ืฉื›ืŸ ื”ืžื“ืจื•ื ื•ืช ืื™ื ื ืžืืชื’ืจื™ื ืžื“ื™.

ืœืกืœื•ื‘ืงื™ื” ื™ืฉ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื” ืœื”ืฆื™ืข ื›ืฉืืชื ื™ื•ืฆืื™ื ืœืžืกืข ื”ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ืฉืœื›ื, ืขื ืืจื›ื™ื˜ืงื˜ื•ืจื” ืžืจืชืงืช ื•ืžืขืจื•ืช ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื•ืช ืฉืžื—ื›ื•ืช ืœื›ื. ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื‘ืกืœื•ื‘ืงื™ื” ื”ื™ื ืื—ืช ื”ื“ืจื›ื™ื ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื™ื”ื ื•ืช ืžื”ื ื•ืฃ ื”ื™ืคื”. ืœืคื ื™ ืฉืชืชื—ื™ืœ ื‘ื ืกื™ืขื”, ื•ื•ื“ื ืฉื™ืฉ ืœืš ืืช ืจื™ืฉื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ ืฉืœืš ืื™ืชืš. ืงื‘ืœ IDP ืžืื™ื’ื•ื“ ื”ื ื”ื’ื™ื ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ ืขื›ืฉื™ื•!

ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืกื•ืช

9 ืืชืจื™ื ืฉืืชื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืจืื•ืช ื‘ืคืืจืง ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ ื’ืŸ ื”ืขื“ืŸ ื”ืกืœื•ื‘ืงื™11 ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืžื“ื•ืจื’ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื‘ืกืœื•ื‘ืงื™ื”ืขืฆื•ืช ืœื˜ื™ื•ืœื™ ืจื›ื‘ ื“ืจืš ืกืœื•ื‘ืงื™ื”ื‘ืจื˜ื™ืกืœื‘ืกืงื™ ืงืจืื™ - ืื–ื•ืจ ื‘ืจื˜ื™ืกืœื‘ื”ื”ืžื—ื™ืจื™ื ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื ืžืœ ื”ืชืขื•ืคื” ืฉืœ ื‘ืจื˜ื™ืกืœื‘ื”ืžื’ื‘ืœื•ืช ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื‘ืืœื›ื•ื”ื•ืœ ื‘ื“ื (BAC) ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ืื™ืจื•ืคื”ืื™ืฉ ืขืกืงื™ื ื–ื•ื›ื” ื‘ืจืฆื— ื™ืืŸ ืงื•ืฆ'ืืง, ืขื™ืชื•ื ืื™ ื‘ืกืœื•ื‘ืงื™ื”ื”ื•ื‘ืœืช ืจื›ื‘ื ืกื™ืขื•ืช ื‘ืจื›ื‘ ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืคื”: ืกืœื•ื‘ืงื™ื”COVID-19: ืืžืฆืขื™ื ืจืฉืžื™ื™ื ื•ืžื™ื“ืข ื—ืฉื•ื‘ (ืžืชืขื“ื›ืŸ ืœืœื ื”ืจืฃ)ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื‘ืกืœื•ื‘ืงื™ื”ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื‘ืกืœื•ื‘ืงื™ื”ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื‘ืกืœื•ื‘ืงื™ื”: ืื™ืš ืœื”ืชื ื™ื™ื“ ื‘ื‘ื˜ื—ื”ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื‘ืกืœื•ื‘ืงื™ื”ืฉืืœื•ืช ื ืคื•ืฆื•ืช - ื”ืื ืื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืจื™ืฉื™ื•ืŸ ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ืฉื”ื•ื ืคืง ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื”ื•ืœื“ืชื™ ื‘ืกืœื•ื‘ืงื™ื”?ืฉืืœื•ืช ื ืคื•ืฆื•ืช - ื”ืื ืื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืจื™ืฉื™ื•ืŸ ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ืฉื”ื•ื ืคืง ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื”ื•ืœื“ืชื™ ื‘ืกืœื•ื‘ืงื™ื”?ืžืžืฉืœืช ื”ืจืคื•ื‘ืœื™ืงื” ื”ืกืœื•ื‘ืงื™ืชื”ื“ืจื›ื”: ืžื’ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืกืœื•ื‘ืงื™ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ืกืœื•ื‘ืงื™ื”ืขื“ ื›ืžื” ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื” ืกืœื•ื‘ืงื™ื” ืœื ืกื™ืขื•ืช?ื”ืื ื™ืฉ ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืื™ื—ื•ื“ ื”ืื™ืจื•ืคื™ ืœืื–ื•ืจ ืฉื ื’ืŸ?ื”ืฉื›ืจืช ืจื›ื‘ ื‘ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืื—ื“ื”ืžืคื” ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช ืฉืœ ืกืœื•ื‘ืงื™ื”ื ืฉื™ื ืกืœื•ื‘ืงื™ื”ื—ื•ืงื™ ื›ื‘ื™ืฉ ื•ืชืงื ื•ืช ืชืขื‘ื•ืจื” ื‘ืกืœื•ื‘ืงื™ื” - ื ื™ื•ืื ืกื™ื ืœื ื”ื™ื’ื”ื—ื•ืงื™ ืชื ื•ืขื” ื‘ื›ื‘ื™ืฉื™ืืื–ื•ืจ ืฉื ื’ืŸืกืœื•ื‘ืงื™ื” - ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงื”, ืžืžืฉืœ ื•ืžื™ืกื•ื™ืžื“ืจื™ืš ืชื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ืชืื•ื ื•ืช ืกืœื•ื‘ืงื™ื” - ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืœืชื‘ื•ืข ืคื™ืฆื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ื’ื™ืŸ ืชื‘ื™ืขืช ื ื–ืงื™ ื’ื•ืฃ ื‘ืกืœื•ื‘ืงื™ื”ื”ืฉื›ืจืช ืจื›ื‘ ื‘ืกืœื•ื‘ืงื™ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื‘ืกืœื•ื‘ืงื™ื”ืฉืคื” ืกืœื•ื‘ืงื™ืชื”ืจืฉื™ืžื” ื”ืื•ืœื˜ื™ืžื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื‘ื‘ืจื˜ื™ืกืœื‘ื”, ืกืœื•ื‘ืงื™ื”ืชื™ื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ืกืœื•ื‘ืงื™ื”ืชื ืื™ ืชื ื•ืขื” ื•ื›ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื ื‘ืกืœื•ื‘ืงื™ื”ืชืžืจื•ืจื™ืืชื—ื‘ื•ืจื”: ื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื•ืช ื‘ื“ืจื›ื™ืVlkolรญnecืึทื–ื”ึธืจึธื”! ื›ืœืœื™ ื”ื›ื ื™ืกื” ืœืกืœื•ื‘ืงื™ื” ืฉื•ื ื•ืœืื™ืœื• ื—ื•ืงื™ ืชื ื•ืขื” ื‘ืกืœื•ื‘ืงื™ื” ืงืฉื” ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืœื”ืชืจื’ืœ ืœื ื”ื’ื™ื ื–ืจื™ื?ืœืืŸ ืืคืฉืจ ืœื˜ื™ื™ืœ ืขื›ืฉื™ื•?ืื™ืœื• ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืžืฉืชืžืฉื•ืช ื‘ืงืž"ืฉ ืื• ืงืž"ืฉืžื™ืงื•ื“ ื‘ื‘ืจื˜ื™ืกืœื‘ื”

ืงื‘ืœ ืืช ืจื™ืฉื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ ืฉืœืš ืชื•ืš ืฉืขืชื™ื™ื

ืื™ืฉื•ืจ ืžื™ื™ื“ื™

ืชืงืฃ ืœ-1-3 ืฉื ื™ื

ืžืฉืœื•ื— ืืงืกืคืจืก ืœื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื

ื—ื–ืจื” ืœืžืขืœื”